Izinhlekelele zemvelo zimelela isici okufanele sicatshangelwe isintu, ikakhulukazi esibangelwa ukungcoliswa okuqhubekayo okubangelwa izenzo zabantu, ukuwohloka kwemvelo nokunciphisa amathuba okuba khona kwemithombo yemvelo, kudala ubunzima kwezinye izifunda ezithinteke kakhulu, Kulokhu sizofunda a okuncane mayelana Nezinkinga Zemvelo eMelika, ikakhulukazi isifunda saseNingizimu Melika esibhekwa njengephaphu lomhlaba.
Izinkinga Zemvelo eMelika
Izinkinga zemvelo zaziwa njengemiphumela elimazayo elimaza imvelo yeplanethi engumhlaba, zimelela umphumela wemisebenzi eyahlukene yomuntu eyenziwa umuntu. Lolu hlobo lomphumela lungabangelwa ngokuqondile (ukugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile, ukulima okungafanele) noma ngokungaqondile (ukuchitheka kukawoyela). Ngokungalungiswa ngesikhathi, lolu hlobo lwesimo lungadala ushintsho olungalindelekile endaweni ezungezile, lubangele izinhlekelele zemvelo ezilimaza umphakathi.
I-Industrialization ibangele ukuwohloka kwemvelo okuqhubekayo, ngoba igxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezingavuthiwe noma izinsiza zemvelo ezinikezwa yimvelo, uma kubhekwa ukuthi izinkinga zemvelo ziye zanda kakhulu kusukela ekuguqukeni kwezimboni, ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwezinkampani ezinkulu nezimboni abazenzayo. akukho ukulawula okukhona kwemfucuza ekhiqizwayo nangenxa yokukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni, ukunciphisa izindawo eziluhlaza kanye nokwanda kokungcola ngezikali ezihlukahlukene.
Njengamanje imele ukukhathazeka okucashile, izindawo eziningi ziyathinteka, izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane ezingasekho kanye nokuwohloka okuqhubekayo kwemithombo yemvelo. Kuyisimo esihlanganisa zonke izizwe zomhlaba, lapho izwe ngalinye lithinteka ngezindlela ezehlukene ngokwendawo ezikuyo, inani labantu kanye nokuthuthuka kwezindawo zasemadolobheni.
Izinkinga zemvelo zigqame kakhulu kulawo mazwe athuthukile anenani elikhulu labantu abahlala khona kanye nokusetshenziswa kakhulu kwemithombo yemvelo, kuyilapho kunamazwe omhlaba wesithathu angenayo into ephezulu yokuwohloka kodwa anezinga elifanele lokungcola, okubangelwa amazwe. omakhelwane becekela phansi izindawo zemvelo futhi babangele ukulahleka kwemithombo yemvelo eminingi. Lokhu kubangelwa izinkinga zemvelo zimelela isici esiwuchungechunge esilimaza zonke izizwe.
Kulokhu, izifunda ezitholakala ezwenikazi laseMelika zizogqanyiswa, ikakhulukazi esifundeni saseLatin America esakhiwe amazwe ayisishiyagalombili, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi phakathi kwalezi zindawo kukhona u-70% wazo zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni. Izibheka njengendawo yokugcina enkulu yezilwane, okuhlanganisa izilwane ezincelisayo, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni, izinyoni, phakathi kokunye, kanye nokwethula ukwehlukahlukana okukhulu kwezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo ezibamba iqhaza enqubweni ye-biochemical ye-photosynthesis enikeza umoya-mpilo wokulondoloza impilo emhlabeni. .
Kodwa-ke, izakhamuzi zaseLatin America aziqapheli ingcebo ekhona ezindaweni zazo, ngakho-ke zenza izinqubo eziningi ezihlukahlukene ezicekela phansi indawo ezungezile njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, isomiso, ukushushumbiswa kwezinhlobo ezikhona, ukumba amaminerali okungekho emthethweni, phakathi kwabanye. Amazwe agqamayo yiBrazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru kanye neVenezuela.
Lezi zizwe zimelela iqembu elinezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezitshalo nezilwane emhlabeni wonke, ngenxa yalokhu ziveza izinkinga ezingathi sína zemvelo eziye zawohloka kancane kancane izindawo zemvelo njengokugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile, ukulima okungalawuleki, imfuyo enkulu, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, phakathi kokunye. . Ohulumeni abakaze banikeze impendulo eyanele kukho konke lokhu kuphazamiseka, ngakho-ke abakaze bathathe izinyathelo zokuxazulula lezi ziphazamiso.
E-Latin America, ingxenye yesithathu yakho konke ukugawulwa kwamahlathi emhlabeni wonke kuyarekhodwa, okuhlanganisa nezibalo zamahlathi omdabu ezingaba ngu-22%, okulingana namahektha angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-860. Esinye sezibonelo eziyinhloko i-Amazon esabalalisiwe etholakala endaweni esenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika ehlanganisa amazwe amaningana anjengeBrazil, lapho kubonwa khona ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezitshalo okukhulu kakhulu, ngo-2019 cishe amakhilomitha-skwele ayi-7464 e-Amazon esifundeni sayo acekelwa phansi, ngenxa yokuthi i-Amazon itholakala endaweni esenyakatho ye-South America. emikhubeni engekho emthethweni yokumbiwa kwezimbiwa phansi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kanye nokungcoliswa kwamanzi.
Amazwe aseLatin America anezinkinga zemvelo
ELatin America kunesiqiwu semvelo esikhulu kunazo zonke sezinhlobo zezitshalo kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezizenza njengomthombo oyinhloko wokuphila kuwo wonke umhlaba, ngenxa yale mikhuba eye yenziwa yonakalisa imvelo yendawo futhi yalimaza isizwe, Ngezansi sizofunda ngezinkinga zemvelo zamanye amazwe aseLatin America achazwe ngezansi:
Colombia
I-Colombia iyizwe elisendaweni esenyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, elaziwa ngokucebile ngezinhlobonhlobo zemvelo, inezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane, futhi yaqashelwa ngokuba nezinhlobo zezinyoni ezingaphezu kuka-1800, njenge-Andean condor, hummingbird. , phakathi kokunye, kuyilapho izinhlobo zezitshalo eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-130 zibalulwe ezindaweni zazo. Ukugqamisa ukuba yizwe elicebile ngezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kulinganiselwa ukuthi alinganiselwa ku-300000 XNUMX amahektha amahlathi acekelwa phansi minyaka yonke ngenxa yokukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa kuleli. Le nqubo isekelwe ekukhiqizeni igremu elilodwa le-cocaine, etshalwe endaweni engamamitha-skwele amane ehlathini. Ukuba yinto eyingozi kakhulu emvelweni yezwe, futhi edala ukuwohloka komphakathi ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa ezinomthelela emvelweni.
Cuba
I-Cuba inezimo zezwe ezivumayo, okugqamisa isimo sezulu esishisayo futhi etholakala maphakathi ne-Caribbean Sea, ikunikeza izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane eziphilayo (eziyingqayizivele kuleso sifunda) ngaphezu kokunikeza izimo zemvelo ezifanele zokuthuthukiswa komphakathi, ezifunwa futhi izivakashi eziningi for the Jabulela amabhishi ayo kanye nezindawo zemvelo.
Njengamanje, iCuba inezinkinga zesomiso esiqinile ezweni lonke, uma kubhekwa ukuthi ichitha isikhathi eside sasehlobo, isibonelo, ngo-2009 ithathwa njengeminye yeminyaka emine enemvula encane kusukela eminyakeni eyi-109 edlule. Futhi kulesi siqhingi kunomsebenzi oqinile kashukela, ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kanye nemfuyo okuye kwabangela ukushabalala kwamahlathi, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezihlahla kanye nokuguguleka komhlabathi okukhulu.
Argentina
I-Argentina itholakala emaphethelweni aseningizimu yezwekazi laseNingizimu Melika, ithathwa njengezwe lesine ngobukhulu kulo lonke elaseLatin America kanye nelesishiyagalombili elinendawo enkulu yomhlaba. Iveza ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwemvelo, igqamisa i-Antarctica (i-south pole) enesimo sezulu esiphansi kakhulu futhi iMalvinas yakha iqoqo leziqhingi elitholakala emanzini ase-Argentina. Lokhu kuyenza izwe elicebe kakhulu ezindaweni zemvelo.
Izinkinga zemvelo zezwe lase-Argentina zisesigodini saseMatanza-Riachuelo, esisemngceleni oseningizimu yeBuenos Aires, okugqamisa isifunda sabantu abangafika ezigidini ezinhlanu. Ngenxa yemisebenzi yezimboni kule ndawo, imisinga yamanzi iye yathinteka ngenxa yemfucuza eminingi ekhona, okubangele isimo esibucayi esifundeni amashumi eminyaka, lapho cishe ama-cubic metres angu-88500 amanzi aye angcoliswa.
Bolivia
Yizwe elisenkabeni yeNingizimu Melika, eligqame ngokuba yisifunda esinezandiso ezinkulu zezintaba ezisatshalaliswa esifundeni sonke, ezaziwayo iCordilleras de los Andes, iMeseta de Callao, iLa Cuenca del Plata. kanye ne-Amazon Basin.. Inesimo sezulu esibandayo nesomile unyaka wonke kanti ama-28% ayo yonke indawo aqukethe iSifunda sase-Andean, esihlalwa izakhamuzi ezihlukahlukene.
Izinkinga eziyinhloko zezemvelo zihlanganisa ukumba izimayini, okugqamisa ukukhishwa okungekho emthethweni kwemithombo yezimbiwa ezifana nomthofu ogcina usungena emanzini ngokuphindwe kathathu ngaphezu kwamamiligremu angu-0,05 oketshezi, okwengeza kulokhu ukuba khona kwe-mercury ephuma ekukhishweni okuvela eVenezuela naseBrazil; Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kubangela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ezwe, okuletha imiphumela emibi empilweni.
Peru
Yizwe elitholakala endaweni emaphakathi nentshonalanga yeNingizimu Melika, lakhiwe ngokuceba endaweni yemvelo phakathi kwezifunda ezisogwini, i-Andean kanye ne-Amazonian; okwenza kube yizwe elihlukahlukene elicebile ngemithombo yemvelo. Ngenxa yesimo sendawo kanye nezinqubo zezimayini ezingekho emthethweni, iPeru inesimo esibucayi eLa Oroya, ethathwa njengedolobha elingcoliswe kakhulu kulo lonke elaseLatin America, lokhu kubangelwa izinkinga zezempilo ezethulwa izakhamizi ezithintwe yizinhlayiya zensimbi ezitholakala emoyeni. ekhishwe yi-metallurgical complexes.
I-Chile ne-Ecuador
I-Chile ibhekwa njengendawo enwebeka eningizimu yeNingizimu Melika, kuneqoqo leziqhingi ezinwebeka kuyo yonke indawo, zithintana namanzi aseNingizimu Pacific. Ngokuqondene ne-Ecuador, iyizwe elitholakala engxenyeni esenyakatho yeLatin America, futhi ineqoqo leziqhingi, iziqhingi nokhahlamba lwezintaba olunikeza izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zemvelo.
I-Chile ithintwe izinkinga zemvelo ngenxa yokungcoliswa umthofu ne-arsenic e-Árica, isifunda esisemngceleni wePeru. Kusukela maphakathi nawo-80, cishe amathani ayizinkulungwane ezingamashumi amabili emfucumfucu enobuthi afakwe, elimaza kakhulu impilo yezakhamuzi eziseduze. Ngenkathi ise-Ecuador ibhekene nokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kukawoyela osekudale izinhlekelele ezinkulu zemvelo, okunomthelela emiphakathini yendabuko kanye nezindawo zemvelo zalesi sifunda, okuye kwafakwa khona amacala ngokumelene nezizwe eziningi ezifana neChevron-Texaco esolwa ngokudala umonakalo omkhulu emvelweni. Indawo yase-Amazon.
I-Haiti
Ithathwa njengesinye seziqhingi zaseSpain esiphakathi koLwandle lweCaribbean kanye nezwekazi laseNyakatho ne-Atlantic esinamakhilomitha acishe abe ngu-1771 ogwini, igqame ngokwehlukahlukana kwayo olwandle, ayinayo imifula okungahamba kuyo futhi amachibi ayo ayinqwaba yamanzi anosawoti. Ubuningi bamanzi nezimo zezulu ezivumayo kuye kwabangela ukwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezitshalo zezitshalo, okuholela ekugawulweni kwezihlahla ngokweqile ukuze kukhiqizwe amalahle, kulahlekelwe izinhlobo ezingaba yizigidi ezingu-30 ngonyaka, leli qiniso liwusongo ekuguquleni ugwadule kuleli zwe.
Njengamanje kukhona cishe u-2% kuphela wekhava yehlathi, ngenxa yalokhu kuthathwe izinyathelo ezinqala zokunciphisa inkinga, njengokusetshenziswa komthetho we-"Zero Deforestation", okuvumela ukuncishiswa komthelela wamahektha agawuliwe, kodwa kuthathwa njengenketho ehamba kancane yolaka lomsebenzi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, iHaiti iyisizwe esiyisisulu sezinhlekelele zemvelo ezidalwe izimayini kanye nokuqoqwa kwemfucuza enobuthi.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Imisebenzi yokuzijabulisa yokunakekela imvelo
Ukunakekelwa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene