Isibhakabhaka siwubuhle bemvelo obungabonakala noma kuphi emhlabeni, simelela ungqimba lomkhathi ohlanganisa iplanethi yonke, sinikeza izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinto ezingabonakala kunoma iyiphi indawo, ziqokomisa amafu, masifunde ngokuhlukile. izinhlobo zamafu, izici zawo kanye nesimo esiyisisekelo semvelaphi yawo.
Amafu
Iplanethi engumhlaba yakhiwe inani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo, lapho ngayinye inezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngakho zihlukaniswa njengezindawo ezihlukene neziyingqayizivele phakathi kwazo; kodwa ungqimba lomkhathi luyefana kunoma iyiphi ingxenye yeplanethi efika ukuze ibonwe, ngokuvamile ebonakala njengesibhakabhaka, kunezici ezihlukahlukene kuyo ezinikeza ubuhle obuyingqayizivele kodwa kulokhu kugqama amafu.
Amafu ayinqwaba yomhwamuko olenga emkhathini, akhiwe ngokuyisisekelo ngamaconsi amanzi kanye namakristalu eqhwa, lapho ukukhanya kwehla phezu kwawo, kuyabonakala ukuthi anombala omhlophe kanye nesimo esiminyene kakhulu esinikeza ukubonakala kukakotini. . Kwesinye isikhathi, zingaba minyene kakhulu kubangele ukukhanya kungakwazi ukudlula kuzo, ngakho kuba mnyama kakhulu kuyabonakala umbala ompunga.
Ukwakheka kwamafu kwenziwa ngomjikelezo, kuqalwa ngemisebe yelanga enesibopho sokushisisa umhlaba wonke, kuhlanganise nakho konke okuzungezile; umoya uthintekile ngokwanda kwamazinga okushisa, okwenza ungabi minyene, ngakho-ke, uvame ukukhuphuka futhi ushintshwe umoya obandayo nominyene. Leli qiniso libangelwa ukuthambekela kokushisa kwemvelo, lapho umoya uphakama ubangela ukuba amazinga okushisa ehle futhi njengoba ukhuphuka uyaphola.
Umoya uyaqhubeka ukhuphuka uze ufinyelele ungqimba olubanda kakhulu ku-troposphere, ujiya njengomhwamuko wamanzi. Ukugcizelela ukuthi isitimu ekuqaleni sibukeka singabonakali noma sisobala, ngoba sakhiwe yizinhlayiya ezincane zamanzi neqhwa, ziyakwazi ukuzinakekela naphezu kwemisinga ekhona emvelweni. Leli qiniso lidala ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esaziwa ngokuthi Amafu, ukubunjwa kwawo okuhlukene kungenxa yamazinga okushisa ahlukene okufiphala.
Izimo zemvelo zithonya ukwakheka kwamafu, ezinye zithandwa emazingeni okushisa aphezulu (amafu amancane aminyene) kanti ezinye emazingeni okushisa aphansi (amafu aminyene); olunye uhlobo yilezo ezingabangela imvula kuyilapho ezinye zingakwenzi. Amanye akhiwe amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu aze akhiqize amakristalu eqhwa.
Esinye isici esithonya ukwakheka kwamafu ukuhamba komoya, lapho umoya uphumule uvuna ukwakheka kwawo, lapho aqala khona ukubonakala abe yizingqimba nezigaba. Nakuba lawo asuka phakathi nokuhamba komoya onemisinga enamandla athanda ukudalwa kwamafu abonwa phakathi kwemvula neziphepho, ukunyakaza komoya kuvame ukuba kumjikelezo oqondile.
Izinhlobo zamafu
Isayensi ephethe ucwaningo lwamafu yaziwa ngokuthi i-nephrology, iphenya ukwakheka, ukwakheka, ukuminyana, ukuvela kwemvelo, ukunyakaza nezinye izici ezihlobene kakhulu namafu. Ngalezi zifundo, bakwazile ukusungula amaqembu amathathu amakhulu aziwa ngokuthi amafu aphakeme, amafu aphakathi nendawo namafu aphansi, ngezansi siyazi mayelana nelinye ngalinye:
amafu aphezulu
Amafu aphezulu, abuye aziwe ngokuthi amafu eqhwa, yilawo aphakeme kunawo wonke ku-troposphere (ngaphansi kuka-0ºC), cishe phakathi kwamamitha angu-6000 namamitha angu-10000 XNUMX. Isici sawo esiphawuleka kakhulu ukuthi akhiwe amakristalu eqhwa; Angakwazi ukumboza izinhlobo zamafu ezingafika kweziyishumi nanye kodwa ahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
Cirrus
Amafu amhlophe naguquguqukayo anomumo wemicu emide, emincane emincane elingana nemigqa ehambisanayo (eqondile noma engajwayelekile), yingakho aziwa nangokuthi imisila yamahhashi noma imigqa yasehlobo. Amafu e-Cirrus abonakala endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angu-8000 kanye nezi-10000, enziwe amakristalu eqhwa ahwamukayo lapho ewa ngaphambi kokufika phansi.
Ziwuhlobo lwefu elibonwa ngeso lenyama esibhakabhakeni, linikeza ukubonakala kwama-brushstrokes noma imithende eyakhiwa ukuhamba komoya, isibhakabhaka esimbozwe amafu e-cirrus ngokuvamile emahoreni angu-24 ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kungazelelwe. okubonwa njengokwehla kwezinga lokushisa noma imvula.
I-Cirrocumulus
Amafu asuka ngokuvundlile ezingqimbeni ezingenhla zesibhakabhaka, adala ukushwabana futhi anezimo eziyindilinga, njengokungathi ama-flakes amancane kakotini noma afana nendwangu yezimvu, futhi aveza umbala omhlophe ngokuphelele futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isithunzi. . Avela kanye namafu e-cirrus, akheke kuwo lapho eshiselwa ngaphansi, okwenza umoya uphakame futhi uhlanganise ifu kuze kube yilapho lenza i-Cirrocumulus. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babonisa ukuthi isimo sezulu sendawo noma isimo sezulu sizoshintsha ngo-12 emini, ngokuvamile sandulelwe isiphepho, nakuba lesi sici singahluka.
I-Cirrostratus
Kuwuhlobo lwamafu olunokubonakala kweveli elifinyelela esibhakabhakeni nokwenza kube nzima ukuhlukanisa imininingwane yesakhiwo salo, imiphetho yalo iyinde futhi ibanzi. Zibhekwa njengohlobo olulula kakhulu lwamafu aphezulu ukulihlonza, okwenza i-halo esibhakabhakeni ezungeze ilanga nenyanga. Zivela ngemva kwamafu e-cirrus futhi zingabonisa isiphepho noma isimo sezulu esihle.
Amafu Amaphakathi
Amafu aphakathi nendawo ahambisana nokuhlukaniswa okuphakathi kwamamitha angu-3000 no-7000, akhiwe ngamaconsi amanzi kanye namakristalu eqhwa, nakuba lokhu kokugcina kuzoncika ekuphakameni atholakala kukho, kunamaqembu amabili amakhulu achazwe ngezansi:
I-Altocumulus
Amafu e-Altocumulus aziwa njengama-flake-shake anesakhiwo esingajwayelekile njengemigqa ebanzi kanye nokuguquguquka okukhulu. Ziyingubo enkulu enamafu engasibekela isibhakabhaka sonke, ishiye izikhala ezithile lapho inyanga nelanga kuzobonakala khona. Umbala wawo ungcono ngokumpunga futhi kwezinye izimo ube mhlophe, ngokuvamile angasho ukuqala kwesimo sezulu esibi njengezimvula noma iziphepho.
IStratus ephakeme
I-Altostratus iyizendlalelo ezifanayo zesandiso esikhulu esivundlile, zinemibala empunga noma eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, zivela ngendlela yezingqimba ezincane futhi ezindaweni ezithile ziminyene kakhulu. Zingasibekela isibhakabhaka sonke, zibe ezingxenyeni ezithile ezincanyana lapho zivumela khona ukubona ilanga ngeso lengqondo, zinikeze umuzwa weshidi elikhulu elinwetshwe emkhathizwe.
Zibonakala ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-3000 ngisho namamitha angu-7000, ngenxa yokuqina kwazo zihamba amakhilomitha amaningana. Zakhiwa izindawo, ingxenye engezansi yenziwe ngamaconsi amanzi, kuyilapho ingxenye ephakathi inenani elikhulu lamakhekheba eqhwa amancane futhi indawo engenhla, ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphansi, ngokuvamile akhiwa amakristalu eqhwa.
amafu aphansi
Athathwa njengongqimba lwamafu afanayo acishe acishe abe ngamamitha angu-2000 ukuphakama, aziwa njengamafu aphansi futhi ahlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
I-Nimbostratus
Aziwa njengamafu anemvula akhule avundlile, ukubukeka kwawo okwengqimba enwetshiwe empunga emnyama futhi ekhanyayo, abonakala ngokumboza isibhakabhaka sonke aze akhiqize umoya obumnyama kanye ne-melancholic, ngesikhathi sokumboza isibhakabhaka, cha. ezinye izinhlobo zamafu zingahlala ndawonye kuphela lezo ezibhekwa njengamafu aphansi. Banesibopho sokuna kwemvula entwasahlobo nasehlobo futhi bangadala imvula ngendlela yeqhwa.
I-Stratocumulus
Lawa mafu asesimweni sokuguquguquka afana kakhulu namasilinda amade, anombala wamathoni ampunga futhi eza ukwethula isandiso esikhulu esibhakabhakeni. Abavamisile ukunikeza imvula, ngoba lokhu kufanele baguqulwe babe yi-Nimbostratus.
I-Strata
I-strata iza ukwethula ukubukeka kwenkungu empunga futhi ngaphandle kwanoma yisiphi isakhiwo esichaziwe; amabala anamathoni ampunga aphinyiselwe kanye nezinga elikhulu lokungafihli ayabonakala, ngokuvamile awaqhubeki isikhathi eside, ngaphandle kwalezo zinyanga ezibandayo zasekwindla nobusika, agcinwa usuku lonke, enikeza ukubukeka okudabukisayo nokudabukisayo; kuyilapho uma kufika isikhathi sentwasahlobo ngokuvamile zivela ekuseni kodwa zihlakazeke phakathi nosuku.
I-Vertical Development Clouds
Amelela lawo mafu akhula ngokuphakama okuqondile, asuka emimoyeni enamandla ekhuphukayo yangaphakathi, ewenza akhule amakhilomitha amaningi; yizona eziyinhloko ekubangeleni ukuconsa nesichotho, ngisho neziphepho zikagesi ezithinta umhlaba. Bahlukaniswa ngamaqembu amabili achazwe ngezansi:
Amafu weCumulus
Amafu e-Cumulus anokubukeka okuminyene, ubukhulu obukhulu kanye nezithunzi ezimakwe kakhulu; umbala wayo umpunga ngokumnyama, uvala ngisho nelanga. Anesisekelo esivundlile kanye nendawo ephezulu enamaqhuqhuva amakhulu aqondile, afika abe nokubukeka okufana nekholifulawa. Ziwuhlobo lwamafu olumelela isimo sezulu esihle, ikakhulukazi lapho umswakama wendawo uphansi futhi kukhona ukunyakaza okuncane emoyeni; Ngakolunye uhlangothi lomswakamo omkhulu nemisinga ekhuphukayo enamandla, angakwazi ukukhiqiza amafu amakhulu e-cumulus abangela iziphepho nezimvula ezinamandla.
Cumulonimbus
Amafu e-Cumulonimbus amakhulu kunawo wonke, anokubonakala okukhulu, enikeza umbono wezintaba ezinobukhulu obukhulu; isakhiwo sayo sibushelelezi ngemibala ehlukene empunga. Akhiwe ngamakristalu eqhwa futhi abonakala kakhulu eziphepho ezinamandla futhi ayimbangela yesichotho.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
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