Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe indawo esemhlabeni nesemanzini, ingxenye yokugcina engama-80% yomhlaba wonke, kuze kube yilapho yaziwa ngokuthi yiplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo bamanzi anosawoti, ingahlangana namanye amazwekazi. ukudala izimiso zemvelo ezibalulekile; Njengamanje, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kunomthelela omkhulu ekuwohlokeni kwalezi zimo nokulimaza impilo ekhona. Esihlokweni esilandelayo sizofunda ngezinto ezingcolisa ulwandle nendlela eziye zawuthonya ngayo umhlaba.
Izinto Ezingcolisa Ulwandle
Ukungcola kuthathwa njenganoma iyiphi into engaba khona endaweni ezungezile futhi ibe nomthelela omubi emvelweni kanye nezimo ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba izinto ezibonakalayo, zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji eziwohloka izimo zemvelo futhi zilimaze ngisho nempilo yezidalwa eziphilayo ezihlala kuzo. yona. Ngakho-ke, ukungcola kuyisikhathi socwaningo oluningi namuhla ngenxa yomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni.
Njengamanje kunokukhathazeka okukhulu ngethonya lokungcola endaweni ezungezile, lokhu kubangelwa ukubamba iqhaza okuphezulu komuntu ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokuthola izinsiza zokuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila, okuholela ekucekeleni phansi indawo ezungezile. Izenzo zomuntu ziye zaholela ekukhuleni okuphawulekayo emiphumeleni yokungcola emhlabeni wonke.
Selokhu kwaba nenguquko yezezimboni kube nokwanda kwemiphumela engcolisayo eye yaba nomthelela emhlabeni, okugqamisa ukuwohloka kongqimba lwe-ozone ngenxa yokunqwabelana kwamagesi abamba ukushisa ngenxa yokushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ukunqwabelana kwemfucumfucu enobuthi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo, imfucuza enkulu kadoti ezindaweni eziluhlaza ezicekela phansi imvelo, ukucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zemvelo ngenxa yokukhishwa kwezinsiza, ukukhishwa kwemisebe eyingozi eshintsha ibhalansi yemvelo, phakathi kwezinye izenzo eziningi ezingcolisayo.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi omunye wemiphumela engcolisayo ekhathaza kakhulu yileyo yemithombo yamanzi, okugqamisa ukuthi iplanethi engumhlaba yakhiwe imithombo yamanzi engu-80% esabalaliswa phakathi kolwandle (izilwandle, izixhobo, nezinye) kanye nezintsha (iziphethu, imifula, amachweba) . , amachibi, phakathi kwabanye). Zimelela ukubonakaliswa okukhulu kakhulu emhlabeni wonke futhi zingomunye wemithombo eyinhloko yokuphila, ekunikezeni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezitshalo nezilwane zasemanzini.
Kulokhu, ukubaluleka kwezilwandle nezilwandle kuqokonyiswa, zimelela esinye sezandiso ezinkulu zamanzi anosawoti kuwo wonke amaplanethi omhlaba, okuyingxenye eyinhloko yokuhlukaniswa kwamazwekazi futhi emele indawo enkulu kunazo zonke yeplanethi yomhlaba cishe. 80%.. Sethula izindawo ezihlukene zokukhululeka kolwandle olunikeza ukujula okuguquguqukayo, ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, ngisho nokuhlangana namazwekazi amahlanu. Akhiwe ngamanzi olwandle, abonakala ngokuba nephesenti eliphezulu likasawoti namaminerali, ikakhulukazi i-sodium ne-magnesium chloride, i-calcium ne-potassium.
Njengamanje kunezingqinamba ezehlukene kulezi zindawo zasolwandle ngenxa yezinga eliphezulu lokungcoliseka ezilethulayo, kungaba ngenxa yokunqwabelana kukadoti noma imfucumfucu yepulasitiki, ukuchitheka okukhulu kwamakhemikhali ayingozi, wonke akhona olwandle oluvulekile, ogwini lolwandle nolwandle. iziteshi ezincane ezixhumene nazo. Ukungcola olwandle kucatshangelwa lapho kudala imiphumela eyingozi emisinga yamanzi ebangelwa yizimbangela ezihlukene, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokunqwabelana kwezinhlayiya, imfucumfucu yezolimo, ukunqwabelana kwamanzi angcolile, umsindo omkhulu, phakathi kokunye.
Ukungcoliswa kolwandle wukwethulwa kokungcola okuyingozi okungekona okwalesi simiso semvelo, iningi lazo liphuma emsebenzini womuntu njengezibulala-zinambuzane, izibulala-zinambuzane, umanyolo, okokuhlanza, ama-hydrocarbon, amapulasitiki nokunye okuqinile. Zonke zifinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokugeleza emanzini futhi zinqwabelane ekujuleni kolwandle, lapho zidliwa khona yizinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ezithinta izinhlobo ezibamba iqhaza ochungechungeni lokudla.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, abantu sebeyithathe njengendawo yokulahla udoti namakhemikhali agcina elethe imiphumela emibi njengokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo nezilwane, ukulahleka. yemithombo yamanzi ebalulekile ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba, phakathi kokunye. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu, isimo solwandle kanye nemiphumela yazo zonke izinhlobo ezihlala kuyo.
Umlando Wokungcoliswa Kolwandle
Ukungcoliswa kolwandle kumelela zonke lezo zinto ezingcolisayo eziza zizothonya amanzi olwandle atholakala noma kuphi emhlabeni, okwamanje kukhona okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto ezithinta lezi zindawo zemvelo, ezicekela phansi izindawo zemvelo, ezilimaza izitshalo nezilwane zalezi zindawo.
Ngenxa yobukhulu bezilwandle nokujula kwazo, umuntu useze walahla udoti namakhemikhali ngaphandle kwanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokulawula, okuletha imiphumela engathi sína kulezi zindawo zemvelo. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezithintekayo kulolu hlobo lwesimo, lapho izinkampani nezinhlangano zibamba iqhaza ezinemithombo yasolwandle njengezindawo zokulahla izimboni, kanye nokubangelwa imikhuba emibi yabantu ethinta izilwandle.
Ziningi izindawo ezihlaselwe ukungcoliswa kolwandle, elinye lamacala amakhulu kunawo wonke i-delta yoMfula iMississippi, ethathwa njengendawo efile efinyelela kusayizi wesifunda saseNew Jersey cishe amakhilomitha ayi-12.875, ithintwa ukuthutha izinsalela zisuka endaweni. EGulf EMexico, iningi lalezi zinto ezingcolisayo ziyizinsalela zomanyolo ezibangela ukwanda kolwelwe, ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi sasehlobo, inqwaba yemikhiqizo yepulasitiki egcina ngokubola ibonakala eNyakatho Pacific.
Ngenxa yalokhu, izikhungo eziningi zisebenzisa isiqubulo esithi “isixazululo sokungcoliswa kwemvelo yi-dilution”, zisebenzisa isamba esikhulu samanzi okuncibilikisa amakhemikhali asetshenziswayo bese ziwalahla emithonjeni yoketshezi, ekugcineni zigelezela emanzini. ulwandle. Lesi senzo siholele ekuweni okuphelele kwezilwandle, ngoba izinto eziyisisekelo zihlala zikhona futhi zithinta yonke imvelo ngendlela efanayo.
Izilwandle ziye zahlupheka izinkulungwane zeminyaka ezandleni zomuntu kusukela esikhathini soMbuso WaseRoma, lapho kwakukhona izimpi kanye nokuqala kokuxhaphaza amanzi ngaphandle kokuqaphela okwanele, okwenza ukuwohloka ngezikali ezincane zemvelo yamanje eye yanda esikhathini esidlule. iminyaka emithathu ngenxa yokuphuma kwamanzi ezimbonini nokugeleza.
Izinhlobo Ezihlukahlukene Zokungcoliswa Kolwandle
Ulwandle luye lwadalulwa ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo komuntu, ekusebenziseni ngokugcwele ingcebo yemvelo enikezwa ulwandle. Ukuza ukucekela phansi izindawo ezisogwini eziye zathinteka amakhulu eminyaka, ngaphezu kokwethula okuqukethwe okuphezulu kokukhishwa kwezimboni, amanzi ahlungiwe athintekayo ngokuqukethwe komanyolo osetshenziswa kwezolimo, ukugeleza okuvela emapulazini, imfuyo egcina igeleza ezindaweni ezisogwini. .
Eziningi zalezi zinto ezingcolisayo zingaba nemvelo ehlukene kusukela kudoti namapulasitiki), amakhemikhali (izakhi zikamanyolo noma imithi yokubulala ukhula) kanye nemvelo (indle noma izinto eziphilayo ezibolile); zonke zigcina ziqongelela ekujuleni kolwandle, lapho zidliwa khona izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinto eziphilayo kusukela ezilwaneni ezincane kuya kwezinkulu, zithintwa yizinto ezishiwo futhi ziguqule wonke umjikelezo wokudla othuthukiswe ezindaweni zazo zemvelo.
Ngokwalolu cwaningo bayaqinisekisa ukuthi yonke leyo mithi edliwa ngumuntu futhi ingagaywe ngendlela efanele igcina ilahlwe emanzini igcine idliwe yizinhlanzi zolwandle ezinesono futhi eziwukudla komuntu. Ngakho-ke, imisebenzi yabantu iyimbangela eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwemithombo yamanzi, ukuguqula isimo sabo semvelo futhi kucekele phansi imvelo yabo.
Okunye ukungcola okuyinhloko okuvela emisebenzini yabantu ukuchithwa kwama-hydrocarbon, izibulala-khula, izihlanzi, izivundisi zamakhemikhali, izibulala-zinambuzane, amanzi angcolile kanye nokunqwabelana kwezinto eziqinile. Nakuba kuye kwenziwa imikhankaso eminingi futhi kuye kwafunwa izindlela ezintsha zokunciphisa umthelela wendawo, kodwa imiphumela iye yaba okuphambene ngokuphelele, okwamanje inani lokungcola olwandle okuvela kule mithombo liye laphindaphindeka.
Enye yezinto ezivelele kakhulu kuleli cala umanyolo ocebile nge-nitrogen, owaziwa nangokuthi umanyolo we-NPK (i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium), ingenye yamathuluzi ayinhloko asetshenziswa abalimi ukuze kuzuze ukukhula kwezitshalo, ngoba ngenxa yezimo zezulu. (ukugeza imvula namanzi) inhlabathi ivamise ukulahlekelwa yizimo eziyisisekelo ezibalulekile ekukhuleni kwezitshalo, njengosawoti wenitrogenous ohlanjululwa kalula kanye namanye amaminerali.
Ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwalo mkhiqizo ezindaweni zezolimo kugcinwa yinhlabathi futhi kudonswa izitshalo, kodwa ingxenye encane kuphela, amanye ama-salts e-nitrogenous athathwa yimisinga yamanzi futhi ageleze emifuleni namanzi angaphansi komhlaba, agcine efakwe emachwebeni, deltas, izindawo ezisogwini namachweba. Ukweqisa kwezakhamzimba kungashukumisa ukukhula okungalawuleki kolwelwe, kubenze bathuthuke kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile lapho ukuphila kungaveli khona.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imfucuza eqinile iyona nto ekhathaza kakhulu ngenxa yomthelela wayo ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana nezibonwayo nezingokwenyama, kulokhu izikhwama, amagwebu kanye nemfucuza evela emikhunjini nasezindaweni zokuvakasha zigqama; zigcina sezinqwabelene olwandle futhi zijwayele ukudla izilwane zasolwandle, izinhlanzi, izimfudu ngisho nezinyoni imbala, ngoba ziwuphambanisa nokudla zigcine seziwudlabha, zigcine seziphazamisa impilo yalolu hlobo.
Ezilwandle, kwenziwa imisebenzi eminingi yabasebenzi evumela ukudla kanye nemali engenayo yezomnotho emphakathini, phakathi kwabo ukudoba kuyagqama, lapho basebenzisa amathuluzi afana namanetha okudoba, ama-harpoons kanye nezintambo eziyingozi ezitshalo nezilwane. Ngezinye izikhathi amanetha okudoba alahliwe angakhukhuleka iminyaka eminingi futhi izinhlanzi ngokuvamile zihileleka kuwo. Ziphinde zimelele into enqwabelana ingxenye enkulu yepulasitiki ebolayo noma imfucuza egcina yenza ama-whirlpool kadoti wonakalisa imisinga yamanzi.
Ukungcoliswa Komsindo
Ukungcoliswa komsindo ukwenzeka kwemisindo ecasula ngokweqile, nakuba kungase kube into evamile futhi engabonakali, kuwuhlobo lokungcola okukhona ekuphileni kwansuku zonke, okukhiqizwa imisebenzi yabantu efana nethrafikhi, izindiza, izindawo zokuzijabulisa, njll. amakhaya, izikebhe. , phakathi kwabanye. Nakuba kuwuhlobo lokungcola olubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezisemhlabeni, kufakazelwe ukuthi emanzini angabonwa futhi asabalale amakhilomitha amade ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa amandla awo.
Lokhu kungabonwa ngezikebhe ezijikelezayo ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezindaweni zokuvakasha kodwa nalezo ezibonwa ekufakweni kukawoyela, lolu hlobo lwe-artifact lungaba nemisindo efinyelela amandla amakhulu avela ezikebheni. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi imisindo efana nokuzamazama komhlaba ingakhiqizwa ezindaweni zikawoyela, iguqule izindlela zokufuduka kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezixhumana zodwa ngamaza anyakazayo.
Lokhu kube yinto ebaluleke kakhulu ekuzingeleni nasekuzalaneni okwenziwa yizilwane zasolwandle, kwashintsha izimo zemvelo ezakhiwe ezinye izilwane ezincelisayo ezinjengemikhomo namahlengethwa abonakale evaleleke ogwini lolwandle. Lokhu kudalwe wukuphazamiseka okukhiqizwa yimikhumbi nokwakhiwa kukawoyela ezindaweni.
Izinhlobo Zodoti Ekungcolisweni Kwezilwandle
Ama-ejenti angcolisayo yizo zonke lezo zinto ezinesibopho sokuguqula zonke izinqubo zemvelo ezikhona emhlabeni, zibe yingozi ezitshalo nezilwane ezikhona endaweni yemvelo, lolu hlobo lwe-ejenti luqongelela kuze kube luwohloka ngokuphelele imvelo, okwamanje, okuphelele. ukulahlekelwa kwezifunda ngenxa yalesi sici kuye kwabonwa.
Izilwandle zimelela enye yezindawo zemvelo ezinenani eliphakeme kakhulu lezinto ezingcolisa umoya futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi iningi lazo ligcina ligelezela olwandle, phakathi kwazo izinto ezifana nezikhwama zepulasitiki, amabhaluni, ama-buoy, izintambo, imfucuza yezokwelapha, ingilazi namabhodlela epulasitiki, ipulasitiki, izilayishi zepulasitiki, amathini eziphuzo, i-polystyrene ekhishiwe, izintambo zokudoba, amanetha, phakathi kokunye. Iningi lazo zonke lezi zimfucumfucu ezitholakala zintanta emanzini zithinta kabi izilwane zasolwandle. Okuyingozi kakhulu emvelweni kuzovezwa ngezansi:
amapulasitiki
Iningi lemfucumfucu yasolwandle iqinile yemvelaphi yepulasitiki, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni engu-50 edlule lapho kuye kwabonwa ukukhiqizwa okukhulu kwemikhiqizo yalolu lwazi olusetshenziswa ekuphileni kwansuku zonke komuntu. Ukuqokomisa iqiniso lokuthi amapulasitiki angama-polymeric chemical compounds angenayo i-biodegrade, angakwazi ukufika kuphela ku-photodegrade (photolysis) kodwa ngenxa yokuba khona kwamanzi kunesibopho sokuvimbela lesi sakhiwo kulezi zinto.
Ipulasitiki ingenye yezinto ezingcolisa kakhulu olwandle futhi lokhu kubangelwa imfucuza ekhiqizwa emphakathini, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi iminyaka eyishumi bekubhekwa njengenkathi ye-polymer, lapho izinhlobonhlobo zezakhi zenziwa ngalolu hlobo. yezinto, ikakhulukazi ukupakishwa kokudla, amabhodlela eziphuzo, ukusonga umkhiqizo, phakathi kokunye. Ngakho-ke, ukukhula okuphawulekayo kokuba khona kwepulasitiki emphakathini kuye kwanda ukungcoliswa kwalesi sici olwandle.
I-United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) ikuqinisekisile ukuthi ipulasitiki ingafaka engcupheni izinhlobo zasolwandle ezingaba ngu-600 okubikezelwa ukuthi zizoshabalala eminyakeni ezayo. Ukwenyuswa kwezibalo ezimele izinombolo eziyinhlekelele esikhathini esimaphakathi, lapho kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-2050 zonke izilwandle zomhlaba zizoba namapulasitiki amaningi kunezinhlanzi. Ngaphandle kokubala ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobo zasolwandle kanye nedlanzana elisekhona laliyodla ipulasitiki ngesikhathi esithile, lingcolise ngisho nezinhlobo ezikhona.
Ghost Nets
Ukudoba kungenye yemikhuba eyinhloko eyenziwa ngumuntu, ukuze anikeze izidingo zokudla zomphakathi, ukuzingela izinhlobo zasolwandle nezinhlanzi ezimelela ingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okuyisisekelo emazweni amaningi. Kulo mkhuba basebenzisa ezinye izinto ezifana namanethi, akhiwa ngezintambo eziphothene ezinobubanzi obufanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene aze akhiphe izimbobo lapho kubanjwa khona izinhlanzi.
Kwesinye isikhathi lamanethi ashiywa noma alahleke abantu olwandle, lawa aziwa ngokuthi amanetha ayizipoki, asetshenziselwa ukubamba izinhlanzi, ukukhukhuleka futhi ngaphandle kokulawula angabamba izinhlobo ezifana namahlengethwa, izimfudu zasolwandle, izingwenya, izinyoni zasolwandle, izinkalankala, izinhlanzi, oshaka, phakathi kwabanye. Lezi zinhlobo zamanetha zinomthwalo wemfanelo wokukhawulela ukunyakaza kwezilwane ezibanjwayo, ziboshwe zize zikhiqize indlala, imihuzuko, ukusikeka nokunye ukungenwa yizifo futhi ziminyanise ngisho nezilwane.
Ama-Nurdle kanye Nezikhwama Zepulasitiki
Ama-nurdles ayaziwa nangokuthi izinyembezi ze-mermaids, aqukethe isethi yamabhola epulasitiki, anobukhulu obungamamilimitha angu-5 ububanzi. Ziwuhlobo lwezinto ezingavuthiwe ezisetshenziswa embonini yepulasitiki, zisetshenziselwa ukuba yingxenye yamakhaya kodwa ezinye zalezi zinhlamvu ziphelela olwandle ngenxa yokuchitheka kwengozi noma ukulahlwa kwamabomu; ukubamba ubuthi obukhona futhi obuthinta izilwane zasolwandle.
Lolu hlobo lwento lukhiqizwa ukugqokwa kwemfucuza yepulasitiki okuqhubekayo, zingaba nokubukeka okufana ncamashí namaqanda ezinhlanzi, ngenxa yalokhu adidwa ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye zasolwandle eziwadidayo futhi zizidle, ziwaholele ekufeni.
Enye yezinto ezisasele zikhona izikhwama zepulasitiki ezithikameza ukugaya ukudla lapho zidliwa izilwane zasemanzini, zibangele umnyakazo omncane wokudla emizimbeni yazo, zidale umuzwa wokusutha futhi zikhohlise isilwane ukuba sisuthiswe. Ngakho-ke, kulinganiselwa ukuthi izinhlayiya zepulasitiki eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyisithupha zinganqwabelana olwandle.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi nokunqwabelana, ingafinyelela kumathani ayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 epulasitiki atholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle zomhlaba, phakathi kwalawa mapulasitiki, ama-nurdles nezikhwama zepulasitiki agqamayo, ahlanganisa imiphumela engcolisayo noma amathonya imvelo, kulimaze izindawo zemvelo futhi kubangele ukufa kwezinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo.
Izoba nomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho nakwezemvelo emhlabeni wonke, lapho kubekwe khona imali elinganiselwa ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalombili zamaRandi ngonyaka ezotshalwa ukuze kubuyiselwe izindawo ezikhahlamezekile ngenxa yomonakalo odalwe yipulasitiki, ikakhulukazi umthelela wawo olwandle emhlabeni. Ukuza ukuzocekela phansi izindawo zemvelo kanye nezifunda ezinediphozithi enkulu yamapulasitiki aqoqwe njengemfucuza; Eminye yemikhakha ethinteke kakhulu ukudoba kanye nezokungcebeleka, ngenxa yokungakwazi ukulawula kanye nokubaluleka okuncane kokusebenzisa le mikhiqizo.
Umthelela Wendawo Ezungezile Wokungcoliswa Kwezilwandle
Amapulasitiki alahlwa olwandle abhekwa njengobaluleke kakhulu futhi abalulekile ekulondolozweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ngoba izilwane eziningi zithinteka ngokuphefumula, njengemikhomo, izimfudu nezinyoni zasolwandle; lezi zilwane ezincelisayo zivame ukubhajwa kulamanetha avaleleke kubangele ukuthi zigwilize ngokwenza kube nzima ukuthi zize phezulu zizofuna umoya-mpilo, konke lokhu kungabangela ukulimala kwemvelo.
Amanye ala mapulastiki asala entanta phezu kolwandle, lapho izilwane eziningi zasolwandle zidideka futhi ziwumunce ngoba ufana nezinto eziphilayo ezivame ukuzisebenzisa. Ipulasitiki iyikhemikhali enkulu ye-polymeric okunzima kakhulu ukuyehlisa, ethinta izinhlelo zokugaya zezinhlobo ngenxa yobunzima bayo ekuyigayeni, ivimbela lonke lelo simiso futhi ilimaze impilo yabo.
Lawo mapulasitiki amakhulu kakhulu ahlala enamathela unomphela emgudwini wokugaya wezilwane, lokhu kungenxa ye-gastric acid ekhona esiswini ebhekele ukucubungula ukudla, kuba nzima ukuthi ifeze umjikelezo wayo wemvelo ngepulasitiki esebenza ngendlela engezona ezemvelo. indlela emizimbeni yabo. Ukuza ukuzobangela ukufa kwesilwane ngokubhoboza izicubu nokuvimba indlela yokudla. Olunye ucwaningo luqinisekisa ukuthi ubukhulu bepulasitiki bungaba bukhulu ngokuphindwe kasithupha kune-plankton, yingakho kubangela umonakalo omkhulu kangaka ezinhlobonhlobo.
Kuyafaneleka ukugqamisa izithasiselo zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwezinto zepulasitiki ezithinta imisinga yamanzi nazo zonke izindawo ezizungezile, zibhubhisa imvelo futhi zithonye imvelo ngendlela engalungile. Lezi zinto zifika zisebenze njengezingcolisi ze-hydrophobic ezingancibiliki noma zilahlekelwe izakhiwo zazo emanzini, zivame ukuqoqana phezulu okubangela ukuba ipulasitiki eqinile etholakala olwandle ibe nobuthi kakhulu kunaleyo etholakala phezu komhlaba.
Zonke lezo zingcoliso ze-hydrophobic ziyiqoqo lama-biomolecules okungcono ahlanganiswe nekhabhoni, i-hydrogen, umoya-mpilo, i-nitrogen, i-phosphorus nesibabule, asebenza njengama-molecule afana namavithamini, amaprotheni nama-lipids. Zinqwabelana ezicutshini ezinamafutha, zizikhulise njengoba zingena eketangeni lokudla, zibangele umonakalo omkhulu ezilwaneni ezincelisayo ezidla inyama (oshaka, imikhomo, imikhomo ebulalayo, phakathi kwabanye).
Izithasiselo zamakhemikhali zingenye yezingxenye eziyinhloko ekwenziweni kwepulasitiki, ekhona kulezo ezisetshenziswa embonini yokudla neziphuzo, lezi zinhlobo zezinto zingashintsha uhlelo lwe-hormonal lwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo. Endabeni yezinhlobo zasolwandle, kuthinta uhlelo lwe-endocrine, kuthinte izinqubo zabo zokuzala futhi kungalimaza ngisho namasosha omzimba wabo bonke abadlayo.
Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akuyona yonke imfucuza evela emisebenzini yabantu enqwabelana olwandle eyingozi noma enolaka emvelweni ngo-100%; Kulokhu, ukuba khona kwensimbi nokhonkolo kuyagqama, njengoba kungakhiqizi umthelela omkhulu emvelweni, inqobo nje uma kunganyakazi, namuhla kusetshenziselwa izixhobo zokwenziwa, ngokubambisana ekwandeni kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuzo zonke izindawo. . Imikhumbi ize yacwiliswa ngamabomu ukuze kuqiniswe le motif futhi kwandise ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane endaweni.
Izinto eziphilayo nazo ziye zajwayela ukuba khona kwamanye ama-ejenti epulasitiki, okubangela ukuthi ezinye zalezi zidalwa zihlakazeke ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zomhlaba futhi zihlasele kwezinye izindawo ezihlala emanzini anosawoti.
Ziyini izilwandle?
Izilwandle zimelela isandiso esikhulu samanzi anosawoti, anosayizi omncane kunolwandle. Kucatshangwa ukuthi ukwakheka kwezilwandle kwakha umthombo othile wolwandle, okubangela ukuxhumana nomgudu othile wemvelo noma umgudu wamanzi ohlukanisa imithombo ehlukene yamanzi.
Zingaba phakathi kwezwe elisondelene kakhulu, naphezu kokuthi zingamazwekazi ahlukahlukene, njengoLwandle LwaseMedithera; Ngokungafani nezilwandle, zithatha umhlaba obanzi kakhulu nokuhlukaniswa okukhulu phakathi kwezindawo zomhlaba, bese sifunda ngokuhlukaniswa kwezilwandle ngokujula kwazo:
Izilwandle Zezwekazi
Yilelo chibi lamanzi anosawoti atholakala ngokuphelele ezwenikazi, lixhumana nolwandle lapho noma imifula engashoni, iveza umehluko ezingeni lokushisa futhi ngenxa yalokho, ukugxila okuhlukile kosawoti. Isibonelo esiyinhloko salolu hlobo lolwandle uLwandle iMedithera.
Izilwandle Zasogwini
Ezaziwa nangokuthi izindawo ezisogwini, zifika zihlanganise izifunda ezinemihosha emikhulu futhi ebanzi impela. Ibonakala ngama-sills angashoni kanye ne-amplitude enkulu yamagagasi. Phakathi kwezibonelo eziyinhloko okufanele zigqanyiswe uLwandle lwaseNorway, olubuye lwaziwe ngokuthi iBeaufort.
Izilwandle Ezivaliwe
Aziwa nangokuthi amachibi e-endorheic, okungukuthi, awanayo indawo yokuphuma olwandle, anezindawo ezinkulu ezivaliwe ngokuphelele emhlabeni. Lezi zinhlobo zamachibi zivame ukuba nosawoti ophakeme kunakwezinye izindawo ezinamanzi anosawoti, awalokothi axhumane nolwandle noma nanoma yimuphi umsinga wamanzi. Esinye sezibonelo eziyinhloko uLwandle Olufile noma uLwandle lweCaspian.
Umuntu uze enze izinto ngendlela engenandaba nemithombo yemvelo ekhona emhlabeni, ecekela phansi izindawo zemvelo ezehlukene ngenxa yokutholwa okukhulu kwempahla yemvelo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomhlaba wonke, ngalokhu imithombo yamanzi yiyona ethinteke kakhulu, ngokuqongelela. yonke imfucumfucu, imfucumfucu kanye nezinto ezithuthwa ngamanzi futhi zilahlwe olwandle; ukudala izinhlekelele ezinkulu ezilimaza iplanethi yomhlaba.
Njengamanje sekube nokuthandwa imisinga yamanzi ahlanzekile njengemifula namachibi, amanzi anosawoti njengolwandle; ukuza ukuzobona inani elikhulu lemfucuza etholakala intanta phezu kwamanzi noma phansi komhlaba. Ukugcizelela kulokhu ulwandle, lapho kukhona inani elikhulu kakhulu lomphumela ongcolisayo, ngoba imisinga yamanzi (fresh and salty) igcina igeleza kuwo.
Ukugqamisa izinkathi zonyaka ezinezigameko eziningi kakhulu zabantu kulezo zifunda ezisogwini njengamabhishi namatheku, abeza ukuzoletha inqwaba yemfucuza yepulasitiki njengezikhwama, amabhodlela, izitsha zokudla kanye nokuba khona kwezinye izitsha ezenziwe ngengilazi ne-aluminium. Zonke zigcina seziqoqwana olwandle bese zihudulelwa olwandle, okunomthelela empilweni yezilwane ezincelisayo ezikhona kanye nendawo ezikuyo.
Ungabona futhi ukunqwabelana okukhulu kwezinsalela ezilahlwa olwandle, njengemfucuza evela ezakhiweni zomphakathi, phakathi kokunye. Okunye okugqamisa ukuba khona kokukhishwa kwezimboni nasemadolobheni okuthi ngenxa yokuphathwa kabi ezinkampanini, izinombolo zikadoti eziphuma ezinhlelweni zazo zibonwa emanzini. Zombili izici ziye zaveza inkomba ephezulu ezilwandle phakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule.
Endabeni yemfucumfucu enemisebe, yilokho okuvela ezindaweni ezinkulu zezimboni ezenza izinqubo ezibalulekile ngama-reagents amakhemikhali ayingozi ezitshalo nezilwane zasolwandle, ezithinta ukudla kwabantu, ngoba lezo zinhlanzi ezifanayo nezilwane ezincelisayo zasemanzini zidliwe. , azingelwa njengomthombo wokudla kwabantu.
Njengamanje, ama-80% ezinto ezihlukene ezingcolisa ulwandle nolwandle ziyacatshangelwa, okuqinisekisa ukuthi iningi livela emithonjeni yasemhlabeni, njengezifunda zasemadolobheni nezimboni ezisebenzisa lezi zinto, izibonelo eziyinhloko okufanele zigqanyiswe izimoto, amathangi e-septic, amapulazi, amaloli, phakathi kokunye.
Ukugwema Ukungcoliswa Kwezilwandle Kubalulekile
Ukungcola kungenye yezinkinga eziyinhloko ezivezwa esintwini, ngoba kubhubhisa iplanethi engumhlaba, kulimaza imvelo, kubangela ukulahlekelwa kwemithombo yemvelo nokufa kwezitshalo nezilwane; ngayinye yalezi zici ibalulekile ekugcinweni kwempilo emhlabeni wonke.
Ukulwa nokungcoliswa kolwandle kubaluleke kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngoba kuhambisana nemvelo egcina u-60% wezilwane eziyingxenye yeplanethi. Iningi lijwayele ukuhlala endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-60 ukusuka ezindaweni ezisogwini, ngakho-ke lithintwa kakhulu imithelela engcolisayo ogwini lolwandle. Yini ebangele ukuthutheleka okuphansi kwazo ezindaweni ezivamile, okudala ukungalingani olwandle.
Abantu kumele bazazi kangcono izilwandle, ngezinye izikhathi ngokubheka ukugcwala kwazo nobukhulu bazo ababoni umonakalo ekuqoqweni kukadoti emanzini, kuyadingeka ukuba nokunakekelwa okukhulu kwemvelo yemvelo nokuvikela isibhakabhaka, izigxobo. kanye neminye imithombo yamanzi egcina isiba yizinsalela. Ukugqugquzela uguquko olufanele emasikweni omuntu ukuze abe nokululama okukhulu kwemvelo yasemanzini.
Imiphumela Emibi Yokungcoliswa Kwezilwandle
Yonke imiphumela yokungcola iye yacutshungulwa ochwepheshe abahlukahlukene lapho beye baqokomisa ukuwohloka okungathi sína kolwandle nolwandle, okubangelwa zonke izenzo zomuntu, okuthonya ukulingana kwendawo ezungezile nokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kungenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko zokuthi izigidi zezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane zithinteke, kungaba ngokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zazo zemvelo, ukuhlasela kwezilwane ezizulazulayo, isimo sezempilo noma ukushabalala kwemithombo yokudla; Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukuba ukuphila kwezinhlobo zezilwane kunciphe futhi ngaleyo ndlela inani lezidalwa eziphilayo liye lehla. Njengamanje, kulinganiselwa ukuthi cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yazo zonke izilwandle eziseplanethini engumhlaba iye yathonywa ukushabalala kwezilwane zasolwandle ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zemvelo noma uma zingekho esimweni esibucayi sokusinda.
Esinye sezenzo eziyinhloko ezibhekwa njengezinhlekelele zomhlaba wonke ukuchitheka kukawoyela, okubhekwa njengesimo esikhulu semvelo ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwazo zonke izimiso zemvelo yasolwandle, okukhiqiza izinkulungwane zokulahlekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nezigidi zezinhlobo zezilwane nezitshalo. Ikakhulukazi ukugqama ngokuba uhlobo lokungcola okunzima kakhulu ukulihlanza, lapho ingxenye yamafutha angcolile ihlala inamathele emvelweni; futhi kuthinte nemisinga yamanzi lapho echitheka khona.
Ukuthonya ukudla, ngoba kuthinta umhlabathi lapho kutholakala khona izinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zalezo ezidliwe ngumphakathi, ngakho-ke, izinga labo liphansi ekusetshenzisweni komuntu, lithonya impilo yabantu kanye nemisebenzi yomsebenzi njengezimboni zokudoba, okunciphisa umthamo wabo wokusebenza. Ukuba khona kwama-hydrocarbon kunzima kakhulu ukuqeda, izingqalasizinda ezinkulu zezindleko eziphezulu ziyadingeka ukuze zikwazi ukuhlanza izindawo ezisogwini ezithintekile.
Lokhu kuchithwa kukawoyela kubonakale ezifundeni ezahlukene zomhlaba, osekwaziwa ngokuthi amabala amnyama olwandle, ambalwa amazwe enza utshalomali oluvuna imvelo nokuvuselelwa kwezindawo ezithintekile, ngoba abona sengathi ilahlekile. Kumele kuqashelwe futhi kulokhu iziqhingi zepulasitiki ezizulazula olwandle, zakhiwe yinqwaba yemfucuza yepulasitiki ebilokhu inqwabelana emanzini anosawoti, okuthinta ulwandle nezifunda lapho ijikeleza khona.
Ekhulwini elidlule kuye kwabonwa ukukhula okuphawulekayo, ngenxa yokuthi akunakwenzeka ukuhlanza ngesivinini esingcolile, izimboni eziningi kanye nabantu abathintekayo ekuqoqweni kokungcola emanzini, noma ngamafutha, ipulasitiki. kanye nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, amakhemikhali athatha iminyaka eminingi ukunyamalala. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi azithonya nje kuphela ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kodwa nomoya, umhlaba, amagagasi nemisinga.
Yehlisa Ukungcoliswa Kwezilwandle
Umphakathi uthuthuka ngokwenza izinqubo ezahlukene ezivumela ukukhula komnotho wamazwe kanye nokuthuthuka kwezifunda eziningi, phakathi kwazo ezokuvakasha, ezigxile ekuvakasheni nokufunda ngezindawo zemvelo ezikhangayo nokuthandwa okukhulu. Ezokuvakasha ziheha abantu bangaphandle nabendawo abavela esifundeni ngasinye, abanye bayakwazi ukonga imvelo yemvelo kodwa kukhona abanye abangayikhathalele imvelo.
Ukungcola olwandle kuye kwabangela imiphumela engathi sína kwezokuvakasha, kucekela phansi izindawo ezingokwemvelo zolwandle, kulimaza imvelo. Kunezifunda emhlabeni wonke ezikhahlamezekile ngenxa yalesi sici, ezilahlekelwe yizindawo ezinjengezixhobo zamatshe, izindawo ezisogwini, amabhishi okuthe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi alahlekelwa yimvelo yawo futhi wonakaliswa ukungcola.
Izilwandle ziyindawo edinga ukusekelwa ohulumeni, izinkampani, izinkampani, izikhungo kanye nanoma iyiphi enye inkampane ebambisene ekulondolozeni izindawo zemvelo zemvelo yasemanzini. Futhi ngabanye, ningahlanganyela ukugwema ukungcoliswa kolwandle, ukugwema ukufaka udoti emisinga yamanzi, ukulahla uketshezi oluyingozi ezilwaneni, kanye nokunye.
Njengamanje kunezenzo eziningi ezisekela le nketho, ngenhloso yokusekelwa kwemvelo ukongiwa kolwandle nolwandle, phakathi kwabo imisebenzi yokuhlanza ehilelekile ekukhishweni igqamile. Phakathi kwezinye zezibonelo ezivelele yilezo ezaziwa ngokuthi i-Prestige, eziheha izinhlobonhlobo zamavolontiya agxile ekuhlanzeni nasekuqoqeni imfucumfucu eqoqwe ogwini lwaseGalicia (eSpain). Ngale ndlela, ifaka isandla ekusekeleni kwayo ukongiwa kwezilwane zasolwandle kanye nemvelo yasemanzini.
Kunemikhankaso eminingi egxile ekudaleni ukuqwashisa ngokulondolozwa kwezindawo zasemanzini zeplanethi yethu, eqokomisa ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kanye nobungozi bezizukulwane ezizayo, ngakho-ke, bashukunyiswa ezenzweni ezincane ezizosebenzisana ekunakekeleni ukungaphonsi ugwayi, amabhodlela. nezikhwama olwandle; ukugcina umqondo wokongiwa kwemvelo emabhishi ethu kanye nogu.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile: