Uma unethuba lokuba sensimini, uzokwazi ukubona ukuthi isibhakabhaka sibukeka sisihle kangakanani. Inezibani eziningi ezikhanyayo, kodwa zingaphezu kwalokho. Zitholele lonke ulwazi mayelana nezinkanyezi lapha. Sizokufundisa ukuthi ziyini, ziyini izici zazo, izinhlobo, nokunye okuningi.
Yini inkanyezi?
Inkanyezi ingumzimba okhanyayo onomthethosisekelo wayo wangaphakathi ofana ncamashi nesimo semizimba yegesi. Ngenxa yamandla adonsela phansi, ayakwazi ukugcina isimo sawo kanye nokumisa kwawo.
Kuthiwa yiLanga, inkanyezi eseduze neplanethi enguMhlaba. Kodwa-ke, yonke eminye yale mizimba ekhanyayo ingaziswa kuphela ngaphandle kobunzima ukusuka phansi, ebusuku.
Kodwa akuzona zonke izinkanyezi ezingabonwa kalula kanjalo ngeso lomuntu. Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zindikimba zasezulwini, ezingahlanganisa lezo eziqhelelene kakhulu nomthala ukuya emhlabeni, isimiso sonozungezilanga noma indlela yobisi, azikwazi ukubonwa ngaphandle kwemishini ekhethekile.
Ezinye zalezi zinkanyezi zikude kangangokuthi awukwazi ukuzibona usemhlabeni, ngisho nokusebenzisa izibonakude zobuchwepheshe obuphambili.
Ukukhanya okuyisici kwezinkanyezi ebusuku kungenxa yokumuncwa kanye nokukhululwa kwamandla ngaphakathi komgogodla wazo. Ngenqubo yomzimba, i-hydrogen yomzimba iguqulwa ibe igesi ehloniphekile, kulokhu i-Helium.
Ngalokhu kusabela komzimba, amandla akhiqizwayo adlula ngaphakathi kwe-nucleus, asakazeke ngendlela yamaza kagesi kazibuthe emkhathini ongaphandle.
Kodwa konke lokhu sekuye kwaba mnandi kakhulu futhi kuyafaneleka ukuthi kubuzwa umbuzo olandelayo: inkanyezi ihlala isikhathi esingakanani? Nakuba kubonakala kuyinkimbinkimbi, ososayensi bakwazi ukuthola ngokunembile ukuthi inkanyezi ngayinye, etholwe kuze kube manje, inobude obungakanani.
impilo yenkanyezi
Phakathi nenkathi yokubunjwa kwezinkanyezi nokushabalala, kukhiqizwa ukusabela okuncane kwe-nuclear, okubangela impilo yonke yendikimba yasezulwini kuze kube ukuqhuma kwayo. Kuyinto evamile kakhulu, ukuthi eduze nokunyamalala kwenkanyezi, ngaphakathi kwayo kuqukethe inani elikhulu lemfucumfucu, ngenxa yemiphumela yokuguqulwa.
Ososayensi bayakwazi ukuthola inani lezinto eziqukethwe, isikhathi sokuphila kanye nenani lezakhi ngaphandle kwe-Helium nesisindo esikhulu. Ngokumane ubhalise ukunyakaza kwayo emkhathini, ngaphezu kokukhanya kwayo nobubanzi bokukhanya kwayo.
Okunye okungajwayelekile kwezinkanyezi ukuthi kuzo zonke izimpilo zabo, ukwanda kobubanzi bazo kanye noshintsho kuzo Izinga lokushisa nomswakama. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi indawo ezikuyo izoba yizici ezingase zibe nomthelela endleleni yazo kanye nokuzungeza.
Kusukela ekuwohlokeni kwamandla adonsela phansi ezifunda eziphakathi kwezinkanyezi, ezakhiwe iHydrogen, iHelium nezinye izakhi ezisindayo, umjikelezo wokuphila wezinkanyezi uqala. Ngokuhlanganisa, okukhulula amandla kule nqubo.
Ngenxa yakho konke lokhu kusabela, imfucumfucu ekhiqizwe ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi idlulisela amandla kude nendawo yayo ngokudluliswa kokushisa okukhiqizwa ukudluliswa kukazibuthe nokunyakaza koketshezi.
Ngenxa yokucindezela engxenyeni engaphakathi yenkanyezi, iyavinjelwa ukuthi ingawi. Njengoba i-hydrogen reserve enkabeni yayo iqala ukuphela, inkanyezi iqala ukwanda ngobubanzi.
Ikhiqizwe lokhu kwanda okungenakulinganiswa kobukhulu bayo, inkanyezi iyaguqulwa, ivumele ukuxoshwa kweningi lendaba, okuvumela ukwakheka kwezinkanyezi ezintsha. Bonke ubunzima bayo bucima kancane kancane, kuze kube umgodi omnyama.
Izinkanyezi kanye ne-orbit
Uma izinkanyezi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu zabelana ngendlela efanayo, sikhuluma ngamasistimu ezinkanyezi eziningi. Ezixhumene emzileni ofanayo wamandla adonsela phansi.
Uma indawo ye-orbital ababelana ngayo iseduze kakhulu, ukuziphendukela kwabo kuyoba okuphawulekayo, ngenxa yokushintshana kwabo kwamandla adonsela phansi. Ukuqoqwa kwalolu hlobo lwezinkanyezi kunomthwalo wemfanelo wokubona ukunqwabelana kwezinkanyezi noma imithala.
umlando wezinkanyezi
Kusukela kudala, izinkanyezi beziyithuluzi elibaluleke kakhulu kuzo zonke izimpucuko. Zibe yingxenye engenakuhlukaniswa yesiko lenkolo, ziwusizo kakhulu kumatilosi, njengoba zazijwayele ukuziqondisa.
Isikhathi eside, babekholelwa ukuthi lezi zici ezincane zesikhala zahlala zimile endaweni eyodwa futhi ngaphandle kokuguqulwa noma yikuphi.
Abafundi abaningi be-cosmos, ukuze kube lula, baqoqa izinkanyezi ezindaweni zasemkhathini, ezisetshenziselwa ukurekhoda ukunyakaza kwamaplanethi, ngokusho kwendawo yeLanga.
Futhi, bakwazi ukusebenzisa ukususwa kweLanga, okuqhathaniswa nendiza evundlile yezinkanyezi, ukuklama amakhalenda. Ukuthi zingaba usizo olukhulu, ukuhlela yonke imisebenzi ehlobene nezinqubo zokulima, njengokutshala, ukuvundisa nokulungisa umhlabathi.
Amakhalenda aziwa njengamanje asekelwe ekhalendeni lelanga, esebenzisa i-axis of rotation kanye ne-engeli Ukunyakaza komhlaba, maqondana nenkanyezi yalo, iLanga.
Ishadi nohlu lwenkanyezi
Inkanyezi noma ishadi lenkanyezi imephu lapho izindawo zitholakala khona, ngayinye yazo endizeni yendawo.
Le mephu yenkanyezi, eyaziwa ngokuthi indala kunawo wonke, ihambisana nempucuko yaseGibhithe kanye nezazi zayo eziphawulekayo, cishe ngonyaka we-1534 BC. Khona-ke izihlakaniphi zesayensi yezinkanyezi zaseBabiloni, zaziphethe ukuhlelwa kwazo nokuzibeka ngamaqoqo, phakathi kweminyaka ye-1500 kuya ku-1100 ngaphambi kukaKristu.
AmaGreki, ngakolunye uhlangothi, athola ukuthi uhlu lwawo lokuqala lwezinkanyezi lwadwetshwa ngonyaka wama-300 BC. C ngesazi sezinkanyezi u-Aristilus. Inkomba yezinkanyezi, eyabhalwa ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX B.C. C, kungenxa yesazi sezinkanyezi kanye nesazi sezibalo u-Hipparchus waseNicaea. U-Hipparchus waziwa nangokuthi nguye owathola i-nova yokuqala noma inkanyezi entsha.
Imephu ye-Hipparchus ihlanganise isamba sezinkanyezi ezintsha ezingaba ngu-1000. Zasetshenziswa ukuze kuqedelwe iqoqo elalifezwa isazi sokuma kwezwe nesazi sezinkanyezi uClaudius Ptolemy.
Izihlakaniphi zesayensi yezinkanyezi zaseShayina zazinethemba lokuthi kwakuyokhiqizwa izinkanyezi ezintsha, ziqaphela ngisho nokuqina kwezinguquko emkhathini.
Ukuba nokwenzeka kwezinguquko ezithile kwavuzwa lapho ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-190, ngemva kweminyaka kaKristu, bekwazi ukubuka, ukuchaza nokuqopha inkanyezi enkulu. Njengamanje, le nkanyezi enkulu ibhaliswe njenge-SN 185.
Ukutholwa kwezinkanyezi kuqhubekile nokuqoshwa. Okulandelayo ohlwini kwakuyi-supernova SN 1006, eyabonwa futhi yaqoshwa isazi sezinkanyezi esazalelwa eGibhithe u-Ali Ibn Ridwan, ngokubambisana nezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zaseShayina ngonyaka ka-1006 AD.
I-Crab Nebula yamanje ibonga ukutholwa kwenkanyezi enkulu u-SN 1054. Yabonwa iqembu lemikhakha eminingi yamaShayina nama-Arab.
Okusunguliwe namagama
Isayensi yezinkanyezi kanye nakho konke okuhlotshaniswa nakho kukweleta okukhulu izazi zezinkanyezi zama-Arabhu zeNkathi Ephakathi. Babephethe ukubhalisa nokuqamba izinkanyezi eziningi futhi basungula amathuluzi okulinganisa amaningi, ayewusizo kakhulu ekubaleni izindawo zezinkanyezi.
Izazi zezinkanyezi zama-Arab nazo zaziyizazi zemibono nababoni abanikela ingxenye yolwazi lwabo lwesayensi ekusungulweni kwezikhungo zocwaningo kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zokubuka izinkanyezi.
Umlando wesayensi yezinkanyezi unezincwadi ezibalulekile kanye nososayensi abadumile abanikele ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwabo ekuthuthukiseni isayensi nolwazi lwezinkanyezi namaplanethi.
Ezinye zazo zibalulwe ngezansi:
- U-Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi, isazi sezinkanyezi sasePheresiya. Umbhali wencwadi ethi The Fixed Stars, ngo-964 AD.
Eposini, usazisa ngokuqaphela kwakhe iqembu lezinkanyezi: i-Omicron Velorum kanye nesethi ye-Brocchi. Ngaphezu komthala we-Andromeda.
U-Abu Rayhan Biruni, wayeyisazi sezinkanyezi sasePheresiya, owakwazi ukuchaza ukuqoqwa kwezinkanyezi nezindikimba zasemkhathini okubizwa ngokuthi iMilky Way. Emanothini akhe, uyichaza njengeqoqo lezicucu, ezazinezici ezifana nezenkanyezi. U-Abu Rayhan Biruni, ubuye atuswe ngokukhomba ibanga lezinkanyezi ezithile ngesikhathi sokufiphala kwenyanga ngo-AD 1019.
I-Milky Way nezinye izinhlobo
Ngokusho kwesazi sezinkanyezi u-Ibn Bajjah, ngo-1106 AD, sathi i-Milky Way yakhiwe izinkanyezi eziningi. Okwakugudlana komunye nomunye, kunikeze umuzwa wokuthi kwakuyisibalo esiqhubekayo, umkhiqizo wenguquko yesivinini kanye nesiqondiso samagagasi.
Kuningi okutholwe izazi zezinkanyezi zaseYurophu. Phakathi kwazo uTycho Brahe agqama, okwazile ukuhlonza ama-novas esibhakabhakeni, ebusuku. Eqinisekisa ngalokhu, ukuthi amazulu, uma enza izinguquko.
U-Giordano Bruno ngekhulu le-XNUMX wenza isiphakamiso sokuthi lezi zindikimba zasemkhathini cishe zizoba namanye amaplanethi azungezayo emzileni wazo. Kungenzeka njengoba kwenzeka ngesimiso sonozungezilanga. Ithiyori eyahlongozwa ekuqaleni ngu-Epicurus futhi naku ithiyori ye-athomu ye Democritus.
Imibandela yokuhlanganisa
Kakade ngekhulu le-XNUMX, imibandela ezungeze izincazelo kanye nezigaba zendikimba yasezulwini yaqala ukuhlanganiswa. Bathola izizathu zokuthi kungani le mizimba ingazange ibe nengcindezi esimisweni sonozungezilanga.
Isazi sesayensi yemvelo u-Isaac Newton nesazi semfundiso yenkolo uRichard Bentley bavumelana ngombono wokuthi izinkanyezi zasakazwa ngokulinganayo emkhathini.
Ekhulwini le-XNUMX, izilinganiso zokuqala zokuhamba kwezindikimba ezimbili zasezulwini ezazishintshe indawo yazo, ezilotshwe nguHipparchus noPtlomeus, zenziwa. Leli qiniso labangelwa uGeminiano Montanari, isazi sezinkanyezi esabona ukuhlukahluka kwenkanyezi i-Algol, evela kumlaza iPerseus.
Kuze kube ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili, izilinganiso zokuqala zazingenziwa ukuze kusatshalaliswe izindikimba zasezulwini esibhakabhakeni. Umsebenzi owawuphethe isazi sezinkanyezi uWilliam Herschel. Ngokusebenzisa izinkomba ezithile, ezibekwe endaweni yonke yombono.
Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebe
UJoseph von Fraunhofer ngokubambisana no-Angelo Secchi, baqala ucwaningo lapho benza khona ukuqhathanisa ama-photon ahlukene kusuka kwinani elikhulu lezinto zasezulwini. Bakwazile ukunquma ukuthi kukhona ukungafani kokuqina nokumuncwa kwe-spectrum.
Kusukela kurekhodi lalezi zenzakalo, izinkanyezi zaqala ukuhlukaniswa ngokwezinhlobo zama-photon. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kamuva kwathuthukiswa izazi zezinkanyezi ezimbili.
Ngonyaka we-1865 uSecchi waqala ukuhlukanisa izinkanyezi ngezinhlobo ze-spectral. Kodwa-ke, inguqulo yesimanje yohlelo lokuhlukaniswa kwezinkanyezi lwathuthukiswa isazi sezinkanyezi saseMelika u-Annie Cannon.
U-Bessel Friedrich unesibopho sokwenza izilinganiso zokuqala zebanga phakathi kwezinkanyezi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sazi sezinkanyezi nesazi sezibalo sikwazile ukurekhoda, ngokubuka, izinguquko endaweni yenkanyezi uSirius.
Izinkanyezi zekhulu lama-XNUMX kanye namasu amasha
Ngokufika kwekhulu lama-XNUMX, uchungechunge lwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe lwenzeka, okwavumela inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile ekuhlaziyeni nasekubukeni izindikimba zasezulwini.
Okunye okudlale ngokuvuna ukuqashelwa kwakho konke okwenzeka esibhakabhakeni, ukuthuthuka endabeni yokuthwebula izithombe. Amakhono angcono okugxila ekhamera angase athuthukiswe, avumela ukuba kutholwe izithombe ezingcono.
Omunye wabahlaziyi bayo abangcono kakhulu kwakuyisazi sefiziksi saseJalimane kanye nesazi sezinkanyezi uKarl Schwarzschild. Ngaleli thuluzi elihle kakhulu, wafinyelela lokho, eqhathanisa lokho akubona esibonakudeni sakhe nalokho okwakuthwetshulwe ngekhamera. Izinga lokushisa lenkanyezi linganqunywa.
Ngokufakwa kwamathuluzi amasha, athuthuke kakhulu, njenge-photoelectric photometer. Izilinganiso zokunemba okuphezulu zingenziwa ngokukala izikhawu zebanga zamagagasi.
Ekuqaleni kwawo-1900, ukukalwa kobukhulu benkanyezi kwenziwa okokuqala ngqa. Ngokusetshenziswa kwe-interferometer, ehlanganisa nje ithuluzi eliphazamisa amaza okukhanya.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2tU_F0fy5o
Ikhulu lama-XNUMX laligcwele ukuqaphela okukhulu kanye nentuthuko olwazini lwalezi zindikimba zasemkhathini. Phakathi kwalabo abagqamayo:
- Ukwakheka komzimba kwezinkanyezi.
- Umdwebo we-Hertzsprung-Russell, wokufakwa kwe-physics esifundweni sezinkanyezi.
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwamamodeli okuzoveza ingaphakathi kanye nokuvela kwezinkanyezi.
- Ithisisi kaCecilia Payne-Gaposchkin, lapho kuhlongozwa ukwakheka kweHydrogen neHelium.
Iqoqo lama-photon ezinkanyezi, libe nokugxuma okukhulu ekuqondeni kwalo, ngokuthuthuka okwenzeka ku-physics kanye Ithiyori ye-quantum kaPlanck. Ukwazi ukwazi ukuthi umkhathi wezinkanyezi wakhiwe kanjani ngamakhemikhali.
Ngokuthuthukiswa kwezibonakude ezintsha, izinkanyezi zingabonwa eminyakeni yokukhanya engaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 ukusuka eplanethini enguMhlaba. Njengendaba, izindikimba zasezulwini ezitholakala kumthala uM100.
Ukudalwa kwemizimba yasezulwini
Uma ugxila ekubhekeni nasekurekhodeni izindawo zesikhala lapho kunokuminyana okukhulu, uzoqaphela ukuthi izindikimba zasemkhathini zifinyela kanjani. Lesi simo senzeka ezingxenyeni eziqinile kancane zangaphakathi.
Lezi zindawo zokwakheka zibizwa ngokuthi Amafu Emolekyuli, akhiwe ngenye yezinto ezinobukhona obukhulu kakhulu kulo lonke uhlelo, njengeHydrojeni, kuhlanganiswe ne-Helium nezinye izakhi.
Enye yezindawo zomsebenzi omkhulu ekwakhiweni kwezinkanyezi indawo eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-Orion Nebula. Lapha, izigidi zalemizimba ziyazalwa, kamuva eziyozibeka ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zesibhakabhaka.
Kunezinkanyezi ezisesigabeni sezinkanyezi ezinkulu zasemkhathini, azilutho njengemizimba enamazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ngabo ukukhanyisa i-nebula, ukushaja ama-molecule e-hydrogen ngogesi, ngaphezu kokukhiqiza amafu egesi ne-plasma.
Kodwa le nqubo yokwakheka njalo nokushintshisana kwamandla iyanqanyulwa, ivimbele ukukhiqizwa kwezinkanyezi ezintsha.
Izinkanyezi ngokuvamile zichitha isikhathi esiningi sezimpilo zazo esimweni sokulandelana okuyinhloko. Okusho ukuthi, zitholakala ngokuya ngokuphuma kokukhanya nezinga lokushisa lemizimba yazo.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngobuningi
Izinkanyezi, ngobuningi bazo, zinezici ezihlukene njengoba zikhula. Izinkanyezi ezinobunzima obuphindwe kashumi kunobelanga (10MS), zineziphetho ezihluke ngokuphelele kunalezo ezinobunzima obuncane.
Ngokwalezi zici maqondana nenqwaba yazo, zihlukaniswa kanje:
ngesisindo esiphansi kakhulu
Ziyimizimba, enesisindo esingaphansi kwe-1 solar mass (MS). Banamandla okudlulisa ukushisa nokusabalalisa i-helium ngokulinganayo kuwo wonke umzimba wasezulwini.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, ikhava yabo ayishiswa futhi ayiguquki izinkanyezi ezinkulu ezibomvu. Kunalokho, balahlekelwa amandla abo okuhlanganisa futhi babe izinkanyezi ezincane ngenxa yokulahlekelwa amandla azo ayisisekelo.
Lezi zinkanyezi ngokuvamile ziphila isikhathi eside ukwedlula zonke ezinye izindikimba ezisemkhathini eziguqukayo endaweni yonke. Ngakho-ke, kunzima kakhulu ukunquma iminyaka yabo, ngoba akekho kubo oye wafinyelela izinga lama-white dwarfs.
isisindo esincane
Lezo zindikimba zasemkhathini, uquqaba lwazo lusukela phakathi kuka-0,5 no-2,5 ubukhulu belanga (MS) futhi ngokomthetho-sisekelo wazo, zingaba lezi okuthiwa ama-red giants noma izinkanyezi ebeziphelelwa uphethiloli kusukela emnyombweni.
Lezi zinkanyezi zakhiwe ingaphakathi lekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo, kamuva osebenzisa iHydrogen engaphakathi. Lokhu kubangela ukuthi wonke umzimba ufinyele, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, okwenza izingqimba zawo zangaphandle ziphole.
ngenhlama ephakathi
Izinkanyezi zaleli qembu zinesisindo esisukela ku-2 kuya ku-10 mass solar (MS) futhi inqubo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo ifana kakhulu neyezinkanyezi ezinobunzima obuphansi.
Lezi zindikimba zasezulwini, zinezikhathi zoguquko lapho ukusha kweHelium kwenzeka, ukuze kamuva kwakhe isikhungo sekhabhoni nomoya-mpilo wamazinga ahlukahlukene.
izinkanyezi ezinkulu
Imvamisa, ziyizinkanyezi ezinobunzima belanga obuphakathi kuka-7 no-10 wobuningi belanga. Lapho uphethiloli wawo oyinhloko ususetshenzisiwe, ashintsha abe izinkanyezi ezinkulu, ahlanganise zonke izakhi ezisinda kune-helium.
Ukuphila kwayo kuhlobene nokuwa kwengaphakathi layo, kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka ukuqhuma okubangela i-Supernovae.
Izinkanyezi nokubunjwa kwazo
Lezi zakhiwo ezithakazelisayo ezingabonakala esibhakabhakeni, ziqala ukukhula kwazo ngokushintshashintsha kwamandla adonsela phansi, ngaphakathi kwamafu amangqamuzana. Konke lokhu kungenxa yengcindezi edalwa ukushayisana kwemithala.
Uma izingqimba zamandla adonsela phansi zifinyelela phezulu kokuminyana kwazo, zenza kube nokwenzeka ukuba yonke into edingekayo ilethwe ukudala ukungazinzi. Khona-ke, ngaleso sikhathi esiqondile, ukuwa kwenzeka, ngenxa yesenzo samandla adonsela phansi.
Ngaphakathi kwefu, yonke into iqala ukubhidlika futhi zonke izingcezu zegesi zibangela ifu eliwugqinsi nelimnyama, elibizwa ngokuthi Bok globule. Uma ukungalingani sekwenzekile, amandla aguqulwa abe ukushisa, okwandisa izinga lokushisa.
Ngaleso sikhathi lapho ifu liqala ukuthola ibhalansi yamandla adonsela phansi futhi, kuzalwa inkanyezi entsha emnyombeni wayo.
Izinkanyezi ezisanda kwakhiwa zizungezwe ama-disc, agcinwa ngokushintshaniswa kwamandla adonsela phansi. Isikhathi sokunciphisa noma ukuhlanganisa izikhali zenuzi kungathatha cishe iminyaka eyizigidi eziyishumi nanhlanu.
Izindikimba ezintsha zasezulwini, okungukuthi, lezo ezinesisindo selanga elingadluli i-2 MS, zibizwa T Tauri futhi ziyizinkanyezi ezintsha, ezibonakala kakhulu.
Inkanyezi isanda kwakheka, ikhipha amagesi anesibopho sokunciphisa ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwenkanyezi efayo. Inhlanganisela yala magesi namaza okukhanya kubangela ifu elizungezile ukuthi lisuke emzileni walo.
Kuvamile ukuthi izinkanyezi ezisanda kwakheka, kuyilapho zisezingeni lokushisa elifanayo, ukukhanya kwazo ku-opaque kakhulu. Njengoba lokhu, isici sendawo lapho inkanyezi ngayinye yakhiwe khona.
Ukulandelana nokuhleleka ekwakhekeni kwezinkanyezi kubalulwe ngezansi.
I-oda eliyinhloko lokwakheka
Lezi zinhlayiya ze-plasma zichitha cishe zonke izimpilo zazo zenza i-Hydrogen ibe yi-Helium, emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kanye nezingcindezi ezinkulu ezizungeze isikhungo sazo. Izinkanyezi ezitholakala kuleli zinga lokuqala zaziwa nangokuthi izinkanyezi ezincane.
Lapho isibalo siqala empilweni yenkanyezi, eqala ukusuka ku-zero yobudala, ukugcwala kwegesi ye-Helium kuzokhula phakathi nendawo. Ngesizathu esifanayo, ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nokukhanya kwalo kuyaphawulwa.
Endabeni yeLanga, selokhu lazalwa eminyakeni engaphezu kwezigidi ezi-4000 edlule, ukukhanya kwalo kukhuphuke cishe ngo-50%, kusukela langena esigabeni sokuqala sokubunjwa.
Umkhiqizo woguquko oluqhubekayo, imbulunga ngayinye ye-plasma eyakhiwe, ikhiqiza umoya ohelezayo, onesibopho sokuthutha amagesi ukuya emkhathini.
Ngenxa yoguquko oluqhubekayo, isibonelo, iLanga likhipha unyaka ngamunye wesisindo salo, ngokwesilinganiso ngaphezu kwe-10 MS, okuthinta kakhulu ukukhula kwalo.
Isikhathi inkanyezi esisebenzisayo phakathi nokudlula ngokulandelana okuyinhloko kokwakheka sizoncika enanini lamandla agciniwe enawo kanye nesivinini exuba ngaso izakhi zayo.
Njengoba ama-plasma spheres amakhulu ashisa amandla ngokushesha, isikhathi sokuphila sawo sizoba sifushane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, labo abanesisindo esincane basebenzisa amandla abo kancane, okwenza ukuphila kwabo kube kude.
Ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindleko eziphansi zamandla kanye nokunikezwa njalo kukaphethiloli kuvumela ukuphila kwezindikimba zasezulwini ezinobuningi obuphansi ukuthi kube yinde kakhulu.
Kulesi sigaba sokuthuthuka, izinkanyezi ezibomvu ezibomvu zihlushwa ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa kanye nemisebe, ngenxa yokugcinwa kwe-helium. Kodwa ngenxa yokulahleka kwemithombo yabo yeHydrogen, iba nokufinyela okubenza babe ezinye izinhlayiya ezikhanyayo ze-plasma, lokho izinkanyezi ama-white dwarfs, asevele ehlaselwe izinga lokushisa.
izakhi ezinzima
Njengoba wazi kahle, ubukhulu budlala indima enkulu ekuziphendukeleni kwenkanyezi. Kodwa lezo zakhi ezinesisindo esikhulu kune-Helium nazo kufanele zicatshangelwe.
Ososayensi banendlela yokuhlukanisa izakhi ezinesisindo esingaphezu kwe-Helium. Ukuqoqwa kwazo zonke lezi zakhi ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi kubizwa insimbi.
Ukuze uqonde ukuthi leli gama limayelana nani, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi i-metallicity yendikimba yasezulwini ithonya ngokuqondile isikhathi esithathayo ukusebenzisa amandla ayo.
Amandla kazibuthe ezinkanyezi nawo athonywa ukuqina kwensimbi. Ngaphezu kokuthinta okubangela ukushuba komoya we-stellar.
Amafu amangqamuzana anesilinganiso esiphansi se-metallicity, kulezo zinkanyezi zasendulo kakhulu futhi ngenxa yoshintsho oluqhubekayo olwenzeka. Njengoba izinkanyezi ziphelelwa yisikhathi futhi zifa, zisebenza njengomanyolo kulawa mafu.
ukulandelana kokuthunyelwe okuyinhloko
Lapho izinkanyezi, ubuningi bazo obungaphansi kuka-1 MS futhi seziqede yonke imithombo yazo ye-Hydrogen ku-nucleus, ziqala ukuhlanganisa i-Hydrogen, endaweni engaphandle kwenucleus ye-Helium.
Ngokuhambisana nalokhu kusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, okwenzeka kumongo emazingeni angaphandle, ukwanda kwenzeka. Lokhu kudala ukupholisa, okugcine sekuphenduka inkanyezi enkulukazi ebomvu.
Lapho cishe sekudlule iminyaka eyizigidi ezi-5000 futhi iLanga selidlulela esigabeni sokushiswa kwe-Helium, iKing Star izokwengezwa endaweni engaba ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-100 zamakhilomitha, ilahlekelwe ingxenye yesithathu yesisindo sayo samanje.
Lesi sici sokuguqulwa kweLanga kungenxa yokushiswa kwamazinga e-hydrogen futhi ngenxa yalokho ukukhiqizwa kwe-helium eyengeziwe, okwenza ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa nesisindo.
izinkanyezi ezinkulu
Kulesi sigaba sokubunjwa, njengakwezinye izigaba, ukusetshenziswa okubalulekile kwe-Helium kukhiqizwa, ukuze kuqhubekele ezingeni elilandelayo lokuguqulwa. Izinkanyezi ziqeda isimo sazo se-blue supergiant plasma, ukuze zibe esinye, kodwa kulokhu sibomvu.
Okunye okubalulekile lezi zinkanyezi ezinazo, ngaphezu kokushisa okudlulele emnyombweni wazo nokulahlekelwa isisindo esibalulekile, ukuthi zingashintsha zibe enye inkanyezi, ukukhishwa kwayo kwegesi nezinhlayiyana kunesisindo esikhulu kune-Hydrogen.
Inqubo yokwakheka nokuguqulwa iqeda izinqolobane ze-helium eziqukethwe ku-nucleus. Lokhu kuncipha, okubangela ukucindezela kanye nezinga lokushisa kwande, kuze kufike ezingeni lokuxuba ikhabhoni ekhona ne-silicon, neon kanye nomoya-mpilo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi inkanyezi isesigabeni sayo sokugcina, lapho kuzo zonke izingqimba zayo kukhona ukwanda kokukhiqizwa kwe-Iron. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Iron nuclei akukhiqizi ukuxoshwa kwamandla futhi ngenxa yalokho, ngeke kube noshintsho oluqhubekayo.
Ukubhujiswa
Ngenxa yokuncipha komnyombo wenkanyezi, ukukhishwa kwamandla kuyaqina. Lesi simo sibangela ukuthi, ngenxa yomphumela wokucindezela okwenziwa ezingqimbeni zawo, amagesi axoshwa ngaphakathi kwawo, abheke ngaphandle, enze i-nebula.
Lapho ukuxoshwa kwamagesi nezinhlayiya sekuphelile, i-stellar mass isala. Uma lesi sisindo singaphansi kuka-2 MS, kuthiwa kwakheka inkanyezi encane emhlophe. Lezi azinayo indawo eyanele yokwenza ukwakheka okusha.
Ngemva kwalesi sikhathi sokukhululwa kwamandla namagesi, i-sphere engaseyona i-plasma, iba yinto encane emnyama futhi izoba kulesi simo, lapho izohlala khona isikhathi eside.
Ngokuwa okulandelanayo kwalesi sisindo se-stellar, ukuqhuma okuningana kubangelwa, kuze kufike ukuwa okuphelele, kube i-supernova.
Izici zemizimba yasezulwini
Izici eziyinhloko zendilinga ekhanyayo ye-plasma isikhathi sokuphila, ukuthi zenziwa kanjani, ubukhulu bazo, inani lokukhanya ezikukhiphayo, phakathi kokunye. Ngamunye wabo ushiwo ngezansi.
Isikhathi sempilo
Ingxenye enkulu yalezi zinkanyezi ezikhanyayo zineminyaka esukela phakathi kuka-0 kuya eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-10.000. Zimbalwa kakhulu izinkanyezi ezineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-13.000.
Indikimba yasezulwini etholwe kuze kube manje, futhi okuyiyona endala kunazo zonke, yafakwa kuhlu njenge-HD 140283. Yaphinde yanikezwa igama elivamile, elithi Methusela, futhi kulinganiselwa ukuthi ineminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-14.000 ubudala.
Nakuba inkanyezi, ngokwenqubo yayo yokuguquka, inkulu kakhulu, ukuphila kwayo kuba kufushane. Lokhu, ngenxa yamandla lapho ama-nuclei abo angaphansi kwawo, okubangela nokuthi ukusetshenziswa kweHydrogen kube kukhulu.
Izinkanyezi ezibomvu ezibomvu, ubukhulu bazo buncane kakhulu, ukusetshenziswa kwazo kweHydrogen kuhamba kancane. Okuvumela ukukhulisa impilo yayo, izigidi zeminyaka ngaphezulu.
amakhemikhali umthethosisekelo
Umthethosisekelo jikelele wezindikimba zasezulwini uzungeza inhlanganisela ye-Hydrogen, i-Helium kanye nenani elincane lezinye izakhi ezisindayo. Lokho ngokuvamile, izingxenye ze-Iron ezikhona emkhathini wenkanyezi.
Ukuba khona kwensimbi, etholakala emkhathini, kuwuphawu lokuthi le nkanyezi cishe iqukethe isimiso seplanethi. Ngakho-ke, sikumema ukuthi ubone isihloko sethu mayelana amagama ezinkanyezi.
Izinkanyezi ezaqoshwa ngenani elikhulu le-Iron yilezi: uLeonis noHercules. Ngenkathi lezo zokuhlushwa okuphansi, i-HE 1327-2326 igqamile.
Ububanzi
Ngenxa yokuthi ikude kakhulu neplanethi enguMhlaba, zonke izinkanyezi zingabonakala esibhakabhakeni njengamaphoyinti acwayizayo, kodwa akunjalo ngeLanga, eliphinde libe inkanyezi. Ngenxa yokuthi iseduze kakhulu noMhlaba, ingabonakala kalula.
ILanga liyinkanyezi enobubanzi obukhulu benkabazwe kuzo zonke izindikimba zasemkhathini. Ububanzi bezinye izinkanyezi buncane kakhulu. Zingabonwa kuphela eMhlabeni, ngezibonakude ezisebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-interferometric ukuze zizithwebule.
Futhi, kuvamile ukusebenzisa indlela yokulumba ukwenza izilinganiso zamadayamitha ezinkanyezi. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukulinganisa ukulahleka kokukhanya kwezinkanyezi zasemkhathini, kuyilapho iNyanga iyazifihla.
Lezi zinkanyezi zingaba amakhilomitha angu-40 ububanzi, njengasendabeni yezinkanyezi ezine-neutron kanye nalezo ezinobubanzi obungaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-1.000.000 XNUMX XNUMX, njengalezo ezitholakala emlaza we-Orion.
Isi-Movimiento
Izinkanyezi zinezinhlobo ezimbili zokunyakaza. Lokhu ukunyakaza kwe-radial velocity kanye nokunyakaza kwe-angular enqamulayo.
Ngokusebenzisa i-radial velocity, kungenzeka ukubala ukusuka endaweni yenkanyezi. Kusukela endaweni ethile yokubuka, ukuya endaweni ekude kakhulu yerekhodi.
Nakuba ngokunyakaza okufanele noma kwe-angular, kungenzeka ukucacisa izinguquko endaweni yezinkanyezi esibhakabhakeni. Lezi zinhlobo zezindikimba zasezulwini cishe zitholakala eduze neLanga.
Ngokocwaningo lwesayensi, kuyaziwa ukuthi imizimba emincane ivamise ukuba nesivinini esiphansi kuneyabadala.
Inkambu kazibuthe
La mandla akhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi. Ukunyakaza kwamandla kazibuthe kusebenza njengohlobo lwe-dynamo, lapho ukunyakaza okukhiqizwa ngamashaji kagesi kuvusa amandla kazibuthe womzimba wasezulwini.
Inkanyezi ngayinye inobukhulu benkambu ethile. Ukuqina kuzoxhomeka kubuningi kanye nesakhiwo samakhemikhali salowo nalowo wabo, kanye nesivinini lapho ukunyakaza okujikelezayo kwenzeka khona.
Ama-Plasma spheres amancane athambekele ekujikelezeni ngesivinini esiphezulu, ngenxa yalokho umsebenzi wawo ongaphezulu uphezulu, ngenxa yamandla kazibuthe. Okuphambene nalokho kuyiqiniso ngezinkanyezi ezindala, ezinomsebenzi ophansi ongaphezulu.
Masa
Izinkanyezi izigaba zazo zokubunjwa zisezingeni elikhulu, zinesikhathi sokuphila seminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa. Ukuqaphela okwenziwe kubonisa ukuthi imikhawulo yoquqaba lwenkanyezi enobuningi obukhulu kakhulu itholakala ngaphezu kuka-150 MS.
Eminye imibono icabanga ukuthi ngaphambi kokuqhuma okukhulu kwendawo yonke, izinkanyezi zazinobukhulu obungaphezu kuka-300 MS. Lokhu kungenxa yokungabikho kwe-lithium element kumthethosisekelo wayo wangaphakathi.
Njengoba inesisindo esiphindwe izikhathi ezingaphezu kuka-70 kunobukhulu beplanethi i-Jupiter, inkanyezi engu-2 MASS ingenye yezinkanyezi ezincane kunazo zonke emlaza nalapho kuhlangana khona umgogodla wayo.
Ukuqoqwa kwesisindo kanye ne-radius yendikimba yasezulwini, kusungula amandla adonsela phansi ebusweni bawo. Ngakho-ke, izinhlaka ze-plasma ezinkulu ezikhanyayo zine-gravity yangaphezulu ephansi kunaleyo etholakala ngokulandelana okuyinhloko.
Lawa mandla adonsela phansi okwenzeka phezulu athonya amaza okukhanya, akhiqizwa ukuphakama kwemigqa yokumunca.
Ukujikeleza
Besebenzisa izinto zokulinganisa i-electromagnetic spectrum, ebizwa ngokuthi i-spectroscope, bakwazi ukuthola isivinini sokujikeleza kwezinkanyezi. Icacisa ukuthi izinkanyezi ezincane zenza lo mnyakazo ngamakhilomitha angaphezu kwekhulu ngomzuzwana.
Isibonelo, i-Star King, yenza umnyakazo wokuzungezisa, cishe njalo ezinsukwini ezingu-30, lokhu kuzoba ngokwe-latitude lapho itholakala khona. Amandla kazibuthe nomoya ohelezayo wezinkanyezi kusithinta ngokuqondile isivinini sokujikeleza kwezinkanyezi.
Lezo zixuku zasezulwini ezangena esikhathini sokukhathala, ngenxa yokulahlekelwa isisindo sazo, zivame ukwandisa isivinini sokujikeleza. Kodwa isilinganiso sayo, uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye, siphansi kakhulu, ngoba imimoya yezinkanyezi iphikisana nesivinini esishiwo.
Ukushisa
Ezindikimbeni zasemkhathini, izinga lokushisa lihlobene eduze nekhono lazo lokukhiqiza amandla anele ngaphakathi kanye nobukhulu bazo.
Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lixhunywe nekhono laleyo nkanyezi ukukhipha inani elifanayo lemisebe kagesi kagesi, kuye ngobukhulu bendawo yenkanyezi. Ngaphakathi, bangafinyelela ezigidini zamadigri uKelvin.
Njengenye yemibandela yokuhlukaniswa kwezinkanyezi, izinga lokushisa lazo liyasetshenziswa. Futhi lokhu kunganqunywa ikhono layo lokudonsa amaza okukhanya kanye nesivinini sokuguqulwa kwezakhi ezithile ngaphakathi kwayo.
Ama-plasma sphere akhanyayo, anendawo enkulu, angafinyelela izinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-45.000°K. ILanga, isibonelo, linezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-5000 °K, imidondoshiya ebomvu ingaba nezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-3000 °K.
Izinkanyezi nezinga lazo
Isazi sezinkanyezi esingumGreki u-Hipparchus waba ngowokuqala ukuhlukanisa izinkanyezi. Okwaqhutshwa uPtolemy futhi kwabhalwa encwadini ethi Almagest. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwakusekelwe emandleni okukhanya okubonwa phansi.
Amazinga okukhanya okwehlayo asungulelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwawo. Ngakho izinkanyezi ezinamandla amakhulu okukhanya zazitholakala esikalini esisodwa noma sokuqala. Lokhu kumiswa, kwakungqubuzana, ngokokuncipha kokukhanya, okwakuyizinkanyezi ezinobukhulu obuyisi-6.
Njengamanje, uhlelo lokuhlukanisa olwakhiwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 luyasetshenziswa futhi amazinga alo asuka kuhlamvu A kuze kube Q. Ngalokhu kuhlelwa kabusha ekuhlukaniseni izinkanyezi, kucatshangelwe umugqa wemisebe kagesi kagesi weHydrogen kanye nezinga lokushisa eliwumgogodla.
Ezinye izici nazo zicatshangelwa ukuhlukaniswa kwazo, njengesibonelo, izehlakalo zokukhanya ku-spectrum. Okungaba ukukhishwa noma ukumuncwa, ngokulingana ngokuqondile nosayizi namandla adonsela phansi.
Esinye sezici ezisetshenziselwa ukwahlukanisa izindikimba zasemkhathini ukwengezwa kwezinombolo ezivumela ukuqaphela ubukhulu bendawo ngayinye yazo.
Ngakho-ke, isibonelo, inombolo engu-0 ihambisana nezinkanyezi ezinkulu futhi i-III izoba ukukhomba, ziyini izinkanyezi ezinkulu. Lokhu kulandelana kuzofika kunombolo VII, ehambisana nezinkanyezi ezimhlophe ezincane.
Ake sibheke isibonelo esilandelayo seLanga, okuyinkanyezi yohlobo lwe-G2V. Lokhu okulandelayo kungatholwa kulesi sibizo:
- Kubhekwa njengomzimba omncane wasezulwini (G)
- Ilanga liphakathi kwezinkanyezi ezishisa kakhulu (2)
- Kuyinkanyezi emihlanu elandelanayo ekhanyayo (V)
Amanye ama-nomenclature
Ukuze zikwazi ukwengeza imininingwane echazayo enkanyezini ngayinye, izazi zezinkanyezi zakha isimiso esiphelele. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwengeza izinhlamvu ezincane ekupheleni kohlobo lwe-spectral.
Injongo yale sistimu iwukukwazi ukwengeza izici ezengeziwe zokuqaphela. Injalo indaba ka-a e izokhombisa ukuthi uphambi komugqa wokuphuma; ngenkathi eyodwa m kukhombisa ukugcwala okuphezulu kwezinsimbi.
Okunye okukhethekile ekuhlukaniseni izinkanyezi ukusetshenziswa konkamisa nongwaqa ezinhlamvini ezinkulu. Izinhlayiya ze-plasma ezincane zinezihlonzi zazo futhi ziqala ngohlamvu D, nayo inezigaba zayo ezinje A, B, C, O, Z y Q, elandelwa idijithi ebonisa izinga lokushisa layo.
Ukuhlukaniswa nge-spectrum
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kucabangela i-spectrum yenkanyezi ngayinye. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akukona okunqumayo ukuhlukanisa omunye komunye. Njengoba kungase kube khona izindikimba zasezulwini amazinga okushisa azo afanayo, kodwa angabi nosayizi ofanayo. Lokhu kuthinta ngqo ukukhanya kwayo.
Irekhodi lokugcina lokuhlukaniswa kwezinkanyezi libonise ukuthi izinkanyezi ezincane ezimhlophe zenza u-10% wengqikithi. Izingxenye ezintathu kwezintathu zendikimba yasezulwini zingokomfanekiso M, izinhlobo K y G bahlanganisa u-14% wabo. Nakuba izinkanyezi ezinobuningi obukhulu, njenge A y Finani labo lincane kakhulu.
ngokobunzima bayo
I-plasma spheres ekhanyayo, ngokusho kwamandla adonsela phansi, ingahlukaniswa, kucatshangelwa izimiso ezine zamandla adonsela phansi, ezigunyazwe yi-International Astronomical Union (IAU). Futhi okubalulwe ngezansi:
isikhungo se-stellar gravitational
Ukubeka umzimba wasezulwini kulesi sigaba, kuyadingeka ukusungula ukuthi unesikhungo sezinkanyezi noma cha. Okusho ukuthi, uma leyo nkanyezi okukhulunywa ngayo iyingxenye yesistimu.
Lezo zinkanyezi ezingaphansi kwesikhungo sezinkanyezi samandla adonsela phansi zibizwa ngokuthi izindikimba zasemkhathini ezihlelekile futhi lezo ezingaphandle kwesimiso sezinkanyezi zibizwa ngokuthi ezodwa.
Izinkanyezi ezihlelekile ngokwendawo
Kulesi sigaba, zonke lezo zinkanyezi ezingaphansi kohlelo lwezinkanyezi futhi ezibuye zibe nokuhlukaniswa iziqephu zihlanganiswa, okungukuthi:
- I-Central: yilezo ezinomsebenzi wokusebenza njengezikhungo zamandla adonsela phansi kwezinye izinkanyezi.
- Amasathelayithi: aqoqwe kulokhu kuhlukaniswa, kuya ezinhlakeni zasezulwini, ezichaza a I-Orbit, azungeze enye inkanyezi emaphakathi.
Ngeqembu lamandla adonsela phansi
Nazi izinkanyezi eziqoqwe, kuye ngokuthi ziyaheha yini, ngokwamandla azo adonsela phansi. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kunezigaba ezimbili ezihlanganisa izinkanyezi ezihlangene nezizimele.
Phakathi kwezici ezivelele zalolu hlobo lwezindikimba zasezulwini yikhono abanalo lokuhlangana noma lokuxoshana. Okunye okukhethekile kwezinkanyezi eziqoqwe kulesi sigaba ukuthi, naphezu kokuba nesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi, akukho neyodwa yazo ezungeza ezinye, nakuba zixhumene namandla adonsela phansi.
Okulandelayo izici zeqoqo nezinkanyezi ezizimele:
- Okuqongelelwe
Lawa ayakwazi ukwenza amafu ezinkanyezi. Uma ifu noma iqoqo liwuhlobo lwe-globular, zizokhangwa amandla adonsela phansi ngayinye yazo. Kodwa uma ifu noma inqwaba kuwuhlobo oluvulekile, into eheha amandla adonsela phansi izokwenzeka, kodwa kulokhu isikhungo samandla adonsela phansi sisuka phakathi nendawo yesisindo sefu.
- Ezimele
Lezi zinhlobo zezinkanyezi azizwani kakhulu nabanye ontanga yazo. Abakwazi ukwenza amafu ezinkanyezi nezinye izindikimba zasezulwini. Kodwa izinkanyezi ezizimele zingabonwa, zenze ingxenye yesimiso, njengoba zizungeza ezinye izinkanyezi noma zisebenza njengesikhungo samandla adonsela phansi kontanga bazo.
Uhlelo lweplanethi
Kuleli qembu, kunezinhlayiya ezikhanyayo ze-plasma, ezihlangene nezinye izinkanyezi zesimiso samaplanethi. Kubalulekile ukucaca ukuthi uhlelo lwamaplanethi luyiqoqo lalowo mzimba wasezulwini kanye nawo wonke amanye amaplanethi, ama-comet nama-asteroids, ajikelezayo.
Inhlangano Yezinkanyezi Zonke Nenhlangano
Isici izinkanyezi ezinazo ukuthi azihlakazeki ngendlela ehlelekile endaweni yonke. Zivame ukuhlangana ndawonye, ngokuvamile emithala enkampanini ye-interstellar gas nothuli.
uhlelo lwe-multistar
Ibizwa ngokuthi i-multistellar system, eqenjini elingase libe khona phakathi kwezinkanyezi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu, ezihlanganiswe amandla adonsela phansi ahlanganisa imigudu yazo. Ngenxa yezizathu zokwanela kwe-orbital, izinhlelo ezihlanganisa ukungapheli kwezinkanyezi, zivame ukuqoqwa ngokwamazinga ezinkanyezi.
Kuvame kakhulu ukuthola amaqembu anenani elikhulu lezinkanyezi, abizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo noma amafu ezinkanyezi. Lokhu kungaba phakathi kwezixhumanisi zenkanyezi ezixekethile, kube amanani amakhulu Amafu i-globular.
Iplanethi enguMhlaba iseduze kakhulu, ngaphezu kweLanga, nenkanyezi encane ebomvu i-Alpha Centauri, eqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-40.
Ukushayisana phakathi kwezinkanyezi akuvamile kakhulu, ngenxa yamabanga aphakathi kwazo ngaphandle kwe-nucleus yomthala. Ngaphezu kwalokho emnyombweni, ezinqwabeni zembulunga yonke, ukungqubuzana phakathi kwendikimba yasezulwini kuvame kakhulu.
izinkanyezi eziboshwe
Izinyunyana zamandla adonsela phansi phakathi kwezinkanyezi, zenza izinhlelo phakathi kwezimbili, ezintathu noma amaqembu enani elikhulu lezinkanyezi. Iphesenti eliphezulu lediski le-Milky Way lakhiwe izinkanyezi ezinambambili.
Elinye iphesenti lezindikimba zasemkhathini, ziqoqwe ngamanani amakhulu, okubangela amaqoqo ezinkanyezi. Lezi zikhiqizwa izinguquko emkhakheni wamandla adonsela phansi womthala. Zibangelwa futhi ukwakheka kwama-starbursts.
Izinhlobo ezimbili zamaqoqo ezinkanyezi zingatholakala emthaleni, lezi yizi:
- amaqoqo e-globular
Lezi yizimo ezidala kakhulu futhi zitholakala emasongweni, zinezigidi zezinkanyezi ekuqoqweni kwazo.
- i-cumulus evulekile
Zisanda kwakhiwa, ngokungafani ne-globular, zitholakala kudiski futhi iqembu lezinkanyezi lincane.
izinkanyezi ezingazodwa
Kungenzeka kakhulu ukubona izinkanyezi ezingakwazi ukugcina izibopho ezizinzile komunye nomunye. Abaningi babo, ngendlela efanayo neLanga, benza uhambo lwabo ngaphandle kwenkampani, basabela kuphela kumandla kazibuthe asungulwe emthaleni.
inhlangano yenkanyezi
Ngokuvamile, ama- plasma sphere awasakazwa ngendlela evamile endaweni yonke. Ahlelwe ngamaqembu amaningi kakhulu abizwa ngokuthi imithala.
Okuqashelwa kakhulu i-Milky Way, lapho kubuthana khona izigidi zezinkanyezi, eziningi zazo ziyindiza encane kakhulu yomthala. Ngeso lenyama nasebusuku, isibhakabhaka singaba mnyama kakhulu ngezinkanyezi. Kodwa kuyoba kuphela inkohliso ebonakalayo, yendiza ebonwa emthaleni.
Ukusebenzisa izinkanyezi ukuze uzulazule
Phakathi kwezindikimba zasemkhathini, kunamabanga amakhulu kakhulu. Kodwa uma kubhekwa ukusuka eMhlabeni, la mabanga nezikhundla kungase kubonise indawo emisiwe. Ngenxa yokunemba kwendawo yazo kumephu, zisetshenziselwa ukuqondisa indlela yokuzulazula.
Amatilosi asendulo ayesebenzisa izinkanyezi njengokuphela kwendlela yokuzibona lapho eselwandle, aze afike ezweni. Ngokuthuthukiswa kanye nocwaningo lwezobuchwepheshe, lolu hlelo lokumisa lushiywe lungasasetshenziswa.
Imisebe
Wonke amandla akhiqizwayo, ngenxa yokuhlangana kwenuzi, asakazwa emkhathini, ngesimo semisebe kagesi kanye nemisebe yezinhlayiyana.
Imisebe eyizinhlayiyana ekhiqizwa inkanyezi ibonakala njengomoya ohelezayo. Lokhu kuzungeza kusuka kuzingqimba ezingaphandle, ngamashaji kagesi kanye nezinhlayiya zohlobo lwe-alpha ne-beta.
Wonke amandla akhiqizwa kuyi-nucleus anesibopho sokukhanyiswa kwezinkanyezi. Lesi simo sikhiqizwa ukuhlangana okuvela phakathi kwe-nuclei, okwenza i-nucleus eyodwa yezinto ezinzima kakhulu.
Le nqubo yokuhlanganisa ikhiqiza ukuxoshwa kwezinhlayiya zemisebe kagesi, eziguqulwa zibe ukukhanya okubonakalayo lapho zifika ngaphandle kwezinkanyezi.
Umbala unqunywa ifrikhwensi yokukhanya eqine kakhulu. Lokho kuxhomeke ekutheni iliphi izinga lokushisa elikhona ezingxenyeni ezingaphandle zendikimba yasezulwini. Ukwengeza, ekukhanyeni okungabonakala, kunezinye izinhlobo zemisebe kagesi, engabonakali ngeso lomuntu.
Shanela
Ukukhanya, noma ukukhanya, kwenkanyezi kubhekisela ebukhulwini bokukhanya nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zamandla akhipha imisebe. Lokhu kuhambisana ngokuqondile ne-radius nezinga lokushisa lenkanyezi.
Amachashaza enkanyezi awumfanekiso wokuba khona kwamazinga okushisa aphansi alowo mzimba wasezulwini. Ngakho, izinkanyezi ezincane nezincane zinezindawo zenkanyezi, ngaphandle kwezici ezihlukile.
Endabeni yezinkanyezi ezinkulu, amabala amakhulu angabonwa anezici eziwavumela ukuba ahlukaniseke kalula. Zingabonakala, ingxenye emnyama esithweni senkanyezi, okwenza ukukhanya kwayo kunciphe.
Tamaño
Ukukhanya kwendikimba yasezulwini kuhlobene nobukhulu bayo. Kuphinde kube nomthelela kwibanga elikude ukusuka eMhlabeni kanye nenani lezithiyo ukukhanya okuhlangabezana nazo, ngenkathi kudlula emkhathini woMhlaba.
Ukuqina kokukhanya kuncike kusayizi wenkanyezi, ubukhulu benkanyezi buzoba buncane. Ngokuphambene nesimo sezinkanyezi ezinobunzima obuphansi, lezi zizoba nokukhanya okukhulu kakhulu.
isakhiwo senkanyezi
Ngaphakathi komzimba wasezulwini ozinzile. Wonke amandla asetshenziswa kunoma iyiphi ivolumu alinganiswa ngokulinganayo. Lawa mandla alinganiselayo angamandla adonsela phansi asebenza maqondana nengaphakathi layo namanye amandla acindezela ngaphandle, ngenxa yomehluko wengcindezi, enkanyezini.
Ukuhlukahluka kwezingcindezi kuvela ekushintsheni kwezinga lokushisa okukhiqizwa ngaphandle kanye nengqikithi yomzimba wasezulwini. Izinga lokushisa enkabeni yenkanyezi enkulu lingahamba lizungeze ngaphezu kuka-100°K.
Kokubili izinga lokushisa nomfutho, okuwumphumela wenqubo yokusebenzisa i-Hydrogen yindikimba yasezulwini, kuphakeme kangangokuthi kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ukuhlanganiswa kwezikhali zenuzi. I-Fusion ekhiqiza inani elinjalo lamandla, ilungele ukugcina inkanyezi zizinzile.
Ukuhlanganiswa
Lapho inqubo yokuhlanganisa iqala kuyi-nucleus, ikhipha amandla ngesimo semisebe ye-gamma. Lezi zinhlayiya zamandla okukhanya zihlangana namagesi azungeze i-nucleus, zengeze amandla okushisa kuyo.
Imizimba yasezulwini iguqula iHydrojeni ibe yiHelium. Lesi simo sifaka kancane kancane inani le-Helium ku-nucleus. Kuze kube yilapho usuqede wonke amazinga, lapho ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kumongo kukhubazekile.
ibhalansi yenkanyezi
Ngaphakathi kwenkanyezi, akuwona kuphela ama-nuclear fusions akhiqizwayo. Kukhona futhi ibhalansi yamagesi noketshezi, okunesibopho sokugcina ibhalansi yamandla ashisayo.
Umkhiqizo wazo zonke izinqubo zokuguqulwa kwangaphakathi, zibangela ukuhlukahluka kwamazinga okushisa axoshwa ngaphandle. Ukugeleza kwalawo mandla kushiya izikhala ezingenalutho, ezigcwaliswa kancane kancane ukuhamba kwamandla angenayo.
Indawo ekhishwayo iyindawo engaphakathi yenkanyezi; ukudluliswa kwamandla engxenyeni yangaphandle kufanele kusizwe ukudluliswa kokushisa phakathi kwezingqimba, ngesizathu esilula ukuthi uhlelo lokudlulisa ukushisa ngokunyakaza okukhulu alukho kule ndawo.
i-photosphere
I-photosphere iyingxenye yenkanyezi engabonwa, ngaphandle kwesidingo semishini ekhethekile. Kule ndawo, amagesi akhona enkanyezini avela obala, lapho kukhona amandla okukhanya, ukuze kamuva axoshelwe ngaphandle.
Kule ndawo, kulapho kuvela khona amabala ezinkanyezi, okuyilezo zindawo ezinezinga lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu kunesilinganiso sayo yonke enye inkanyezi.
Ngaphezu kwe-photosphere kukhona umkhathi wezinkanyezi. Uma ubheka indikimba yasezulwini elandelanayo eyinhloko, njengeLanga, Ngaphansi komkhathi kune-chromosphere, okuyindawo ezacile. Lapho, ukugxila okukhulu kokugeleza kwegesi nokukhululwa kwemisebe kazibuthe kwakhiwa.
Corona
Cishe amakhilomitha angamakhulu ambalwa ukusuka ku-chromosphere kune-corona. Le ndawo yakhiwe inani elikhulu lamagesi, emazingeni okushisa aphezulu futhi enweba izigidi zamakhilomitha, kusukela ekwakhekeni kwayo ku-chromosphere.
Ngokuphambene namazinga okushisa aphezulu e-corona, ukukhanya kwayo kubi kakhulu, ngenxa yokuminyana okuphansi kwamagesi awenza. Isibonelo, i-Corona yeLanga ibonakala kuphela futhi ngokukhethekileyo phakathi nokusitheka kwelanga.
I-Heliosphere
Lesi sifunda sakhiwe yimimoya yezinkanyezi ekhiqizwa yi-corona. Futhi baqhubekela ngaphandle, baze baxhumane nokuqukethwe yindaba.