Ngaphambi kokusho i izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane Kubalulekile kuqala ukubachazela incazelo yezinkanyezi.
Izinkanyezi ziyizinjini zamandla wendawo abangela ukuvutha, ukukhanya, imisebe i-ultraviolet, ama-X-ray nezinye izethulo ze-phosphorescence. Banikezwa indawo cishe ekuqedeni kwabo igesi neplasma, inkathi yokushisa okuphakeme kwendaba ehleliwe yothuli lwe-subatomic.
izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane
Ngesamba esikhulu se izinkanyezi kanye nemithala ekhula emkhathini, kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi indawo yonke yayingalingani eminyakeni engaba izigidi ezingu-13,8 edlule, lapho yayingase ibe nemizuzwana embalwa nje ubudala.
Ngalo mqondo, ukuze ukwazi ukwazi ngezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala, kuleso sigaba sokuqala, umkhathi oyisisekelo wawuyisobho lothuli elishisayo neliminyene, elidalwe ikakhulukazi ama-electron, ama-proton, ama-neutrino nama-photon; indawo ewugqinsi kangangokuthi icosmos yayingabonakala njengenkungu engabonakali lapho izinhlayiya zokukhanya zingakwazi ukuhamba indlela encane ngaphandle kokushayisana inhlayiya.
Ngokunjalo, njengoba umkhathi usakazeka, indawo yonke yaba indawo ezolile futhi emile, okuthi ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-380.000, igcine isiphenduke isibhakabhaka “esicwebezelayo” esivame ukujwayeleka ngaso namuhla, lapho ukungqubuzana kwezinhlayiyana kwenzeka ngezikhathi ezithile nama-photon akwazi ukuzulazula ngokukhululeka esibhakabhakeni. umhlaba.
Izibonakude ezisibuyisela emuva
Namuhla, kunamathuluzi amaningi akwenza kube lula ngathi ukubona izinkanyezi, njengezibonakude ezifana ne-Planck ye-European Space Agency (ESA) ekwazi ukubona ukukhanya kwangaphambi komlando kwalezo zinkanyezi zokuqala. izithombe emele i-universal irradiation yangemuva, noma i-microwave background luminescence (CMB). Ukubekwa kwayo esibhakabhakeni kuveza ukungabaza okuncane kakhulu okusekela inani elikhulu locwaningo ngomlando, umthethosisekelo kanye nezibalo zendalo.
Ukukhululwa kokusebenza kahle kwendawo kwangemuva kwakunendawo ngaleso sikhathi lapho ama-electron nama-proton aqala ukuhlangana ukuze akhe ama-athomu e-hydrogen okuqala; umzuzu emlandweni wendawo yonke lapho kukhona okokuqala into ethile esigabeni ngogesi hlangothi.
Kodwa-ke, kwadingeka kudlule iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu ambalwa ngaphambi kokuba lezi zinhlayiya zihlangane futhi zinikeze indawo yokuzalanisa kokuqala izinkanyezi.
Njengoba lezi zinkanyezi zokuqala zihluma zizokhukhula indawo yazo ngokukhanya okuzolandela ngokuhlangana nama-neutral corpuscles i-cosmos, ewaguqula abuyele othulini lwawo olusemthethweni: ama-electron nama-proton. I-Sages ibhekisela kulesi sigaba ngokuthi "inkathi ye-reionization."
Ngendlela efanayo, lapho inkathi yokuhlanganisa kabusha isiqalile, kwakungeke kuthathe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba iningi lobunzima endaweni yonke -nokungajwayelekile ezindaweni ezimbalwa- libe seliphelele. i-ionized, bephikelela kanjalo kuze kube yimanje.
Ngalo mqondo, i-thesis imithala Ukude kakhulu, okubamba izimbobo ezinkulu ezimnyama ngaphakathi, kubonisa ukuthi i-cosmos ngabe ifakwe i-ion ngokugcwele eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-900 ngemva kwe-Big Bang. Iphuzu lokudluliselwa kwaleli cala, nokho, linzima kakhulu ukulisungula futhi kube ingxabano ephikisana kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva nje.
Ngakho, u-Jan Tauber, ilungu eliqotho lephrojekthi ye-ESA's Planck, uyachaza: “Ukushiswa kwemisebe yasemkhathini okungasemuva kungasenza siqonde ukuthi inkathi ye-ionization yaqala nini futhi, ngokulandelayo, lapho kwadalwa izinkanyezi zokuqala emkhathini. i-cosmos".
Izindlela zokubona ezinye izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane
Ukuze benze lesi sibalo, ososayensi bazisekela eqinisweni lokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwe-CMB kugxilile, okungukuthi, ingxenye ye-CMB. ukukhanya izungeza ibheke endaweni ekude kakhulu ngenxa yama-photon avela ezinhlayiyeni ezishaya emisebeni yendawo yonke, into evame kakhulu endaweni eyisisekelo. Lokhu kuphazamiseka kuzobangelwa ngaphambi kokukhululwa kwe-CMB, futhi futhi kamuva, ngemva kokwenziwa kabusha, lapho ukukhanya kwezinkanyezi zokuqala kuthola ukubuya kwama-electron amahhala endaweni yonke.
Ukwazisa kokuqala kokuqala kwenkathi ye-reionization kwafika ngo-2003, kusukela ku-WMAP ye-NASA, okusikisela ukuthi lesi sizathu sasingase siqale ekuqaleni komlando womhlaba, lapho isibhakabhaka sinezinkanyezi ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-200 kuphela. Lo mphumela ubonise ubunzima obuthile, ngoba okwamanje awubhekiseli ebufakazini bokuqondanisa kwanoma yikuphi inkanyezi, engahlulela ukukhombisa ukuba khona kweminye imithombo yezikhathi zokushintsha kabusha ngalowo mzuzu.
Lokhu kubonga kusenesikhathi kuzosolwa maduzane, njengoba ukuhlonza okwengeziwe kwe-WMAP kubuyisele isikhathi sokukhishwa emuva ngesikhathi: i-cosmos bekungeke kuphinde kuhlaziywe kahle kuze kube okungenani iminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-450 kusukela ekuqalweni kwesiko layo.
Noma kunjalo, imfumbe yayiyolokhu incishisiwe. Nokho, njengoba kwakukhona izinkanyezi, kwakungacaci ukuthi zaziwukuphela komthombo wokuphindaphindeka kwezinkanyezi endaweni yonke. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2015, ngokusekelwe ezinhlelweni zesibhakabhaka ezitholwe ngethuluzi eliphansi le-periodicity (LFI), usizo luka-Planck lunikeze ubufakazi obusha bokunqoba ubunzima, ukuhambisa isiteshi se-reionization ngisho nakamuva emlandweni. Jikelele, cishe eminyakeni engu-550 ngemva Kokuqhuma Okukhulu, umzuzu lapho isifingqo sasisemaphakathi.
Ngalo mqondo, ngemva kwemibuzo mayelana nezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala, kwavela omunye usosayensi, uJean-Loup Puget, lo thisha wendawo udalula ngesaziso se-ESA: «izibalo ezibucayi kakhulu ze-HFI zibonise ukuthi i-reionization yayinzima kakhulu. Isizathu esiqinile esaqala ngokuqhathaniswa sekwephuzile emlandweni we-cosmos futhi okungenzeka ukuthi sesivele siphindaphinde cishe ingxenye yayo eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-700 edlule." "I imiphumela okuzuziwe kuyasisiza ukuthi sisungule iphethini yokwethulwa kokuvunwa kwe-reionization".
amaqoqo ezinkanyezi
Amaqoqo enkanyezi evuliwe noma yesibhakabhaka masha uma kuqhathaniswa. Lezi zifanekiselo zezinkanyezi zihluma eduze kwendiza ye-Milky Way, kodwa ama-comendiums azo ancipha ngokungapheli kuyilapho izitho zeqoqo zisakazeka ngezimbangela ezihlukahlukene ezifana nokusebenzisana kwamandla adonsela phansi Universal.
Le nqwaba evulekile ekhazimulayo, eqokwe i-M46, ineminyaka elinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-300 kuphela ubudala futhi isaphethe izinkanyezi eziyikhulu ngaphakathi kuyo, kancane kancane ithatha iminyaka engu-30 yokukhanya. Itholakala eminyakeni engaba ngu-5 edluleukukhanya Endleleni eya endaweni yePuppis, i-M46 nayo ibonakala iphikisana nesimo sayo sobusha. Ku-panorama yasemkhathini enhle, umthala oyindilinga, onamagqabhagqabha ngenhla nje enkabeni ye-M46 (futhi esemkhathini ovelele kwesokunxele) umthala wangaphandle i-NGC 2438.
I-astral nebulae iyisigaba esiphelele nesidlulayo se-a inkanyezi isibonelo selanga, yezigidigidi zeminyaka enganele, okuhlakaniphe kwayo okuyinhloko kokuvutha kwe-hydrogen sekuphelile.
Eqinisweni, kuyabonakala ukuthi i-NGC 2438 endala iqhele ngama-light-year angu-3 kuphela futhi inyakaza ngesivinini esingalingani nezitho ze-cluster M000. Ngokunokwenzeka, kuhlanganisa ingqikithi ngaphambili ukuthi, ngenhlanhla, ivele emgqeni wethu wokugxila osemncane M46. Iqiniso elithakazelisayo mayelana nezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala.
