Phakathi kwamandla avuselelekayo abelokhu ethuthukisa amaphrojekthi wobunjiniyela isikhathi eside anemiphumela emihle kakhulu, sinawo Amandla Amanzi. Ngala mandla avuselelekayo, kuyenzeka ukuthola ugesi ngoba uvumela ukugcina amanzi amaningi ahlanzekile emachibini. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okuningi, uchungechunge lwe-Advantages and Disvantages of Hydraulic Energy luye lwanqunywa. Ngikumema ukuthi ufunde kabanzi kulesi sihloko se-Hydraulic Energy.
Amandla kaHydraulic
Njengoba negama layo likhomba, Amandla weHydraulic atholakala emanzini. Ukufeza lokhu, inani elikhulu lamanzi aphuma emifuleni ligcinwa kumadamu. Lamadamu akhiwe ezindaweni ezithile ezibizwa ngokuthi "Izigodi" lapho kudlula khona umfula ogeleza kakhulu amanzi. Lawa madamu noma amadamu akhiwe anezinhloso ezimbili.
Enye yalezi zinhloso ukuthi idamu noma ichibi lisebenze njengendawo yokuqoqa noma yokugcina amanzi amaningi aphuma emfuleni ngokugeleza okukhulu. Leli chibi elikhulu, ngenxa yokusebenza kwalo uhlelo oluvumela amanzi agciniwe ukuba awele endaweni ephakeme kakhulu yedamu. Uma amanzi ewa adlula kumaturbine ahlukene azungeza ngamandla amanzi awayo. Lokhu kuletha umphumela wokuthi ugesi ukhiqizwa ngokuwa kwamanzi aphendulela ama-turbines, ngenxa yalokhu abizwa nge-Hydraulic Energy.
Izinzuzo
Inzuzo yokuqala yalolu hlobo lwamandla olubizwa ngokuthi i-Hydraulic noma i-hydroelectric energy, ukuthi ingamandla avuselelekayo. Ibonakala ngenxa yokuthi itholakala ngokuwa kwamanzi endaweni ephakeme kakhulu kanye nokungqubuzana kwawo okubangela ukuthi izinjini zomoya zinyakaze futhi zikhiqize ugesi, lawa manzi akhiqizwa umjikelezo wemvelo wamanzi lapho ukuphefumula, ukuhwamuka kanye nemvula kwenzeka futhi, ngenxa yalesi sizathu. ingamandla akhiqizwa kakhulu yimvelo ngokuqhubekayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo akuholeli ekuncipheni kwensiza, nakuba izimo ezithile kufanele kuhlangatshezwane nazo.
Iyavuseleleka futhi ihlanzekile
Kungamandla avuselelekayo atholakala emjikelezweni wemvelo wamanzi afakwe emifuleni, futhi angamandla ahlanzekile. Kubizwa ngokuthi amandla ahlanzekile ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwawo akuphumeleli ekukhiqizeni imfucuza ngenkathi kuphehla ugesi. Lokhu kuvumela amandla ukuthi atholakale ngaphandle kokukhiqiza udoti ongokwenyama noma wamakhemikhali, noma ukukhulula amagesi abamba ukushisa.
Ukukhipha amandla okuzinzile
Lolu hlobo lwamandla avuselelekayo lubuye lube nenzuzo yokuthi lukhiqiza ugesi njalo. Uma uyiqhathanisa nokusetshenziswa kwamandla omoya namandla elanga ukuze kuphehlwe ugesi, kuzoqashelwa ukuthi ngezinsuku lapho umoya unganamandla kangako noma usuku luguqubele, ukukhiqizwa kukagesi kuyama. Lokhu akwenzeki ngokuphehlwa kukagesi ngamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi asetshenziswa ukukhiqiza ugesi aphuma emanzini emvula, futhi kufanele kuphawulwe ukuthi la manzi emvula abekade egcinwe ezizibeni. Ngakho-ke, uma idamu liphathwa kahle futhi linakekelwa kahle, uma kwenzeka ukuthi izulu lingani njalo ngezinye izinsuku, lokhu akulivimbeli ukuthi liqhubeke nokukhiqiza ugesi, ngoba amanzi anele agciniwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okuguquguqukayo
Njengoba nje ingamandla angashintshashintsha kakhulu ekukhiqizeni kwawo, ingaba amandla anokukhiqiza okuguquguqukayo nokuguquguqukayo. Ukufeza lokhu, ukugcinwa okuhle nokuphathwa okuhleliwe kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kulawulwe ukugeleza kwamanzi agcinwayo bese ewa kuma-turbines futhi, ngale ndlela, kuvumela ama-turbines ukuthi akhiqize amandla amaningi noma amancane kuye ngokuthi yini ekhona. sebenzisa. linganisela ukusebenzisa ngaso sonke isikhathi.
amandla aphephile
Ingamandla aphephe kakhulu, ngoba ayikhiqizi izinsalela ezingcolisayo ezingalimaza impilo noma kube izingozi ezingaba khona ngesikhathi sokuphehlwa kukagesi, njengoba kwenzeka ezikhungweni zamandla enuzi noma ama-reactors lapho ugesi ukhiqizwa khona, kodwa kumaminerali akhipha imisebe. . . Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-Hydro Power ingenye yemithombo yamandla ephephe kunazo zonke abaye basungula futhi ingasetshenziswa.
nebubi
Nakuba I-Hydraulic Energy inezinzuzo eziningi ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza kwayo, ukufakwa kwayo kanye nokwakhiwa kwamadamu kungaba nomthelela emvelweni kanye nezimo zenhlalo-mnotho ezindaweni lapho iphrojekthi yobukhulu obungaka ihlelwa noma yenziwa khona. Ngezansi kukhona ukungalungi.
Izimvula kanye nesomiso
Izinkathi zonyaka ezomile eziphawuliwe zingenye yezinto ezimbi kakhulu. Nakuba I-Hydraulic Energy ingamandla avuselelekayo, ukuphathwa kwempahla eluhlaza ukuze kukhiqizwe Amandla we-Hydraulic akuncikile kumuntu, ngoba kunobudlelwane obuqondile obuncike enkathini yemvula neyomile. Okwenzekayo, okungamandla anganikeza ukukhiqizwa kukagesi okuhle kakhulu ngezikhathi zemvula eningi futhi, akunjalo ngezikhathi zesomiso. Impumelelo kulezi zikhathi zesomiso izoncika ekuphathweni kahle kwamanzi agciniwe kanye nokuhlela ngendlela efanele ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla.
Indawo Yedamu
Ukukhethwa kwendawo ekahle yokuthuthukisa nokwakha idamu kubalulekile ukuze lisebenze ngendlela efanele. Ngokungafani nalokho okwenzekayo ngephrojekthi yokukhiqiza amandla kusuka kumandla elanga noma amandla omoya noma omoya. Ukukhetha indawo enhle yokwakha idamu le-hydraulic kuzovumela ukufakwa kwezitshalo eziningana zikagesi ngamanzi eduze komfula ofanayo, ezitholakala ezindaweni ezinobude obuhle ukuze impophoma ibe usizo.
Umthelela omubi kwezemvelo
Okunye okubi kakhulu okumele kubhekwe lapho kuhlaziywa Amandla Asemanzini ukuthi ukuba ngumthombo wamandla kagesi ahlanzekile navuselelekayo, lokhu kufezwa ngemva komthelela ongemuhle endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi endaweni ezungezile emifuleni. Ukuze kuqhutshwe iphrojekthi yokusebenzisa amandla asebenza ngamanzi, kufanele kwakhiwe isiteshi sokuphehla ugesi osebenzisa amanzi amaningi, kanye nedamu laso.
Kulokhu, ukugeleza kwemvelo komfula kuyanqanyulwa futhi ukufeza lokhu, imithombo yemvelo yendawo ekhethiwe kufanele ibe nomthelela omubi, njengalezi: izilwane, izitshalo, nazo zonke izingxenye zaleso simiso sezinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwakhiwa kwedamu kanye nesiteshi samandla kagesi osebenza ngamanzi anomphumela wokuguqulwa okuphelele kwe-ecosystem yasemhlabeni (yemvelo) ibe i-ecosystem yasemanzini (yokwenziwa). Ukuthi nakuba kuqinisekiswa iphrojekthi ezothuthukiswa kuleyo ndawo, izoba nomthelela omuhle ukuyifeza futhi imvelo ibe nomthelela omubi.
Ukutshalwa kwezimali okuphezulu kwezomnotho
Ububi obusha bomsebenzi wokusizakala nge-Hydraulic Energy ukuthi izindleko zayo zezomnotho zokuwenza ziphezulu kakhulu. Ukwakha izimboni zamandla kagesi osebenza ngaphansi komhlaba eduze kwamadamu, kufanele kubhekwe izindleko eziphakeme zezomnotho futhi kufanele kwenziwe uhlelo lokusebenzisa iminyaka eminingana. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi kufanele ihlelwe ngokusekelwe esikhathini esisithathayo kusukela ekuklanyweni kwayo kokuqala kuze kube yilapho iqala ukwenziwa futhi iqale ukusebenza. Nakuba izindleko zokutshalwa kwezimali ziphezulu uma isikhungo samandla kagesi i-Hydro Power sesiqala ukusebenza, amandla kagesi akhiqizwa ku-Hydro Power ashibhile.
Amandla kagesi emhlabeni
Ukukhiqizwa kwamandla kagesi avela ku-Hydraulic Energy, ngenxa yezinzuzo ezinkulu ezivezwayo, kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwawo emazweni ahlukene. Ngenxa yokuthi iwumthombo kagesi ovela kumandla avuselelekayo, cishe amazwe angama-67% emhlabeni wonke, ahlinzekwa ngogesi ovela kuwo. Lolu hlobo lwamandla luvumela ukuhambisana neSivumelwano saseParis, ukusiza ukwehlisa umthelela wokuguquka kwesimo sezulu. Kunezitshalo zamandla eziningana ezithakaselwayo emhlabeni, lezi yizi:
Imihosha emithathu eChina
Isikhungo sokuphehla ugesi se-Three Gorges sakhiwe e-Yichang esifundazweni sase-Hubei, e-China, namandla afakiwe angu-22.500MW. Liyidamu elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, lihlinzekwa ngamanzi avela emfuleni iYangtze, liphethwe umnikazi walo iThree Gorges Corporation ngenkampani engaphansi kwayo iChina Yangtze Power.
I-investimenti yokuthuthukisa iphrojekthi yayingama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-18.000 futhi yaqala ngo-1993 futhi yaqedwa ngo-2012. Ubude bedamu bungamamitha angu-181 ubude futhi ubude balo bungamamitha angu-2.335 ubude. Yaklanywa futhi yakhiwa njengengxenye yephrojekthi ye-Three Gorges, ehlanganisa imboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi enamaturbine angu-32 700 MW kanye namayunithi amabili akhiqiza ama-50 MW. Ngo-2014, yaqopha umlando ngokukhiqiza i-98,8 TWh. Lokhu kusho ukuthi iyakwazi ukuphakela ugesi ezifundazweni eziyisishiyagalolunye namadolobha amabili okuhlanganisa neShangai.
I-Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant eBrazil
Lesi sikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi sinokusebenza kahle okufakiwe okungu-14.000 15.000 MW. Sakhelwe eMfuleni iParaná, sabelana ngomngcele phakathi kweBrazil neParaguay, futhi siqhutshwa yinkampani ye-Itaipú Binacional. Cishe ama-euro ayizigidi eziyi-1975 atshalwe ekwakhiweni kwayo, kwaqala le phrojekthi ngo-1982 futhi yaphothula ukwakhiwa kwayo ngo-XNUMX.
Isizinda sikagesi i-Itaipu hydroelectric sikhiqiza cishe u-17,3% kagesi ofunekayo eBrazil kanye no-72,5% kagesi eParaguay. Lesi sikhungo sikagesi sakhiwe ngamayunithi akhiqizayo angama-20 anamandla angawodwana angama-700 MW. Ngonyaka wezi-2014, safinyelela ekukhiqizeni okufana nokwemihosha emithathu yaseChina, lapho sifinyelela ku-98,5 TWh. Ngakho-ke, sazibeka njengomholi womhlaba. mayelana nokukhiqizwa kwamandla.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi iXiluodu
Lesi sizinda sokuphehla ugesi iXiluodu sihlinzekwa ngamanzi omfula i-Jinsha, ongenela eMfuleni iYangtze endaweni yawo engenhla, emaphakathi nesifundazwe saseSichuan, iyidamu lesibili eChina kanti elesithathu elinamandla amakhulu kunawo wonke. Umhlaba. Ngo-2014, umthamo wayo ofakiwe wafinyelela ku-13.869 MW ngemva kokufaka izizukulwane ezimbili zokugcina zomoya. Iyingxenye yemiklamo eyenziwa yi-Three Gorges Project Corporation futhi yaklanywa futhi yakhiwa ukuze kukhiqizwe ugesi ongu-64 TWh ngonyaka, lapho ususebenza ngo-100%.
Ama-euro ayizigidi ezingu-5.500 atshalwe ekwakhiweni kwawo futhi ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-2.005, kwaqala ukusebenza ngoJulayi 2013. Ifakwe ama-generator angu-18 Francis turbine amandla angu-770 MW ngayinye futhi iqukethe i-generator epholile emoyeni ene-855,6 MVA okukhiphayo.
I-Guri hydroelectric plant eVenezuela
Imboni yokuphehla ugesi iGuri, eyaziwa nangokuthi iSimón Bolívar hydroelectric plant, ikleliswe endaweni yesine emhlabeni ngomthamo waso ofakiwe we-10.235 MW. Yakhelwe emfuleni iCaroní, osesifundeni saseBolívar eningizimu-mpumalanga yeVenezuela, umnikazi wayo kanye nomsebenzisi yinkampani i-Electrificación del Caroní CA (EDELCA).
Ukwakhiwa kwalesi sizinda sokuphehla ugesi wamanzi kwenziwa ngezigaba ezimbili, isigaba sokuqala saqala ngo-1963 saphela ngo-1978 futhi isigaba sesibili saqedwa ngo-1986. MW.
Ngo-2007 nango-2009, inkampani yakwa-Alstom yaqashwa umsebenzi wokulungisa amayunithi amane angu-400 MW kanye namayunithi amahlanu angu-630 MW, kwathi ngo-2007 inkampani yakwa-Andritz yaphinde yathola inkontileka yokuhlinzeka ngezinjini zophehla zomoya eziyi-770 MW zikaFrancis. Ngemva kokulungiswa kwemishini, indawo yokuphehla ugesi iGuri yakwazi ukufinyelela ugesi ongaphezu kuka-12.900 GW/h.
Isitshalo sikagesi saseTucuruí eBrazil
Lesi sikhungo sokukhiqiza ugesi saseTucuruí sakhiwe eMfuleni iTocantins, eTucuruí esifundazweni sasePará, eBrazil. Njengamanje ithatha indawo yesihlanu enkulukazi yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni ngenxa yokukhiqiza kwayo okungu-8.370 MW. Ukutshalwa kwezimali ukwenza iphrojekthi yokwakhiwa kwalesi sitshalo kwakuyi-euro eyizigidi ezingu-4.000, le phrojekthi yaqala ngo-1975 futhi yaphela ngo-1984, iqukethe amayunithi akhiqizayo angu-12 anamandla angu-330 MW ngalinye kanye namayunithi amabili asizayo angu-25MW.
Ngesikhathi kwakhiwa isigaba sesibili, esaqala ngo-1998 saze saphela ekupheleni kuka-2010, kwafakwa amayunithi angu-11 anamandla okuphehla ama-MW angama-370 ngalinye. Namuhla lesi sikhungo sihlinzeka ngogesi edolobheni laseBelém nasezindaweni ezizungezile. Izisetshenziswa zalesi siteji zahlinzekwa yi-Alstom consortium, GE Hydro, Inepar-Fem kanye ne-Odebrecht.
I-Grand Coulee Hydroelectric Power Plant e-United States
Isikhungo sokuphehla ugesi samanzi i-Grand Coulee esinamandla angu-6.809 MW sakhiwe ngezigaba ezintathu eMfuleni i-Columbia eWashington, e-United States, siyindawo yesithupha enkulu kunazo zonke yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa ngezigaba ezintathu futhi ukusebenza kwayo kwaqala ngo-1941, kwafinyelela umthamo wonyaka wokuphehla ugesi wama-24 TW. Yakhiwa kusukela ngonyaka we-1933, inezimboni ezintathu zikagesi kanye nedamu likakhonkolo lamandla adonsela phansi elinobude obungamamitha angu-168 namamitha angu-1.592 ubude.
Imishini yayo yaqala ukusebenza ngo-1950, inamaturbine angu-18 kaFrancis angu-125 MW afakiwe futhi inamayunithi amathathu engeziwe angu-10 MW. Ngo-1967, ukwakhiwa kwaqala esigabeni sesithathu futhi kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngokwenza amayunithi alo ayisithupha phakathi kuka-1975 no-1980, afakelwe izinjini zomoya ezintathu ezingama-805 MW nezinye ezintathu ezingama-600 MW.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi i-Xiangjiaba e-China
I-Xiangjiaba Power Plant iyisigaba sakamuva sokuthuthukiswa kwe-Cascade ezansi nomfula i-Jinsha e-Yibin County kanye nase-Shuifu County. Yakhiwe amakhilomitha angama-33 ukhuphuka nomfula usuka eYibin City kanye namakhilomitha angama-2,5 ukusuka esifundeni saseShuifu. Imishini yayo inama-turbines ayisishiyagalombili akwaFrancis, amane anamandla angama-812 MW namane ane-800 MW, enesamba esingu-6.448 MW samandla afakiwe, okukhiqiza amandla ngonyaka angama-30,7 TWh.
Lesi sitshalo sinendawo yokugcina engamamitha angama-380 kanye nendawo yokugcina engamamitha angama-370. Leli damu liwuhlobo lwemithetho yesikhashana futhi likwazi ukugcina isamba esingu-5 million cubic metres kanye nomthamo wokulawula wama-cubic metres ayizigidi ezingama-163. Ukuhlela ukwakhiwa kwalo msebenzi kwaqala ngo-903, kwathi ngo-2004 waqala umsebenzi ngokusemthethweni. Ngonyaka wezi-2006, iqembu lokuqala lama-turbines laqala ukusebenza, lesi sikhungo sokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi saqedwa ngo-2012.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi eLongtan eChina
Isizinda sikagesi i-Longtan Hydropower sakhiwe emfuleni i-Hogshui e-Tian'e, esifundeni sase-Guangxi e-China, futhi sinamandla okukhiqiza angu-6.300MW. Yakhiwe ngabakwaHydrochina Zhongnan Engineering kanti ukwakhiwa kwayo kwenziwa ngabakwaSinohydro, iphethwe yiLongtan Hydropower Development. Ifakwe amayunithi ayisishiyagalolunye akhiqiza i-700MW Francis. Ukwakhiwa kwayo kwaqala ngoMeyi 2007 futhi ukusebenza kwayo ngokugcwele kwaqala ngo-2009. Inamandla onyaka we-18,7 TWh. Ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalombili phakathi kwamadamu amakhulu emhlabeni.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi eSayano-Shushenskaya eRussia
Lesi sizinda samandla kagesi esisebenza ngamanzi i-Sayano-Shushenskaya siseMfuleni i-Yenisei e-Sayanogorsk e-Khakassia, eRussia, siyisikhungo sikagesi sesishiyagalolunye ngobukhulu emhlabeni. Inamandla angu-6.400MW futhi isetshenziswa yiRusHydro. Ukwakhiwa kwaqala ngo-1963 futhi kwaqedwa ngo-1978. Inamayunithi akhiqiza ama-Francis angu-10 anamandla angu-640 MW lilinye, okuholela ekukhiqizeni kuka-23,5 TWh wamandla ngonyaka.
Imboni yokuphehla ugesi i-Sayano-Shushenskaya inikezela ngo-70% wokukhiqiza amandla ngonyaka ezincibilikisweni ezine ze-aluminium eSiberia. Ngo-2009 lesi sikhungo esiphehla ugesi ngamanzi savalwa ngenxa yengozi eyalimaza uhlelo lwe-turbine. Ngo-2010, yaqala ukusebenza futhi, okwamanje ihloselwe ukufaka amayunithi amasha ayi-10 asebenza kahle ngama-96,6%.
Isiteshi samandla kagesi saseKrasnoyarsk eRussia
Isizinda samandla kagesi i-Krasnoyarsk sakhiwe emfuleni i-Yenisei, e-Divnogorsk eRussia, futhi sikleliswe endaweni ye-6.000 ngomthamo waso we-1956 MW wokukhiqiza ugesi. Yakhiwa ngo-1972 futhi yaqedwa ngo-124, ukwakhiwa kwayo kunedamu likakhonkolo elinobude obungamamitha angu-1.065 nobukhulu obungamamitha angu-12, lifakwe amayunithi akhiqiza angu-500 kaFrancis anamandla angu-18,4 MW lilinye. Isebenza yi-JSC Krasnoyarsk HPS. Ikhiqiza umthamo wonyaka we-XNUMX TWh.
Ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda ngemvelo emangalisayo futhi wazi ukuthi ungayinakekela kanjani imvelo, ngokuthunyelwe okulandelayo: