Ngaphambi kokukhuluma ngezinkanyezi ezindala nezintsha, kubalulekile ukuchaza kuqala incazelo yezinkanyezi.
Izinkanyezi ziyizinjini zamandla e-cosmic ezibangela ukushisa, ukukhanya, imisebe ye -ultraviolet , ama-X-ray, nezinye izinhlobo ze-phosphorescence. Zakhiwe cishe ngokuphelele ngegesi ne-plasma, isikhathi sokushisa okukhulu kwezinto ezakhiwe ngothuli olungaphansi kwe-athomu.
izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane
Njengoba izinkanyezi nemithala eminingi ikhula emkhathini, kunzima kakhulu ukucabanga ukuthi indawo yonke yayingalingani kangakanani eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-13,8 edlule, lapho yayinemizuzwana embalwa nje ubudala.
Ngalo mqondo, ukuze sazi ngezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala, kuleso sigaba sokuqala, indawo yonke eyisisekelo yayiyisobho elishisayo neligcwele uthuli, ikakhulukazi eladalwa ama-electron, ama-proton, ama-neutrino nama-photon; indawo ebanzi kangangokuthi indawo yonke yayizobonakala njengenkungu engacacile lapho izinhlayiya zokukhanya zazingakwazi ukuhamba ibanga elifushane ngaphandle kokushayisana nenye inhlayiya.
Ngokufanayo, njengoba indawo yonke yanda, indawo yonke yaba yindawo ethule futhi ezinzile, okwathi ngemva kweminyaka engaba ngu-380.000, ekugcineni yaba isibhakabhaka "esicwebezelayo" esisivame kakhulu namuhla, lapho ukushayisana kwezinhlayiya kwenzeka khona ngezikhathi ezithile futhi ama-photon angahamba ngokukhululeka emhlabeni.
Izibonakude ezisibuyisela emuva
Namuhla, amathuluzi amaningi asivumela ukuthi sibone izinkanyezi, njengezibonakude ezifana ne-European Space Agency's (ESA) Planck telescope, engathola ukukhanya kwangaphambi komlando kwalawo ma-photon okuqala amelela imisebe yangemuva yendawo yonke, noma isizinda se-cosmic microwave (CMB). Indawo yazo esibhakabhakeni yembula ukuhlukahluka okuncane kakhulu okuphethe ulwazi oluningi mayelana nomlando, isakhiwo, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwendalo.
Ukukhululwa kokukhanya kwendawo yangemuva kwakunendawo ngesikhathi lapho ama-electron nama-proton eqala ukuhlangana ukuze akhe ama-athomu okuqala e-hydrogen; umzuzu emlandweni wendawo yonke lapho kukhona okokuqala ngqa i-element esigabeni sokungathathi hlangothi kukagesi.
Kodwa-ke, kwathatha iminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ukuthi lezi zinhlayiya zihlangane futhi ziveze ukuzalana kokuqala kwezinkanyezi.
Njengoba lezi zinkanyezi zokuqala zazivela, zagcwalisa indawo ezizungezile ngokukhanya okwathi kamuva kwasebenzisana nezinhlayiya ezingathathi hlangothi ze- cosmos , kwaziguqula zaba izinhlayiya zazo ezakhayo: ama-electron nama-proton. Izazi zibhekisela kulesi sigaba ngokuthi "isikhathi sokubuyiselwa kwe-ionization."
Ngokufanayo, lapho isizini yokuvuselelwa kabusha isiqalile, kwakungeke kuthathe isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba iningi lezinto ezivamile endaweni yonke - ngaphandle kwezimo ezimbalwa ezingavamile - zibe yi-ion ngokuphelele , ziqhubeka nanamuhla.
Ngale ndlela, inkolelo-mbono yezinkanyezi ezikude kakhulu ezinemigodi emnyama emikhulu isikisela ukuthi indawo yonke ngabe yaguqulwa yaba yi-ion ngokuphelele eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-900 ngemva kweBig Bang. Kodwa-ke, iphuzu lapho lokhu kwenzeka khona kunzima kakhulu ukulisungula futhi kube yisihloko okuphikiswana ngaso kakhulu ezikhathini zamuva nje.
Ngakho-ke uJan Tauber, inhloko yephrojekthi ye-Planck ye-ESA, uchaza ukuthi: "imisebe yangemuva ye-microwave ye-cosmic ingasinika ulwazi mayelana nokuthi inqubo ye-ionization yaqala nini, futhi, lapho izinkanyezi zokuqala zadalwa khona endaweni yonke ."
Izindlela zokubona ezinye izinkanyezi ezindala nezincane
Ukuze benze lokhu kubala, ososayensi bathembele eqinisweni lokuthi ingxenye ye-CMB igxilile; okungukuthi, okunye kokukhanya kuyashintshashintsha ngendlela evelele ngenxa yama-photon avela emisebeni yangemuva ye-microwave ye-cosmic ethinta izinhlayiya, into evame kakhulu endaweni yokuqala. Lokhu kungafani ngabe kwenzeke ngaphambi kokuvela kwe-CMB, futhi kamuva, ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kabusha, lapho ukukhanya okuvela ezinkanyezini zokuqala kumelela ukubuya kwama-electron akhululekile emkhathini.
Isibonakaliso sokuqala senqubo yokubuyiselwa komhlaba savela ngo-2003, esivela ku-WMAP (World Meteorological Project) ye-NASA, eyaphakamisa ukuthi lesi simo kungenzeka saqala ekuqaleni komlando, lapho isibhakabhaka sasineminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-200 kuphela ubudala. Lokhu okutholakele kwaveza ubunzima, njengoba ngaleso sikhathi kwakungekho bufakazi bokuthi kukhona ukuhambisana kwezinkanyezi , okwakungabonisa ukuba khona kweminye imithombo yokubuyiselwa komhlaba ngaleso sikhathi.
Lokhu kuhlola kokuqala kwakuzosolwa maduze, njengoba ukuhlonza okulandelayo yi-WMAP kwasunduza isikhathi sokuqala kwaze kwaba sezinkathini zangaphambilini: indawo yonke yayingeke ihlanganiswe kabusha ngokusobala kuze kube okungenani eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-450 ngemva kokuqala kwesiko layo.
Noma kunjalo, iphazili lahlala lingaxazululiwe. Nakuba izinkanyezi zase zikhona kakade, kwakungacaci ukuthi zaziwukuphela komthombo wokuguqulwa kabusha endaweni yonke. Kodwa-ke, ngo-2015, ngokusekelwe kumamephu esibhakabhakeni atholwe nge-Low Periodicity Instrument (LFI), uPlanck wanikeza ubufakazi obusha bokunqoba ubunzima, eqhubekisela phambili iphuzu lokuguqulwa kabusha emlandweni wendawo yonke , eminyakeni engaba ngu-550 ngemva kweBig Bang, iphuzu lapho umugqa wesikhathi wendawo yonke wawuphakathi nendawo.
Kulokhu, ngemva kophenyo ngezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala, kwavela omunye usosayensi, uJean-Loup Puget. Lochwepheshe kulo mkhakha uchaza esimemezelweni se-ESA: “Izibalo ezibucayi kakhulu ze-HFI zibonise ngokusobala ukuthi ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-ionization kwakuyinqubo eshesha kakhulu eyaqala sekwephuzile emlandweni wendawo yonke nokuthi kakade yayisiphinde yakhiwe kabusha cishe ingxenye yayo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-700 edlule.” Uyanezela, “Imiphumela etholakele isisiza ukuba sakhe iphethini yokuqala kokwenziwa kabusha kwe-ionization.”
amaqoqo ezinkanyezi
Amaqoqo ezinkanyezi avulekile noma asezulwini amasha kakhulu. La maqoqo ezinkanyezi ahluma eduze kwendiza ye-Milky Way, kodwa izinombolo zawo ziyancipha njalo njengoba izingxenye zeqoqo zihlakazeka ngenxa yezimbangela ezahlukahlukene, njengokuxhumana kwamandla adonsela phansi kweNdalo Yonke.
Leli qembu elivulekile elikhanyayo, elibizwa ngokuthi i-M46, lineminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-300 kuphela ubudala futhi lisaqukethe izinkanyezi eziyikhulu kuphela enkabeni yalo, ezithatha iminyaka yokukhanya engu-30. Itholakala cishe eminyakeni yokukhanya engu- 5,000 ukusuka esifundeni sasePuppis, i-M46 ibonakala inikeza impendulo ngesimo sayo sobusha. Endaweni enhle ye-cosmic panorama, into enamachashaza, eyindilinga ngaphezu kwesikhungo se-M46 (ebonakala futhi ku-inset evelele kwesobunxele) umthala we-universal NGC 2438.
Ama-nebulae e-Astral ayisigaba sokugcina nesesikhashana senkanyezi efana nelanga , eneminyaka eyizigidigidi ezimbalwa ubudala, okuhlakaniphe kwayo okugxile kwe-hydrogen evuthayo sekuphelile.
Eqinisweni, kusobala ukuthi i-NGC 2438 endala iqhele ngeminyaka yokukhanya engu-3,000 kuphela futhi ihamba ngesivinini esihlukile kunezinkanyezi ezikuqoqo le-M46. Cishe imelela inkanyezi engaphambili evele kuphela emkhakheni wethu wokubona i- M46 encane . Iqiniso elithakazelisayo ngezinkanyezi ezincane nezindala.
