Njengamanje kunezinhlobo eziningi zokungcoliswa komhlabathi, ngaphandle kokulahla imfucuza emigwaqweni noma ezindaweni eziluhlaza. Uma ufuna ukwazi konke mayelana nalesi sihloko futhi ufunde ukuthi ungayixazulula kanjani, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo lapho sizokwethula khona izimbangela ezihlukahlukene, imiphumela kanye nezinhlobo eziyinhloko zokungcola okunikezwa yinhlabathi.
Izinhlobo Zokungcoliswa Kwenhlabathi
Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi kungahlukaniswa ngokwezigaba ezimbili. Esokuqala salokhu ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, okuyilapho okunye ukungcola ngokwemvelo kunqwabelana emhlabathini. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kwenhlabathi ngendlela ehlukile emkhathini. Futhi, kungavezwa ukuthi enye indlela lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi olungenzeka ngayo ukuthutha ukungcola komhlabathi ngamanzi emvula.
Isibonelo sokungcoliswa kwemvelo kwenhlabathi ukunqwabelana kwezinhlanganisela eziqukethe i-anion ye-perchlorate kwezinye i-ecosystem eyomile neyomile kancane. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi okunye ukungcola kungenzeka ngokwemvelo emhlabathini ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zemvelo. Ukuchaza lokhu, kungashiwo njengesibonelo ukuthi ama-perhlorates aqukethe i-chlorine nezinsimbi ezithile angakhiwa emhlabathini ngesikhathi kunesiphepho.
Olunye uhlobo lokungcoliswa komhlabathi i-anthropogenic, ehlanganisa ndawonye zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi yabantu engaholela kulesi simo. Phakathi kwazo singabala amacala anjengokubhidlizwa kwezakhiwo ezindala ezingase zibandakanye ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi eseduze ne-asbestos; ukusetshenziswa kopende osekelwe kumthofu phakathi nemisebenzi yokwakha ngenxa yokugxila okuyingozi komthofu; Ukuvuza kukaphethiloli nodizili ngesikhathi sokuthutha kungangcolisa inhlabathi ngama-hydrocarbon atholakala kuwoyela.
Yiqiniso, lolu hlobo lokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi luhlanganisa nemisebenzi ehambisana nokuncibilikiswa kwensimbi kanye nemisebenzi yezimayini engaphansi komhlaba, engaholela ekungcolisweni kwensimbi esindayo emhlabathini; ukulahlwa okungafanele kwemfucumfucu yamakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu noma yezimboni, njengokugcinwa ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu, kungangcolisa ngisho namanzi angaphansi komhlaba; Ngaphezu kwalokho, izibulala-zinambuzane zamakhemikhali ziqukethe izinto ezihlukahlukene eziyingozi, okuthi uma zisetshenziswe ngokweqile futhi zingasebenzi, zingabangela ukungcoliswa komhlaba.
Izimbangela ezidala Ukungcoliswa Komhlaba
Kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi yonke inhlabathi iqukethe inhlanganisela eyingozi kubantu nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Kodwa-ke, ukugcwala kwezinto ezinjalo enhlabathini engangcolisiwe kuphansi kangangokuthi azibeki usongo. Lapho ukugcwala kwezinto kuphakeme ngokwanele ukulimaza izinto eziphilayo, inhlabathi kuthiwa ingcolile. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, izimbangela ezidala izinhlobo zokungcoliswa kwenhlabathi yilezi: ukulima komhlabathi nokungasetshenziswa ngokwanele kwezibulala-zinambuzane; umsebenzi wezimboni; futhi ekugcineni, ukungaphathi kahle noma ukulahlwa kwemfucuza ngendlela engafanele.
Kodwa-ke, kungashiwo ukuthi ezinye zezinto ezingcolisa umhlabathi eziyingozi kakhulu yizinto zokucwasa abantu abavela kwamanye amazwe, okuyizinto ezingatholakali ngokwemvelo emvelweni futhi ezihlanganiswa ngabantu. Enye yalezi zakhi ukuba khona kwezinsimbi ezisindayo emhlabathini ezingawenza ube yingozi kakhulu kubantu. Enye i-xenophobe i-polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons, akhiqizwa ngokuguqulwa kwekhabhoni futhi athinte umhlaba nomoya ngenxa yezimoto, ugwayi kanye nokukhipha uwoyela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza yezimboni efana nezincibilikisi zezimboni ezine-chlorine, ama-dioxin akhiqizwa lapho kukhiqizwa izibulala-zinambuzane nokushiswa kwemfucuza, amapulasitiki namapulasitiki e-PCB kulahlwa phansi. Imboni ye-petroleum yona ikhiqiza imfucumfucu ye-petroleum hydrocarbon. Eminye yale mfucumfucu, efana ne-benzene ne-methylbenzene, yaziwa njenge-carcinogenic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izibulala-zinambuzane ezisetshenziselwa ukubulala noma ukuvimbela ukukhula kwezinambuzane nazo ziyabhekwa, okuhlukanisa izinhlobo ezintathu: ama-herbicides, ama-insecticide kanye nama-fungicides.
Imiphumela Yokungcoliswa Kwemvelo
Zonke izinhlobo zokungcoliswa komhlabathi zikhiqiza imiphumela engemihle ethinta zonke izinto eziphilayo kanye ne-ecosystem yonkana. Konke lokhu kungcola kungaba khona kuzo zontathu izigaba (okuqinile, uketshezi, negesi). Ngakho-ke, lezi zingangena emzimbeni womuntu ngokusebenzisa imigudu ehlukahlukene, njengokuxhumana ngqo nesikhumba noma ukuhogela uthuli oluvela enhlabathini engcolile. Imiphumela yesikhashana yokuchayeka komuntu enhlabathini engcolisiwe ihlanganisa ikhanda, isicanucanu, ukuhlanza, ukukhwehlela, ubuhlungu besifuba, ukuhefuzela, kanye nokucasuka kwesikhumba namehlo, ngisho nokukhathala nokuba buthakathaka.
Nokho, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emazingeni aphezulu omthofu kungabangela umonakalo unomphela esimisweni sezinzwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kungabangela ukucindezeleka kwe-CNS, kulimaze izitho ezibalulekile njengezinso nesibindi, futhi kuthiwa kwandise ingozi yokuba nomdlavuza. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izinto eziningi ezingcolisa inhlabathi, njengama- petroleum hydrocarbon nezincibilikisi zasezimbonini, ziye zahlotshaniswa nokuphazamiseka okuzalwa kumuntu. Ngakho-ke, ukungcoliswa komhlabathi kungaba nemiphumela emibi eminingana empilweni yomuntu.
Eqinisweni, akubona abantu bodwa abathintekayo, izitshalo nezilwane nazo ziyathinteka. Njengoba ukulimala kwenhlabathi kuvame ukuhambisana nokuncipha kokutholakala kwezakhi, ukuphila kwezitshalo kuyeka ukukhula ngoba, isibonelo, inhlabathi engcoliswe i-aluminium engaphili ingaba yingozi ezitshalweni. Ukwengeza, lolu hlobo lokungcola luvame ukwandisa usawoti wenhlabathi, kwenze kungabi lula ukukhula kwezitshalo.
Endabeni yendawo ezungezile, njengoba izinto eziyimbangela eziguquguqukayo zingathwalwa umoya emoyeni noma zingene emanzini angaphansi komhlaba, umthelela unomthelela ngokuqondile kwamanye anjengomoya namanzi. Idala ngisho nokudala imvula ene-asidi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhlabathi ene-asidi ayinakukwazi ukumelana nezinambuzane ezihlukahlukene ezithuthukisa ukwakheka kwenhlabathi futhi zisize ukudiliza izinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isivuno sezitshalo sithinteka kakhulu kulolu hlobo lokungcoliswa.
Izixazululo Zokungcoliswa Kwenhlabathi
Kuye kwathuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene ukubhekana nokulungisa umhlabathi. Amanye amasu abalulekile alandelwayo okulungisa inhlabathi kungaba ukumba kanye nokuthuthwa okulandelayo kwenhlabathi engcolile iyiswa ezindaweni ezikude nezingahlali muntu. Futhi ukuqedwa kokungcola ngokusebenzisa ukukhucululwa kwendle okushisayo, okungukuthi, izinga lokushisa liyakhula ukuze ukungcola kuphenduke kube umusi, bese kuqoqwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kukhona ukululama okusebenzisa ama-microorganisms nezitshalo ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko esithi Izimbangela Nezinhlobo Zokungcoliswa Kwenhlabathi futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: