Ama-nymph ezinkuni ayizidalwa ezimangalisayo , ezizalwa ngamandla emvelo. Isithombe sawo sichazwa umzimba wesifazane omuhle, futhi anesici esiyingqayizivele sokungagugi. Kulesi sihloko, sizokutshela konke ngalabo nkulunkulu abancane.
Nymph
Ngokusho kwezinganekwane zamaGreki, ama-nymph asehlathini angama-demigoddesses amancane ahlala ezindaweni ezixhumene kakhulu nemvelo, njengoba evela kuyo; okungukuthi, ahlala ezintabeni, emifuleni, emachibini, noma emahlathini. Ayebizwa nangokuthi ama-Olympian ngoba onkulunkulu bama-Olympian babewabiza ukuba ahlangane nawo, futhi ayebhekwa njengamadodakazi kaZeus.
Bayizintombi ezinhle ezihlala ze, kanti ezinye zinqunu kancane. Zijabule kakhulu, ziyacula futhi ziyadansa, futhi ziyathanda. Ngokuvamile zihlala ezintabeni, emifuleni nasemachibini. Kuye ngokuthi zihlalaphi, zibizwa ngokuthi amaNereid, ama-Oreads, namaNaiads . Ezinye izimbongi zachaza kafushane ngabo futhi zazivame ukuthi izinwele zabo zinombala wolwandle.
Lezi zidalwa ezinhle azazi ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuguga, futhi azifi nganoma yisiphi isifo. Futhi zivame ukuzala abantwana bonkulunkulu, ababengeke bafe, yize bona ngokwabo bengafi, ngoba empeleni bangafa ngezindlela eziningi. Kodwa imbongi yesiGreki eyaziwa ngokuthi uHomer yayikholelwa ngobuqotho ukuthi lezi zidalwa ezinhle ngempela azifi, futhi yakuveza lokhu encwadini yayo edumile, i-Iliad . Futhi ngenxa yokuthi zazingonkulunkulukazi, zazihlonishwa nangemihlatshelo, njengoba ibhala encwadini yayo, i-Odyssey.
Lapho, uHomer unikeza incazelo eningiliziwe yemidlalo eyayidlalwa ama-nymph lapho ehamba no -Arthemisi , unkulunkulukazi wehlathi. Babedansa, bahlabelele, futhi baluke izingubo ezinhle, konke lokhu beqapha iziphetho zabantu abafayo. Ngokwezinye izinganekwane zamaGreki, ama-nymph ayesiza nabanye onkulunkulu abakhulu, njengo- Apollo osabekayo noma unkulunkulu wewayini ozenza abesifazane, uDionysus.
Baphinde basiza onkulunkulu abanolaka njengoPan noHermes . Imishado yezinganekwane phakathi kwama - nymphs kanye nezinzalamizi yayivame kakhulu futhi igujwa kakhulu, njengoba lokhu kuhlangana kwakuvame ukunikeza inkosi kanye nozalo lwayo amandla amakhulu.
I-Etymology
Ama-nymph ehlathi ayizibonakaliso zezenzo ezidalwe yimvelo ukuze zibe nobuciko futhi ziduduze; cishe zihlala zihlotshaniswa nokugeleza kwemithombo. Lokhu kuphawulwe yisazi sezinganekwane zamaGreki uWalter Burkert , othi:
“Umqondo wokuthi le mifula ingonkulunkulu bezinganekwane zamaGreki nokuthi imithombo iyiminyovu yaphezulu, awugxilile nje ezinkondlweni kodwa nasezinkolelweni nasemikhubeni; ukukhulekelwa kwalaba nkulunkulu kunqunyelwe kuphela iqiniso lokuthi bahlotshaniswa ngokungenakuhlukaniswa nendawo ethile”.
Kufanele kwenezelwe ukuthi ngesiGreki igama elithi νύμφη lisho umakoti kanye nomboziwe, okusho owesifazane osemusha osekhulile. Futhi ngokusho kukaHesychius wase-Alexandria , elithi νύμφη lisho i-rose bud.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo
Imimoya yama-nymphs aseGrisi yayihlotshaniswa ne-"genius loci" yesiLatini, nayo eyimimoya evikelayo, futhi kwakuvame ukuba nobunzima obukhulu ekudluliseni amahlelo, njengoba kubonakala ngokucacile enganekwaneni eyaletha i-nymph u-Arethusa eSicily. Ezinye izimbongi zaseLatini, zibhala ngesiGreki, zichaza ukuthi ukumuncwa konkulunkulu bomdabu base-Italy kwenzeka kanjani kancane kancane nangokuqondile, kuhlotshaniswa nemithombo kanye nomzila wamanzi (uJuturna, u-Egeria, uCarmenta, uFonto).
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-nymph amaGreki avela ku-Lumpae, noma onkulunkulukazi bamanzi base-Italy, ayengahlukaniswa omunye komunye naphezu kwamagama awo afanayo. Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa okwanikezwa yizimbongi zamaRoma kwakunethonya elikhulu emikhosini nasezinkonzweni zama-nymph ngamanye, ayehlonishwa ngabalimi emithonjeni nasemifudlaneni yaseLatium. Bheka futhi okuqukethwe kwethu ku- Archangels.
Ukuhlukaniswa nokukhulekela
Ama-nymphs ayehlukaniswa ngamaqembu amakhulu, nakuba ayengapheli. Eqenjini lokuqala kwakukhona bonke ababebhekwa njengonkulunkulu ophansi futhi ababeqashelwa nangamahlelo ababewenza endalweni. Eqinisweni, amanye amaGreki asendulo athi izenzakalo ezenzeka emvelweni kwakungenxa yokuthi ngandlela-thile kwakukhona unkulunkulu.
Kubo, izinto ezazivame kakhulu, njengemifula, imigede, imithombo, izintaba nezihlahla, zazinokuphila futhi yingakho zaziyimifanekiso ecacile yezithunywa eziningi zaphezulu.
Lokho kusho ukuthi wonke amandla indalo eyayinawo, kuhlanganise nezinzuzo zayo, kwakuwukwenziwa samuntu konkulunkulu abaningi kanye nayo yonke imizwa umuntu angaba nayo lapho ecabanga ngombono othile obabazekayo wemvelo njengenjabulo noma injabulo, ukwesaba noma ukwethuka, kwakubangelwa izenzo zonkulunkulu bemvelo.
Iqembu lesibili lama-nymph lalimelela izizwe, izinhlanga, kanye nezifundazwe zaseKhurene , phakathi kwezinye. Iqembu lokuqala lama-nymph lahlukaniswa kabanzi laba izinhlobo eziningana, kuye ngezici zemvelo ezazimelela.
Ama-Nymphs we-elementi yamanzi
Okokuqala, kumele sikhulume ngama-nymph olwandle, ama-Oceanids (Ὠκεανίδε) noma ama-sea nymph, ayebhekwa njengamadodakazi ka-Oceanus. Kwakukhona nama-nymph oLwandle iMedithera, okukholakala ukuthi angamadodakazi kaNereus , yingakho eqanjwa ngokuthi amaNereids (Νηρεΐδες). Ukumelwa kwemifula kwakuyingxenye yamaPotamides ( Ποταμηΐδες), futhi njengoba ayengonkulunkulu bendawo, aqanjwa ngokusho komfula, njenge- Acheloids, i-Anigrids, i-Amnisiades , noma i-Pactolides.
Lawa ma-nymph ahlanzekile, njengalawo emifuleni, emachibini, emifudlaneni, noma emithonjeni, ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-Naiads (Νηΐδες), kodwa futhi ayenamagama awo, njenge -Creneas (Κρηναῖαι), ama-Pegeas (Πηγαῖαι), ama-Limnatids (Λιμνατίδες), noma ama-Limnades (Λιμνάδες). Ama-nymph emifuleni yase-Underworld ayebizwa ngokuthi "ama-nymphs exhaphozini elingaphakathi," yingakho igama lawo lesiLatini elithi Nymphae infernae paludis , kanti ama -Avernales ayebusa phezu kwamanzi noma imithombo.
Babekholelwa ukuthi baphefumulela abantu abaphuza emanzini abo, ngoba kwakukhona izinkolelo eziningi zokuthi ama-nymphs agcwele amandla amaningi. Abapristi noma ababhuli bakhangwa yilezi zinkolelo futhi yingakho babevame ukuphuza emanzini, babizwa ngokuthi "nymphilepts" (νυμφύληπτοι). Ngakho-ke kwesinye isikhathi abantu abaningi bebeya kophuza la manzi aphuma kule mithombo ngoba bebenenkolelo yokuthi abasiza ngempilo yabo, ngoba ngemuva kokuphuza la manzi amangalisayo impilo yabo iba ngcono kakhulu.
Yingakho abantu babevame ukuhlonipha amanzi kanye nama-nymph asemanzini, ama -Hydrades, kanye noDionysus noDemeter , onkulunkulu bamaGreki, ngoba babephinde bakhonze ukunisela izitshalo nokuqeda ukoma kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, futhi lokho kwagcwalisa izibusiso eziningi kuzo zonke izidalwa ezazihlala lapho, ngakho babehlala bezihlonipha, bezinika izinkulumo eziningi, amagama kanye nezichasiso ezifana ne- καρποτρόφοι, αἰπολικαί, νόμιαι ('nomias'), κουροτρόφοι ('curótrofas') nabanye.
Babenethonya elikhulu kuyo yonke imvelo ngakho-ke babehlobene eduze nabanye onkulunkulu abaphakeme njengo- Apollo, unkulunkulu ongokwesiprofetho owayevikela imihlambi nemihlambi, kanye no -Arthemisi, owayengumzingeli futhi evikela ihlathi, njengoba ayeyi-nymph yase-Arcadian. Kwakukhona noHermes , unkulunkulu wemihlambi, uDionysus, unkulunkulu wesinkwa, kanye noSileni namaSatyrs , nabo ababehlanganyela nabo emidansweni nasemadilini.
Amanymphs ezintaba nemigede
Lawa ma-nymphs ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-Oreads (Ὀρειάδες) kanye nama -Orodemniades (Ὀροδεμνιάδες) futhi ayevame ukubizwa ngamagama athile asuselwa ezintabeni lapho ayehlala khona, njengeCithaeronides ( Κιθαιρωνίίδάδες ) Pelia (Isiphetho).
Ama-nymphs emahlathini, ama-groves nezimfunda
Ama-nymph asehlathini ayebizwa ngokuthi ama-Alseides (Ἀλσηΐδες), ama-Ὑληωροί, ama-Auloníades (Αὐλωνιάδες), kanye nama-Napeas (Ναπαῖαι), futhi abantu abaningi babekholelwa ukuthi ayebonakala ethusa labo abahamba bodwa. Kwakukholelwa nokuthi ama-nymph asezihlahleni ayekhona; kuthiwa lapho la ma-nymph efa, ayefa kanye nomuthi avela kuwo futhi lapho ayehlala khona kwaze kwaba yilapho efa.
Lawa ma-nymph abizwa ngokuthi ama-Adriades (Ἀδρυάδες) noma ama-Driades (Δρυάδες), awahlali nje kuphela emithini ye-oki, angathola nekhaya esihlahleni abasithola simangalisa futhi simangalisa.
Iqembu lesibili lama-nymphs
Leli qembu lesibili lanikwa igama kuye ngezindawo ababezihlanganisa kuzo; babengabizwa ngokuthi amaNysiads, amaDodonid , noma amaLemnians. Bahlobene kakhulu nezinye izinhlanga, futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu babizwa nangokuthi amaNumpiai chitonai.
Lawa ma-nymphs asehlathini ayedunyiswa kakhulu, enikela imihlatshelo njengezimbuzi, amawundlu, ubisi namafutha, kodwa ungalokothi iwayini. Ayekhulekelwa futhi ehlonishwa ngama-altare ahlukene abawakha ezindaweni eziningi kulo lonke elaseGreece, lawa ma-altare ayese-Olympia, e-Attica, eMegara, eCirtones, eSisión naseFliunte.
esikweni lanamuhla
Njengamanje emasikweni angaleso sikhathi, ama-nymphs abaluleke kakhulu, aziwa ngaphezu kwanoma yini enganekwaneni yamaGreki. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe ngezansi:
ifolklore yamaGreki yesimanje
Abantu abaningi eGrisi lasendulo babeqiniseka ukuthi ama-nymph asinda ezindaweni eziningi zezwe, ngisho nakwangekhulu lama-20, futhi babewaqaphela kahle, njengoba ayengamaNereid . Umlobi uJohn Cuthbert Lawson waphawula okulandelayo ngaleso sikhathi:
“...cishe akukho kona noma idolobhana kulo lonke elaseGrisi lapho abesifazane bengathathi khona izinyathelo zokuzivikela ekwebiweni nasebubini bamaNereid, kuyilapho amadoda amaningi eqhubeka nokutholakala elandisa ngobuqotho izindaba zobuhle bawo, intshisekelo yawo, kanye nokungacabangi kwawo. Akuyona nje indaba yokholo: izikhathi ezingaphezu kwesisodwa ngiye emadolobhaneni lapho amaNereid athile ayebonwe khona ngabantu abaningana (noma babesho kanjalo), futhi kwakukhona ukuvumelana okuphawulekayo phakathi kofakazi ekuchazeni ukubukeka kwawo kanye nezingubo zawo. ”
Izinyamazana zasehlathini zazithanda ukuya ezindaweni ezikhatshana labantu, yizo kuphela ezaba lenhlanhla yokuhlangana lomunye wazo, kwakungamadoda ayezihambela yedwa emaphethelweni alawo madolobha, ajabulela ukulalela imizwa yawo. umculo nemidanso, bawahlola imini nobusuku, begeza nasemifuleni.
Abanye abantu bathi ukuhlangana nenja ubuso nobuso kusho ukuthi bangaba sengozini enkulu; babezoyithanda kakhulu, baze bahlanye, kanti abanye babezoba yizithulu noma bahlushwe yisifo sohlangothi. Le nkolelo yayinamandla kangangokuthi uma abazali beqiniseka ukuthi ingane yabo ithakathiwe yiyo, babethandaza ngokushesha kuSanta Artemis ukuba aqede lesi sipho. Kuthiwa abaningi bafa ngenxa yalezi zenzo zokuthatheka.
izincazelo zocansi
Ngokuvamile ezinganekwaneni, ama-nymphs avame ukumelelwa njengabesifazane abahle abangakwazi ukugcina ubuhlobo, kokubili nabesifazane nabesilisa, ngaphansi kwentando yabo. Leli gama livame ukusetshenziswa kubantu abanokuziphatha okufanayo, okushiya amadoda ngaphandle, kunjalo.
Enye yezinganekwane ezaziwa kakhulu ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki ngeka- Eurydice no -Orpheus , elandisa ukuthi u-Orpheus wayehlala elandelwa yizinja ngenxa yokucula kwakhe okuhle, kodwa lapho benqatshwa yilo nkulunkulu, balahlekelwa yingqondo futhi vele akukho mphumela omuhle owaba khona.
Kungakho igama elithi “nymphomania” lathi izazi zokusebenza kwengqondo zesimanje zathi libonisa isifiso sobulili futhi liqhubeke nokuba nobuhlobo bobulili kaningi, kangangokuthi libhekwa njengento ephawulekayo ngokomtholampilo. Ochwepheshe nabo namuhla bayinikeze elinye igama elithi "hypersexuality" ngenxa yokusetshenziswa okuvamile okwakunikezwa "nymphomania", nokuthi ingasetshenziswa kubo bobabili ubulili.
Baqala ukusebenzisa igama elithi "nymphet" ukuchaza amantombazane ayeqala ucansi. Leli gama laduma ngenxa yenoveli kaVladimir Nabokov ethi Lolita , lapho umlingiswa oyinhloko esebenzisa leli gama izikhathi eziningi lapho ebhekisela kuLolita.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwama-nymphs
Kunezinhlobo ezehlukene zeminyuzi, ezihlala ezindaweni ezahlukene ehlathini. Amagama alawa ma-nymphs asuselwa kulezo zindawo ezihlala kuzo ngakho-ke ahlukaniswa kanje:
Izihlahla zezinkuni nomhlabathi
I-dryads noma i-nymphs yasehlathini imimoya ye-oki nezihlahla ezinkulu ezitholakala emahlathini, lezi zinyosi ziyizidalwa ezimangalisayo ezizalwa ngamandla emvelo, amagama azo nezincazelo zilandelayo:
- I-Alseides, leli gama lanikezwa labo ababehlobene nemihosha, izihlathi.
- I-Auloníades, igama lama-nymphs ahlotshaniswa notshani.
- I-Leimáchides noma i-Limónides, lena yindlela abavikeli bezimfunda ababonakala ngayo.
- I-Napeas, iyindlela yokubona ama-nymphs ezigodini zezintaba nemihosha.
- I-Oréades noma i-Orestíades, isetshenziselwa ukubhekisela kuma-nymphs wezintaba nemigede.
- Ama-nymphs amahlathi nezitshalo.
- I-Anthousai, iyindlela engcono kakhulu yokubona ama-flower nymphs.
- I-Dryads, yileyo ndlela ama-nymphs esihlahla azazisa ngayo.
- I-Hadríades noma i-Hadríades, ezinye izinketho zokuhlonza ama-nymphs esihlahla.
- I-Daphneas, ukuze ukwazi ukubona ama-nymphs asesihlahleni se-laurel.
- Ama-Epimelíades noma ama-Epimélides, la magama ayesetshenziselwa ukuhlonza ama-nymphs avikela imihlambi.
- Boucolai, ngaleyo ndlela ama-nymphs wobufundisi ahlonzwa.
- I-Kissiae, yama-nymphs ahlobene ne-ivy.
- I-Melias, lawa ama-nymphs ahlobene nezihlahla zomlotha.
- Hyleoroi, lezi kwakuyizinkumbi eziqaphile zasehlathini.
Ama-nymphs amanzi (amanzi ahlanzekile)
Lezi zinyosi zizalwa emifuleni nasemachibini anamanzi ahlanzekile, imithombo, imifudlana, imithombo, imithombo namachibi. Empeleni lezi zinyosi zingamadodakazi amanzi, ngezansi sizosho amagama azo nokuthi zihlobene nani:
- AmaCrene, yilawo ahlobene nemithombo nemithombo.
- Ama-Heleades, ahlobene namaxhaphozi namaxhaphozi.
- I-Limnades noma i-Limnátides, ingatholakala emachibini.
- I-Pegeas, itholakala emithonjeni nasezimpophomeni.
- Ama-Potámide, lawa atholakala emifudlaneni nasemifudlaneni.
- I-Oceánidas, yilezo zinhlwathi ezitholakala emifuleni; odadewabo base-Oceanids.
- Ama-Oceánides, ama-nymphs ahlobene namanzi anosawoti.
- Nereids, amadodakazi angama-50 Nereus, uLwandle iMedithera.
- Izilwane ezifuywayo, zazihlala esiqhingini saseMedithera esiphambi kweSorrento.
Ama-Nymphs angaphansi komhlaba
Lawa angama-nymph azalwa ngqo ezweni lobumnyama nemimoya, evame ukuhlotshaniswa nobuthakathi nezibani. Ama-nymph aziwa kakhulu emhlabeni ongaphansi komhlaba amaLampades, abangane bakaHecate , unkulunkulukazi wezipoki nemimoya. Ngezansi kunamanye ama-nymph aziwayo emhlabeni ongaphansi komhlaba:
- AmaCocythias amadodakazi kankulunkulu womfula uCocytus.
- Lampades, bonke labo ababephethe izibani embuthanweni we Hecate.
- Cabírides, banjalo odade base- izimbuzi.
- I-Hecaterides, igama lalabo abahlobene nomdanso we-rustic; osisi baka i-dactyl, omama be Oreads kanye namaSatyrs.
- UMelissa, izinyosi; iqembu elincane le Oreads o Ama-Epimelides.
- I-Maenads noma i-Bacaes noma i-Bacchantes, lawa ama-nymphs aphithizelayo we-retinue I-Dionysus.
- Lenas, basebenza isikhamo sewayini.
- Mimalones, labo abenza umculo.
- Naides, owaziwa nangokuthi uNayádes.
- I-Tíades noma i-Tías, bonke labo ababethwala i-thyrsus, induku embozwe ngamahlamvu afana nentonga yobukhosi.
- Muses, yibo ababemele lokho okuhlobene nenkumbulo, ulwazi kanye nobuciko.
- Themides, amadodakazi ka Zeus y Themis, abaprofethi nabaqaphi bezinto ezithile zaphezulu.
iminyovu yasezulwini
Lezi ziyizinyosi ezizalwa ezinkanyezini. Zihlala phakathi kwemimoya ehelezayo neziphepho eziyisiphepho, emafwini nasemoyeni. Bangamadodakazi asezulwini njalo asemoyeni. Nanka amagama nezincazelo zawo:
- I-Auras, i-Aurae noma i-Aurai, 'imimoya', ebizwa nangokuthi i-Aetae noma i-Pnoae.
- I-Asterias, 'izinkanyezi'.
- Atlantis, amadodakazi ka I-Atlas.
- Hesperides, infas of the west, amadodakazi ka Atlas.
- I-Egle, kusho 'ukukhanya' noma 'ubuhle'.
- AmaHyade, kwakungalawo ma-nymphs enza imvula.
- Pleiades, lawa kwakungamadodakazi eminyamfu Atlas y I-Pleyone, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-Oreads.
- UMaya, ngaleli gama wayaziwa unina ka Hermes con Zeus.
- I-Nepheles, ehlobene namafu.
Okokugcina, ividiyo elandelayo inikeza ulwazi olwengeziwe ukuze luhambisane nakho konke okuqukethwe esikuqokomisile kulesi sihloko mayelana nama-nymph asehlathini. Uma ukujabulele isihloko sethu, sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda nge- Phoenix , esinye isidalwa esimangalisayo.