Iplanethi enguMhlaba ibonakala ngokuba nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezindawo eziveza ubuhle nezinhlobonhlobo, lezi zindawo zemvelo zingabamukeli bezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane, izitshalo kanye nama-microorganisms abaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozweni kwempilo emhlabeni, kulokhu okulandelayo: isihloko sizofunda ngezinhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni wethu.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zibhekisela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba khona emhlabeni, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, izilwane kanye nezilwanyana ezincane. Iplanethi enguMhlaba yenziwe ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemvelo noma ama-biomes anikeza ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo ezinjengamahlathi, amahlathi, izindawo ezishisayo, izingwadule, ama-savannah, phakathi kokunye, zonke zimelela indawo eyingqayizivele ecebile ngemithombo yemvelo.
Ama-ecosystems angahlukaniswa ngokuthi asemhlabeni, emanzini futhi axubile, akhiwe ngamaphethini emvelo awenza ahluke komunye nomunye. Ukusebenzisana kwezinhlobo eziwuhlanganisayo kanye nemithombo yemvelo ekhona, kufaka isandla ekunotheni kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni ezungezile, okubangela ukuba zithuthukise indawo yazo yokuhlala futhi ziguquke njengezinto eziphilayo, konke lokhu kumelela ukondliwa kwempilo eplanethini engumhlaba.
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zidlala indima ebalulekile ekusebenzeni kwemvelo, ukubamba iqhaza emisebenzini yamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ezenzeka kuyo, njengomjikelezo wamanzi, imisoco, ukwakheka kwenhlabathi, ukulawula izinambuzane, ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, phakathi kokunye. Ngakho-ke, ukuba khona kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane kubaluleke kakhulu ekongiweni kwemvelo.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kuthathwa njengetemu eliyinkimbinkimbi elihlanganisa okuningi okuqukethwe, ngakho-ke, ukuhlukaniswa okuyinhloko kwasungulwa ngokusekelwe ezinqubweni ezihlukahlukene ze-biochemical ezikhona ku-ecosystem, ezichazwe ngezansi:
I-Genetic Biodiversity
Kubhekwa njengengxenye eyisisekelo kakhulu yezinhlobo zezilwane, ihambisana nenani lezici zofuzo into ephilayo engaba nayo. Ngamafuphi, kuwukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo ezixukwini zezidalwa eziphilayo, okuwufuzo oludluliselwa lusuka kumuntu luye komunye umuntu phakathi kohlobo olufanayo. Ngale ndlela kwakheka izizukulwane zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo.
I-Genetic biodiversity ihlobene nokuvela kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ngokusebenzisa izakhi zofuzo ungathola izinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo zezinto eziphilayo, konke lokhu kungenxa yekhodi yofuzo, ehambisana nekhodi yendawo yonke egcina yonke imininingwane yezinto eziphilayo mayelana nezizukulwane. edlule, lonke lolu lwazi kuthonywa izindawo zokuhlala zemvelo.
Izakhi zofuzo zinesibopho sokuziphatha kwento ngayinye ephilayo, zithonya ukudla, ukwakhiwa kwendawo yazo yemvelo, ukuhluka ngokomzimba, phakathi kokunye. Isibonelo, izindlulamithi zinentamo ende ezivumela ukuthi zidle amaqabunga atholakala emagatsheni aphakeme kakhulu ezihlahla, ukuthuthukiswa kwentamo yabo ende kuyisici esiyingqayizivele sezinhlobo zabo ezibonwa ngekhodi yabo yofuzo.
Olunye uhlobo oluvelele ama-hummingbirds akwazi ukundiza nokunyakaza kwamaphiko okufika ku-80 beats ngomzuzwana, okuwukuphela kwezinyoni ezikwazi ukuba nalolu hlobo lwekhono, ngakho-ke ezivumela ukuthi zihlale endaweni engashintshi isikhathi eside futhi zidla ukudla okunezinhlanzi. imbali ingaphakathi kalula. Singaqaphela ukuthi ikhodi yofuzo yohlobo ngalunye izonikeza izici eziyingqayizivele nezihlukanisekayo kwezinye.
Izinguquko zendawo ezungezile zidala ukuhlukahluka ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo, okubangela ukushintsha kwezinto eziphilayo ngokuyinhloko ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi kubangele ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Eminye yemikhuba yabantu iye yabangela izinguquko ezinkulu emvelweni njengokwanda kwezilwane ezifuywayo nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kwezomnotho.
Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zalezi zinhlobo zihambisana nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emhlabeni. Kulokhu, zonke lezo ezitholakala endaweni ethile, zinezici ezifanayo futhi ziyingxenye ye-ecosystem yasemanzini neyomhlaba ziyagqanyiswa. Bakha bonke labo abahlukaniselwe izifundo ezihlobene, baqoqwe ngokwezimpawu zabo ezijwayelekile zebhayoloji.
Izinhlobo zihlanganisa isethi yabantu abanezici ezifanayo, ezimelela isigaba esifanayo, isigaba noma uhlobo olufanayo. Izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyinani labantu ngabanye njengabantu, izilwane, izitshalo, amaminerali, ama-microorganisms, phakathi kwabanye; Banezici ezifanayo kakhulu futhi bayakwazi ukuzala omunye nomunye. Ngakho-ke, zibhekwa njengesigaba esiyisisekelo lapho zonke izidalwa eziphilayo zihlukaniswa khona.
Izigaba zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezilwane ziyisihloko sengxoxo, ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi bezinqubo ezahlukene lapho iplanethi ingaphansi kwayo. Ngokocwaningo lwesayensi, baqokomisa ukuthi njengamanje kunengqikithi yezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyizigidi ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-100, okuqokomisa ukuthi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezikhona emazweni ashisayo njengalawo aseNingizimu Melika, zimelela indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni.
I-Biodiversity of Ecosystems
I-ecosystem imele umphakathi lapho izinto eziphilayo zihlangana khona futhi zihlobana zodwa, indawo eyakhiwe ngezinto eziphilayo (izitshalo, izilwane kanye nama-microorganisms) kanye nezici ze-abiotic (amanzi, imisinga yomoya, imisoco emhlabathini, phakathi kokunye) imvelo. Iplanethi yakhiwe ngazo, ngokuba umhlaba njengamahlathi ashisayo, amahlathi, ama-savannah, ama-tundra, izingwadule, phakathi kokunye; amanzi ahlanzekile emanzini njengemifula, amachibi, amachweba, phakathi kokunye, nalawo amanzi anosawoti njengolwandle, izixhobo, phakathi kokunye.
Ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezisebenzisanayo kanye nezinye izakhi ezingaphakathi kuyo. Zingabhekwa njengohlobo lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi ukufunda, yingakho zihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amathathu amakhulu achazwe ngezansi:
- Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Alpha
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-alpha kumelele izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala endaweni ethile, ehlukaniswa njengomphakathi lapho kukhona ulwazi oluphelele lwengcebo yemvelo kanye nenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona. Kuhlanganisa zonke lezo zinambuzane ezihlala ndawonye endaweni yemvelo futhi zibonwa ngokutholakala emindenini noma ngokusebenzisa uhlobo lwe-taxonomic.
- I-Beta Diversity
Endabeni yokuhlukahluka kwe-beta, ihlanganisa bonke lobo budlelwano bezemvelo obukhona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezisebenzisana ne-ecosystem, futhi ihlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwe-ecosystem efanayo ebusweni bezinhlobo ezahlukene zemvelo ezikhona. Ivumela ukuba nolwazi ngenani lezinhlobo zezilwane ezikhona endaweni yazo kanye nokwazi zonke izinguquko zemvelo ezibhekana nazo.
- I-Gamma Diversity
Ukuhlukahluka kwe-Gamma kuhlobene nencazelo yokunotha okuphelele okutholakala kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngaphakathi kwe-ecosystem, esungulwe ngezikali zokuqhathanisa. Ukuqoqwa phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukahlukene futhi kuhlanganiswe nezibalo ezihlobene nazo.
Ukulahlekelwa Nokunakekelwa Kwezinhlobonhlobo Zezinto Eziphilayo
Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zimelela yonke ingcebo yezinto eziphilayo ezingabonwa eplanethini engumhlaba, eza bakhe yonke into ehlobene nokuphila futhi inikeze izakhi zofuzo ezibanzi ezisuka ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukugqamisa iqiniso lokuthi izindawo zemvelo ezihlala kuzo nezithuthukayo azikwazi ukushiywa ngaphandle, ngoba zinomthelela ekuziphendukeleni kwemvelo kwento ngayinye ephilayo.
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezichazwe ngenhla, ngayinye yazo ixhumene enye nenye, ezisebenzisanayo emjikelezweni osekela ukuphila nokuphila kwezinhlobo zemvelo. Njengamanje, ukulahlekelwa okukhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuye kwabonwa ngendlela enkulu futhi esheshayo; okuhlanganisa womathathu amazinga, njengasendabeni yezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo ngokucekela phansi izinhlobo zofuzo nokunciphisa ukuzala kwazo; ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ngokuqeda izigaba zezinto eziphilayo kanye nokuthembela kwezinye kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziphula ibhalansi nendawo yazo yemvelo ngenxa yokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo.
Ngokusebenzisa i-Convention on Biological Diversity yonyaka we-1992, egxile "Ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuyathakazelisa sonke isintu", yayinenkundla yokwazisa amazwe omhlaba ngesimo samanje sezinhlobo zemvelo, athathe inselele. yokutshala imali ocwaningweni lwesayensi olusekela intuthuko yezemvelo kanye nokuqeqesha abasebenzi bezobuchwepheshe abakhethekile esifundweni sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ngazo zonke izingxoxo, kwacatshangelwa ukucaciswa kwemithetho nezivumelwano eziqondiswe ekuvikelweni nasekulondolozweni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kwasungulwa izinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke ngenjongo yokugqugquzela ukunakekelwa kwezinhlobo zemvelo kanye nokukhiqiza isiko elidingekayo ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobo nezilwane eziphilayo. iplanethi yomhlaba.
Ngale ndlela baphetha ngokuthi ukuze kulondolozwe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kudingekile ukuba kuncishiswe imisebenzi yabantu, ikakhulukazi leyo engase ibe yingozi, kanye nokulinywa ngokweqile, ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, kwezinye; kanye nokubaluleka kokwenza kwaziwe ulwazi lwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasendaweni nezasemhlabeni wonke, ukuhlola ama-panorama ngesimo samanje sezinto eziphilayo ezisengozini.
Inhloso yazo zonke lezi zinqumo ukulondoloza izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuhilelekile ekusekeleni ukuthuthukiswa okusimeme kwayo yonke imithombo yezinto eziphilayo, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukuncishiswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zofuzo, izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kanye nesimiso semvelo esicebisa iplanethi engumhlaba.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: