I-Los Izinhlobo Zamahlathi, zihambisana neqembu ngalinye lendawo ezungezile lapho uhlobo lwezitshalo luqukethwe futhi lugcwele khona. Kukhunjulwa ukuthi zisakazwa emhlabeni wonke. Nezimo zezulu zazo, izilwane, phakathi kokunye. Zithole lapha.
izinhlobo zamahlathi
KuPlanethi Yomhlaba, izinhlobo zamahlathi zimelela ngokuhambisana nokuhlukahluka okungenakuqhathaniswa:
- Ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yendawo yonke.
- Inani elikhulu kunezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zesandiso, indawo noma indawo yamaqabunga yezitshalo zasemhlabeni.
- Ihlanganisa cishe amaphesenti angama-70 ekhabhoni ehlinzekwa yizidalwa eziphilayo.
Ngalo mqondo, unesibopho sokunciphisa, ukunciphisa noma ukunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu emhlabeni. Ngakho-ke, ngaphambi kokusungula izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamahlathi, kubalulekile ukwazi athini amahlathi nezinye izici.
Amahlathi ayindawo yokuhlala noma indawo ezungezile, ahlukaniswa futhi ahlukaniswa ngokwethula iqoqo elingapheli lezinhlobonhlobo Izinhlobo zezihlahla. Futhi, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezihlahla, ezibhekana nobuhle bezakhamzimba, zikhona ezinhlobonhlobo zenhlabathi. Ukuzijwayeza nokuzilinganisa, ngenxa yokunyakaza koketshezi lwe-hydrological, okungukuthi, ezikwazi ukuvela ngalo, zikhule futhi zithuthuke.
Okusho ukuthi, indlela abenza ngayo idlulele futhi ibalulekile ukuphikisana nokufudumala kwembulunga okwesabekayo nokubhubhisayo, okuyinto, njengoba kwaziwa, kubangelwa ukusakazeka kwamagesi avela kumphumela we-greenhouse.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amahlathi nawo ayisizinda esibalulekile, esiyisisekelo nesiyinhloko sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngoba ziyindawo yokuhlala yezitshalo nezilwane ezinkulu, izinhlobo zezindlu zezihlahla, izihlahla kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zezitshalo. Ukugqama kakhulu inani lezilwane nezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala kulezi zindawo. Mayelana nalezo ezingasetshenziswa njengesiqhathaniso sabanye, njengemibuso:
- izilwane (izilwane)
- i-plantae (izitshalo)
- isikhunta (isikhunta)
- I-Protista noma i-Protoctista (izinto eziphilayo ze-eukaryotic, ezakhiwe ama-microorganisms angama-unicellular kanye nama-multicellular)
- I-Monera noma i-Prokaryote (izinto eziphilayo ezingenayo i-nucleus echaziwe)
Ukubaluleka kwezinhlobo zamahlathi
Ukubaluleka kwe- izinhlobo zamahlathi ngoba iyiPlanethi yoMhlaba nokuphila, imelela kakhulu. Izizathu ezilandelayo ziyagqama:
- Iyindawo eyinhloko futhi ebanzi kakhulu yendawo yokuhlala yezitshalo nezilwane, ehlala ngaphezu kwama-80% akhona.
- Ziwumthombo wemithombo yemvelo.
- Ihlinzeka ngezindlela zokusinda kubantu. Phakathi kwazo kukhona: ukudla, izinkuni, izinto zokusetshenziswa zemithi, izinto zokwakha, imicu ehlukene, phakathi kwabanye.
- Zivikela izitsha ze-hydrographic, okuyimithombo ehlinzeka ngamanzi ahlanzekile emifuleni.
- Zivikela futhi zigweme ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi.
- Zivimbela ukuwa. Bayeka ukushelela.
- Benza inqubo ye-photosynthesis.
- Balawula isimo sezulu sendawo ezungezile.
- Banciphisa izehlakalo zokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu.
- Bathatha i-carbon dioxide futhi bakhiqize umoya-mpilo.
- Balawula umjikelezo we-hydrological wamanzi.
- Banikeza ukuqhubeka kwezinhlobo.
- Anciphisa isomiso.
- Banakekela futhi bakhiqize impilo.
- Banikeza ukulawula umswakama womoya.
- Bathatha amanzi futhi babe nekhono lokuwagcina.
- Zivimbela izikhukhula.
Indawo yezindawo zezinhlobo zamahlathi
Izinhlobo zamahlathi zisakazwa noma zikhona cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zezizwe zomhlaba. Lapho umehluko ulele ekwandiseni kanye nezici zayo. Okumele umuntu akwenze, kuya ngokuya ngesimo sezulu, ukuphakama, uhlaza, amahlamvu, izinga lokungenelela nezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo. Ezinesibopho sokusungula izilwane ezimele.
Amazwe ane-Territorial Area enkulu yezinhlobo Zamahlathi
Ngokwemininingwane ehlinzekwe yiNhlangano Yezokudla Nezolimo yeNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene, eyaziwa nge-FAO, ngo-2015. Amazwe agqama ngokuba nezindawo ezinkulu kakhulu zezwe. izinhlobo zamahlathi, ezibhaliswe emhlabeni wonke yilezi ezilandelayo:
- I-Russia, nge-20%, emele i-50% yendawo yesizwe.
- IBrazil, ngo-12%, emele u-59% wendawo yesizwe.
- I-Canada, ne-9%, emele u-38% wendawo yesizwe.
- I-United States of America, ne-8%, emele i-34% yendawo yonke yesizwe.
- I-China, ngama-5%, amele u-22% wendawo yonke yezwe.
- IDemocratic Republic of the Congo, ne-4%, emele i-67% yendawo yonke yezwe.
- I-Australia, ne-3%, emele i-16% yendawo yonke yezwe.
- I-Indonesia, ngo-2%, omele u-53% wendawo yonke yezwe.
- I-Peru, ene-2%, emele i-58% yendawo yonke yesizwe.
- I-India, ne-2% emele ama-24% wendawo yonke yezwe.
izici zehlathi
Izinhlobo ezahlukene zamahlathi zinezici ezilandelayo:
- Habitat: Indawo yokuhlala i ihlathi isici evelele kakhulu. Ngoba incazelo yalo iwukuba ikhaya lakho kokubili izitshalo nezilwane.
- Ukwehluka: Kuzo kukhona ukuhlukahluka okubanzi kakhulu nokuhlukahluka kwezitshalo. Kanye nezilwane ezihlukahlukene ezinomgogodla kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla.
- Isimiso semvelo: Iqukethe iqoqo lezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlobene, eziguqukayo, ezikhulayo futhi ezithuthukayo phakathi kwazo. Ukuthatha noma ukusebenzisa izici zemvelo.
- Ukuhlukaniswa ngezigaba: Ngokwesimo sezulu nendawo, zivumele ukuthi zihlukaniswe. Ngenxa yokuthi kukhona ukubonakaliswa kwezitshalo ezimele nezilwane.
- Banikeza ukudla: Kusukela kudala, izinhlobo zamahlathi zigqama ngokuba wumthombo omkhulu wokudla kwabantu, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane.
- Bakhiqiza umoya-mpilo: Ngokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo eziningi nezihlukahlukene ezivumelana nendawo ezikuyo nesimo sezulu, amahlathi angawona akhiqiza umoya-mpilo omkhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni.
- Ziwumthombo wempahla eluhlaza: Zonke izinhlobo zamahlathi bezilokhu zibonakala njengomthombo wempahla eluhlaza. Ukugqama, kokubili ezindaweni ezibonakalayo nezinamandla.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ngokwemvelaphi yawo
Kuya ngemvelaphi yabo, izinhlobo zamahlathi bangaba:
Oyinhloko noma Owomdabu
Lokhu kuhlanganisa amahlathi aphuma ngokwemvelo. Kubuye kuqashelwe noma kukhonjwe ngokuthi "ihlathi elimsulwa". Onakho, ukuthi umuntu akasunguli noma yisiphi isenzo esivumelana nakho, ngakho-ke kuphelele. Okuyikho okwaziwa ngegama elithi “anthropic intervention”.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi la mahlathi awabanga nawo amandla, ukungenelela noma isenzo somuntu mayelana nokungena noma ukuxhashazwa kwawo. Iveza ngendlela evelele ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwayo kungokwangempela.
Amahlathi Esibili
Amahlathi athola leli gama yilawo okuthi, ngenxa yethonya lomuntu noma amathonya angaphandle, eze ukuze akhule kabusha. Okusho ukuthi, ziphinde ziqhakaze, zingaphinde zibuyele ezinhlobonhlobo zazo zakuqala. Izibonelo zala mahlathi yilezo ezivuselelwayo ngemva kokugawulwa isikhathi eside. Okuyikhona okuvame ukwenzeka, lapho umuntu esebenzisa amandla akhe, ukuthatha izinkuni futhi azuze ngazo.
Amahlathi Anthropogenic
Lesi yisichasiso esinikezwe amahlathi, okuthi, ngenxa yethonya, izenzo kanye nokuziphatha okungalawuleki kwabantu, eze ekuhluphekeni okukhulu. Ngakho ihlathi alisoze laba yilokho elaliyikho, ngenxa yoshintsho olukhulu oludalwe.
Amahlathi Okwenziwa
Yilokho okubizwa ngokuthi, emahlathini avela ngenxa yesenzo umuntu asenzayo. Ukuba ikakhulukazi ngemva kokutshalwa kwezihlahla eziningi zezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene. Kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezihlahla, phakathi kwabanye. Ukhumbula ukuthi ezinye izindlela ezikukhombayo zizohambisana ne izici zesimo sezulu yendawo lapho ibulawelwa khona noma itholakala khona.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ngokuya ngobubanzi nesimo sezulu
Ngokuya ngobubanzi nesimo sezulu, izinhlobo zamahlathi bangaba:
ETropical
Lezi yizinhlobo zamahlathi, abonakala ngokuthi atholakala ezindaweni, lapho imvula ifika khona ngengozi enkulu. Ziphinde zibe namandla okuthi izihlahla zazo ziyehluka ngokuthi zinamaqabunga amade uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye. Lokhu kungukuthi, ngenhloso yokumboza indawo enkulu, lapho umhlabathi umbozwe khona.
Ngokunjalo, njengoba indawo isivalekile, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kuba nzima kakhulu ukuba imisebe yelanga ingene ezinhlotsheni zenhlabathi. Ngakho-ke, umswakama mude, okunomthelela ekubeni ihlathi libe likhulu emilanjeni, ngenxa yentuthuko ekhiqizwayo.
Kodwa-ke, izinga lokushisa lihlala lihlala ku-27°C, lishisa kakhulu. Imvula ngokuvamile iba phakathi kwamamilimitha angu-2.000 kuya kwezi-5.000 ngonyaka. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi la mahlathi yiwo adlangile ezindaweni eziseduze nenkabazwe.
subtropical
Lawa angamahlathi, lapho izinga lokushisa elivamile lonyaka lihlala ebangeni elifinyelela ku-22°C. Itholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nendawo eshisayo, lapho isimo sezulu sigqama ngokuba ne-subtropical. Izimila zalezi izinhlobo zamahlathi Ichichima, inamaqabunga abanzi. Izimvula zivamile futhi zehle kancane kunalezo ezibangelwa emahlathini asezindaweni ezishisayo. Ukuba khona kwezinkathi zonyaka.
I-Boreal
Lolu ngolunye lwezinhlobo zamahlathi, olubonakala ngokuba nendawo ebheke endaweni eseNyakatho yomhlaba. Ngokutholakala kwezindawo ezinamapulangwe zokushisa okuphansi, okungukuthi, ezibandayo.
Ukuthuthukisa noma ukuba khona kwezinkathi zonyaka, lapho ehlobo izinga eliphezulu elivame ukukhuphuka lifinyelela ku-20°C. Ebusika izinga lokushisa elivamile liba ngu-60 ° C, ngakho-ke isimo sezulu si-subpolar. Ezitshalweni zakhona, izihlahla zomsayipuresi ziyagqama, kanye nezihlahla zikaphayini, ezinenqwaba yamaconifers ahlala eluhlaza.
ezizothile
Lezi izinhlobo zamahlathi, yilezo ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi, lapho kukhona khona isimo sezulu esishisayo. Kanye nezwekazi noma iqhwa, okusho ukuthi itholakala kuwo womabili ama-hemispheres (eNyakatho naseNingizimu). Lezi zinezehlakalo eziphawulekayo zezinkathi zonyaka, ngokuhlukahluka okuvamile phakathi kwalokho okuyihlobo nalokho okuwubusika, nezinga lokushisa elibekezeleleka kakhulu futhi elingeqisi kakhulu.
Uhlaza luzibonakalisa phakathi kwamaqabunga namaqabunga, lapho izihlahla zinamaqabunga abanzi. Kodwa-ke, izihlahla ze-coniferous ezinamahlamvu ahlala eluhlaza nazo ziyaziswa. Umhlabathi uvundile impela, ngenxa yekhava yezitshalo engashintshi.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ngokuya ngobude
Ngokuya ngobude, izinhlobo zamahlathi bangaba:
indawo ephansi
Lolu olunye lwezinhlobo zamahlathi akhula phakathi kwezinga lolwandle kanye nokuphakama okungamamitha ayi-1.000. Lezi ziyi-plain, plain, noma basal. Iphinde ibe nezindawo ezikhukhula. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, banobuhle bokusingatha izinhlobonhlobo zezihlahla.
Umhlabathi wayo uvunde kakhulu futhi ubonakala ngokuba nezindawo zokungena kahle. Lawa mahlathi yiwona anomkhuba omkhulu ezenzweni zabantu, kanye nokunyamalala, konke ngenxa yezinzuzo ezinikezayo, eziningi.
Wentaba
Lezi zinhlobo zamahlathi yizo ezivame kakhulu ezindaweni, lapho ukuphakama kuhlinzeka ngokungafani okuphawulekayo maqondana nalokho okukhiqizwa ezindaweni eziphansi. Lapho izinga lokushisa eliphansi lihambisana nomehluko wobude. Ngokusekelwe ukuthi kungaba:
- I-Premontane
- Montano
- I-Subalpine
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ngokusho kwamahlamvu
Kuye ngamahlamvu, izinhlobo zamahlathi bangaba:
esinqunyiwe
Lezi yizinhlobo zamahlathi, nazo ezikhonjwa ngegama le-subdeciduous. Lapho okubizwa ngokuthi amaqabunga amaqabunga ethulwa khona, lokhu kusho ukuthi, ngokwenkathi yonyaka, izihlahla zizoba namaqabunga noma ngeke zibe nawo. ngoba laba bayoba namandla okushintsha amahlamvu abo basebenzisa isikhathi sonyaka atholakala kuso.
i-evergreen
Lezi izinhlobo zamahlathi, ngokuphambene nalokho, yilawo abonakala ngokwethula lokho okubizwa ngokuthi amaqabunga angapheli. Okusho ukuthi izihlahla zayo ezinkulu zizohlala ziluhlaza ngamaqabunga awo unyaka wonke. Kungakhathaleki ukuthi yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka abakuso. Lawa aphinde akhonjwe ngamagama amahlathi aluhlaza.
Izinhlobo zamahlathi ngokusho kohlaza
Ngokuya ngezimila, izinhlobo zamahlathi zingaba:
i-coniferous
Ku- izinhlobo zamahlathi ama-conifers, aphinde ahlonzwe ngegama elithi "taiga". Indawo yayo isethwe enyakatho nenkabazwe yomhlaba. Amazinga okushisa ngokusobala ayabanda, anenhlabathi evundile ephansi. Kuvamile ukuzibona lezi ezindaweni ezinezintaba. Izimila zawo ezivelele ama-conifers, abonakala ngokuba yizihlahla ezihlale ziluhlaza.
I-Hardwood noma i-Broadleaf
Lena enye yezinhlobo zamahlathi, ezinokuhlukahluka okukhulu maqondana nalokho okwethulwa kuma-conifers. Izihlahla zakhona zinamaqabunga abanzi, okuvame kakhulu izimbali ezinhlobonhlobo. Ukuba khona komswakama kubonakala kakhulu, kunesimo sezulu esishisayo futhi esishisayo.
Kuhlanganisiwe
Lena enye ye izinhlobo zamahlathi, eziveza izici zazo zohlaza, zombili i-coniferous, kanye nalezo ezikhona kulena enamaqabunga. Kukhona ukuzwana nokulinganisa phakathi kwalokhu okubili, nokuba khona kwezimila ezixubile ngaphandle kokufakwa eduze kwemikhakha.
Izilwane noma izilwane ezikhona ezinhlotsheni zamahlathi
Izilwane ezikhona ezinhlobonhlobo izinhlobo zamahlathi, ihlobene eduze nesimo sezulu esithuthukayo noma esisethulayo. Kanye nokuphakama lapho imvelo eshiwo itholakala khona. Ngalo mqondo, sinokulandelayo Izinhlobo zezilwane njengawo wonke amahlathi:
- I-Coniferous: Kula mahlathi kukhona njalo ukuba khona kwezilwane ezifana nama-petigrises, onogwaja, ama-magpies, izimpisi, ama-raccoon, izikhova, ama-scorpions, izinja ze-prairie. Kanye namalulwane, ama-weasel, amajuba, ama-rattlesnake, phakathi kwabanye.
- Uthukuthele: Ehlathini elipholile, kuvamile ukubona amabhere, ama-petigrisi, izinyamazane, izimbuzi, ama-cougars, ama-raccoon, iziqophamithi, izilwane ezidla ezinye zasebukhosini, phakathi kwezinye.
- Tropical: Kulezi zinhlobo zehlathi, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezifana nenyathi, izinyamazane, amahlosi, amabhubesi, ama-antelope, ama-pachyderms, izindlulamithi kuyaziswa. Kanye nobhejane, ama-lemur, izimfene, izingwe, amalulwane, ama-gorilla, phakathi kwabanye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona nezinhlobo zezilwane eziwuphawu lwendawo ethile noma ihlathi, njengoba nje zingaba khona kuyo.
