Ngezinye izikhathi kungase kucatshangwe ukuthi uma uhlelo luyinkimbinkimbi futhi luyinkimbinkimbi, luzohlala isikhathi eside futhi lungcono ukusebenza kwalo; Ezilwaneni lokhu kukhulunywa ngakho mayelana nezipontshi, maqondana nokuthi iyisidalwa esiphilayo esifeza umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwe-ecosystem enkulu yasemanzini, ewuhlaka olulula futhi eguquguqukayo phakathi nezinkulungwane zeminyaka.
Ziyini izipontshi?
Ezaziwa nangokuthi iziponji ( i-Porifera ), ziyiqembu lezilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihlala emanzini, ezingaphansi kwe-subkingdom Parazoa ehlukahlukene. Iningi lazo lihlala emanzini, alikwazi ukuhamba, futhi alinazo izicubu zangempela, kunalokho lithembele ohlelweni oluhlukile lwezimbobo, amakamelo, kanye nemisele ekhiqiza imisinga yamanzi edalwe yi-choanocytes.
Kunezinhlobo zeziponji ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, kanti eziyikhulu namashumi amahlanu kuphela zazo zihlala emanzini ahlanzekile. Izifundo zesayensi zembule imvelaphi yeziponji ngokutholakala kwezinsalela ( Hexactinellid ) kusukela esikhathini se-Ediacaran (Late Precambrian). Isikhathi esithile, zazibhekwa njengezitshalo, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokunganyakazi kwazo, kwaze kwaba yilapho ziqashelwa ngokufanele njengezilwane ngo-1765.
Azinazo izitho zokugaya, noma kunjalo, lokhu kuyi-intracellular. Kufanele kuqashelwe ngendlela ebalulekile ukuthi izipontshi ziyiqembu elingudadewabo lazo zonke ezinye izidalwa eziyingxenye yezilwane, ngaphezu kwalokho, zibhekwa njengezinhlobo zokuqala ezisuka esihlahleni sokuziphendukela kwemvelo zisuka kumuntu ophilayo wazo zonke izilwane. , okungenye yezindlela zokuphila ezilula, kodwa eziphumelelayo ngaphandle kokuba nesitho.
Izici Zezipontshi
Izipanji ziyizidalwa eziphilayo ezinezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezizenza zibe olunye lwezinhlobo eziyinqaba kodwa eziheha kakhulu. Ngaphakathi kwalolu hlelo lwemibono, kuqala ngokubonisa ukuthi amangqamuzana akha i-exoskeleton anamandla, okusho ukuthi angaguqulwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zezilwane, anezici ezithile ze-cellulose. Ngakho-ke, inhlangano yalezi akuzona izicubu (ezinezicubu) kodwa zihambisana nenhlangano yamaselula ngokuphelele.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukwakheka okujwayelekile kwezipontshi kufana nesikhwama, esinomgodi omkhulu phezulu, i-osculum, indawo lapho amanzi azungeza khona ephuma esipontshini, kanye nenani lezimbotshana ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene. etholakala ezindongeni, okuyilapho amanzi engena khona. Icala elihlukile lenzeka ngokudla, okukhiqizwa endaweni yangaphakathi yesilwane, okwakhiwa kuyo uhlobo olukhethekile nolunye uhlobo lwamaseli, ama-choanocyte.
Kule vidiyo elandelayo uzokwazi ukwazi umsuka wempilo yezipontshi:
Lawa maseli afana kakhulu ne-choanoflagellate protozoa, okubonisa ngokusobala ubudlelwano bawo obuseduze be-phylogenetic. Ama-Pompiferan, izilwane ezindala kakhulu ezineseli elilodwa, cishe abelana ngemvelaphi efanayo nama-choanoflagellates amakoloni, afana ngezindlela ezithile ne- Proterospongia kanye ne-Sphaeroeca ezisanda kutholakala.
Izipontshi azikwazi nhlobo ukunyakaza; abaningi abanalo isilinganiso esifanayo kuhlaka lwamathambo abo, okuholela ekubeni bangabi nasimo esichaziwe; kukhona uhlobo olukhula ngokungapheli kuze kube yilapho lushayisana nesinye isipontshi esikhulayo noma esinye isithiyo, ezinye ezizishumeka emadwaleni. Izinhlobo zingaba nezici ezihlukene ngenxa yemvelo lapho zitholakala khona ngokwendawo lapho zitholakala khona, ukuthambekela kwe-substrate, izindawo kanye nokutholakala kwamanzi.
Nokho, ucwaningo olunembe kakhudlwana luye lwathola ukuthi izipontshi ezithile zihamba ngaphansi kolwandle noma phansi lapho zisuka kwenye ingxenye ziye kwenye, kodwa kancane kakhulu, njengoba zihamba cishe amamilimitha amane (4) ngosuku. Eyikukhiphayo, empeleni, i-ammonia, kanye nokushintshisana kwegesi kwenzeka ngokunwetshwa okulula, ikakhulukazi nge-choanoderm, ingxenye ebalulekile yokwakheka kwesipontshi.
Akukhona nje kuphela ukuthi ukubukeka kungahluka, kodwa nemibala ingaba. Izitshalo ze-pomiferous ezitholakala ngaphansi kolwandle zinombala ongathathi hlangothi, onsundu noma ompunga, kuyilapho lezo ezitholakala eduze nendawo zinemibala egqama kakhulu, esukela kobomvu nokuphuzi kuya kokunsomi kanye nomnyama. Eziningi zazo ziyi-calcareous (ziqukethe i-lime), zinemibala emhlophe, kodwa zithatha umbala wezitshalo zasemanzini ezihlala ngaphakathi kwazo, okwenza i-symbiosis.
Lezo ezinombala onsomi ziqukethe izitshalo ezihambisanayo ezinemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka noluhlaza; noma kunjalo, ziphenduka zibe mhlophe ebumnyameni ngoba i-photosynthesis iyaphela. Ukuqina kweziponji nakho kungahluka, kusukela ekuqineni okubushelelezi, okumhlophe kuya ekubukekeni okuqinile, okufana nedwala lohlobo lwe- Petrosia . Ubuso bazo bungaba bushelelezi, bube bushelelezi, bube bukhali, noma bube nama-protuberance amaningi abizwa ngokuthi ama-conules.
Isikhathi sokuphila kweziponji akwaziwa, kodwa njengoba kulinganiselwa, izinhlobo ezincane, ezimboziwe zilinganiselwa cishe unyaka, bese ziyafa ngezikhathi zonyaka ezingalungelanga ukusinda kwazo. Kodwa-ke, izingcezu ezincane zesiponji esikhulu zingase ziqhubeke futhi zizalane, kuye ngesizini. Isiponji sokugeza esaziwayo ( iHippospongia ), isibonelo, sifinyelela usayizi omkhulu ngemva kweminyaka eyisikhombisa yokukhula futhi singaphila iminyaka efinyelela kwengamashumi amabili.
Amaqembu ayisisekelo ezipontshi
Kuvele ukuthi iziponji zasolwandle bezilokhu zishintsha cishe iminyaka eyizigidi ezingamakhulu amahlanu, futhi njengamanje kunezinhlobo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu ezaziwayo nezihlukaniswe ngezigaba, kodwa kusakholelwa ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-5.000 ezisazotholakala. Iningi leziponji lihlala olwandle oluvulekile, futhi umndeni wakwaSpongillidae kuphela ohlala emanzini ahlanzekile, njengemifula namachibi.
Isigaba sokuqala okwenziwa ezinye izazi zemvelo kuma-pomiferas kwakungokwezitshalo zasemanzini, njengoba zingenazo izitho futhi azinyakazi nhlobo, njengoba nje nezinye izilwane zinyakaza, kodwa ucwaningo lwakamuva lwamangqamuzana luveza ukuthi zombili lezi zilwane Njengezipontshi, ziyakwazi ukunyakaza. zashintsha futhi zazibumba zibe imiklamo yazo ehlukene, zidweba ephethinini yamadlozi afanayo. Kusukela kulokhu kuzimisela, bangahlukaniswa ngamakilasi ahlukahlukene, alandelayo asebenzayo:
I-Class Calcarea (Iziponji ze-Current - calcareous): Lawa angama-corpuscle anemisebe eyodwa kuya kwemine, akhiwe yi-calcium carbonate ecwebezelayo ehlelwe njenge-calcite. Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zenhlangano zikhona kulesi sigaba, futhi ngokuvamile zitholakala emanzini angajulile asogwini anezibani eziningi.
I-Class Hexactinellida (iziponji zeglasi ze-Vigente): Ama-corpuscle e-Siliceous, akhiwe yi-silicon dioxide enamanzi, anemisebe ephakathi kwemithathu neyisithupha, futhi ngokuvamile atholakala emanzini ajulile, aphakathi kwamamitha angu-450 namakhulu ayisishiyagalolunye, kanye nokukhanya okuphakathi.
I-Class Demospongiae (Current – demosponges): Ama-corpuscle e-siliceous, akhiwe yi-silicon dioxide emanzi, anemisebe engaphezu kweyisithupha, engathathelwa indawo yiqoqo lemicu ehlelwe ngendlela efana ne-mesh. Anenhlangano yamaseli e-leuconoid futhi angahlala kunoma yikuphi ukujula.
I-Archaeocyatha (Engasekho): Lokhu kubhekisela eqenjini elisekhona manje elingaziwa elivela ezilwaneni ezihlala emanzini, ezingazange ziphile isikhathi eside ngaphakathi kwesimiso semvelo sasolwandle. Zazikhona eMhlabeni eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingu-50 edlule, ngesikhathi seCambrian. Kukholakala ukuthi zazihlala emanzini ajulile.
I-Sclerospongiae (Echithiwe): Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwaqhubeka kwaze kwaba ngawo-90. Ngaphakathi kwaleli qembu kwakukhona iziponji ezakha i-calcite matrix eqinile, efana nedwala, eyaziwa ngaleso sikhathi ngokuthi iziponji ze-coralline. Izinhlobo zeziponji eziyishumi nanhlanu ezaziwayo zahlukaniswa kabusha zaba yizigaba i-Calcarea kanye ne-Demospongiae.
Incazelo ye-anatomical yezipontshi
Njengazo zonke izilwane, lolu hlobo lunohlelo oluthile lwe-anatomical olumahhadla. Okulandelayo sizochaza ngokujulile ukuthi kunjani.
iphinikhodi
Ngaphandle, iziponji zivikelwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya ze-pseudoepithelial ezinobukhulu obuhlukahlukene, ezibizwa ngokuthi ama-pinacocytes; azakhi i-epithelium yangempela, njengoba zingenayo i-basal lamina. Leli qembu lezinhlayiya lakha i-pinacoderm ( ectosome ), ehlobene ne-epidermis yezinhlobo ze-eumetazoan, njengoba idlula ezimbotsheni eziningana ezingaphezulu, ngayinye egcwele izinhlayiya ezibizwa ngokuthi i-porocyte; lezi zinhlayiya zingena ngaphakathi uma zikhangwa amanzi.
I-Choanoderm
Isikhala sangaphakathi sesipontshi simbozwe amangqamuzana amaningi anefulegi, ahlanganiswe ndawonye, akha i-choanoderm. Ukuvulwa okuyinhloko okuphakathi yi-atrium, lapho amangqamuzana agqamile akhiqiza ukugudluzwa kwamanzi, okubalulekile ekudleni. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaba wugqinsi njengeseli ye-asconoid, futhi zingagoqa, njengamaseli e-syconoid, bese ngokulandelayo, zihlukanise ukuze zenze amaqoqo ezikhala ezakhiwe ama-choanocyte azimele.
amehlo
Ngaphansi kwalezi zimbozo ezimbili kukhona indawo ehlelekile yokuvumelana okuthambile, lapho kukhona khona i-mesophyll, lapho kutholakala khona imicu yokusekela, ama-skeletal corpuscles kanye nenani elingapheli lamangqamuzana e-amoeboid esisindo esibalulekile kulokho okuhambisana nokugaya, ukukhuphuka kwamathambo. Ukucaciswa kwama-gametes kanye nokuhlanganisa imisoco nemfucuza. Izingxenye ze-mesohyl zingaphakathi.
i-exoskeleton
Ngaphakathi kwe-mesohyl kunemicu ye-collagen engenakubalwa eguquguqukayo, ehlanganisa ingxenye yamaprotheni yohlaka lwamathambo kanye ne-siliceous (i-hydrated silicon dioxide) noma i-calcareous (calcium carbonate) corpuscles, konke ngokwezigaba ezitholakala kuzo, ziyingxenye ebalulekile yamaminerali, njengoba zinikeza ukuqina. Amandla nokuqina kwalolu donga kungase kuhluke kuye ngokuthi inani lamaprotheni noma amaminerali.
Izintambo ze-Collagen zivame ukuba nezimo ezimbili eziyingqayizivele, eyodwa ibe imicu exekethile, emincane futhi enye imicu yesiponji, ewugqinsi. Zombili zibekwe ohlakeni, ziwela omunye nomunye kanye nama-corpuscles futhi, zikwazi ukuvala izinhlamvu zesihlabathi kanye nezingxenye ze-sediments ezishiywe ama-spicules, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi i-siliceous noma i-calcareous.
I-calcareous corpuscles inokuhlukahluka okuncane ekubunjweni kwayo, okuphambene nakho kuyisimo se-siliceous spicules, ehlukene kokubili ngobukhulu bawo kanye nokuhleleka kwayo, akwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-megascleras (okungaphezu kuka-100 μm) kusuka kuma-microscleras (ngaphansi 100 mm). Ngezikhathi ezithile, kokubili ama-spicule kanye nemicu ayibekwa ngokungahleliwe, kodwa kunalokho inohlelo oluthile.
Izinhlobo Zezinhlayiya Ezibalulekile
Ngokombono ovamile, izipantshi azinazo izicubu noma izitho zazo, okungamela ubunzima obukhulu kunoma yisiphi isilwane ukuba sibe khona futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, nemisebenzi ehlukene okufanele yenziwe ngaphakathi kuzo. Kuma-pomifera lokhu akumeleli inkinga, ngoba enziwa amafomu amaseli ahlukene, angashintshana ngolwazi.
Lokhu kuchazwa ngokuthi:
Ama-Pinacocyte : Lezi zinhlayiya zakha isembozo sangaphandle sengxenye enkulu yeziponji. Ziyakwazi ukuvikela, kanye ne-phagocytosis noma ukugaya ukudla.
Ama-Basopinacocytes : Lawa amaseli akhethekile, atholakala phansi kwesiponji, akhipha imicu evumela isiponji ukuthi sizifake ku-substrate.
Ama-Porocyte : Lawa ama-particle ayindilinga e-pinacoderm, anomgodi ophakathi ongalawulwa, ovumela ukudlula kwamanzi amaningi noma amancane angene ngaphakathi. Ama-sponge ane-calcareous kuphela anawo.
Ama-Choanocyte : Lawa empeleni angamaseli amaningi kakhulu eziponji. Ane-filament ende, ephakathi, enyakazayo eyakhiwe umqhele noma ikhola elilodwa noma eliphindwe kabili, enezinwele ezincane ezihlanganiswe yimizimba efana nentambo ye-mucous eyakha inethiwekhi. I-flagella, eqondiswe ezikhaleni zangaphakathi ezivumela ukuhamba kweseli, ikhiqiza imisinga yamanzi ehamba ngendlela ethile kodwa ngezikhathi eziguquguqukayo.
Buka idokhumentari elandelayo yevidiyo mayelana nezipontshi:
Ama-Cholecyst nama-Lophocyte : Izinhlayiya ze-Mesohyal ezikhiqiza imicu ye-collagen ehlelwe ngokungahleliwe, ehlangana ukuze yakhe ukwesekwa ku-mesohyl, okusiza kokubili ukuthuthwa kwamanye amaseli kanye nokuzala.
Ama-Spongiocytes : Izinhlayiya eziqukethwe ku-mesohyl, ezikhiqiza imicu ye-collagen ejiyile, ebizwa nangokuthi imicu ye-spongin, umsebenzi wayo ukuba ukusekela okuyinhloko komzimba wama-pomiferan ahlukahlukene, ngokwesakhiwo sawo.
Ama-Sclerocyte : Amaseli ahilelekile ekwakhekeni kwama-corpuscle e-calcareous kanye ne-siliceous, ahlukana uma ukukhishwa kwama-spicule sekuqediwe. Aphinde athinte izimo ezahlukahlukene la ma-corpuscle angaba nazo.
Ama-Myocyte : Izinhlayiya ezincibilikayo ezitholakala ku-mesohyl, ezizungeze i-osculum kanye nezikhala ezinkulu. I-cytoplasm yazo iqukethe ama-microtubules amaningi kanye nama-microfilaments. Lawa ma-microorganism awaphenduli ngokushesha, antula amandla kagesi okulawula impendulo yawo, njengoba engenazo izinzwa noma amaseli ezinzwa.
Ama-Archaeocytes : Izinhlayiya ze-Mesohydric ezinamandla okuguquka zibe yinoma yiluphi uhlobo lweseli. Zidlala indima ebalulekile enqubweni yokugaya ukudla, lapho amangqamuzana agaywa yi-choanocytes, esebenza njengendlela yokukhipha nokuthutha eziponji. Ziyisisekelo sokuzala okungenabo ubulili.
Amaseli e-spherule . Enza imisebenzi ohlelweni lokukhipha amanzi futhi aqongelela izinhlamvu ezincane ezikhipha ukukhanya bese ziwaxosha emseleni ojikelezayo.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezipontshi ngokuya ngomthamo wazo wokuhlunga
Ngokusho kwenhlangano yabo kanye namandla abo okuhlunga, izipontshi zihlelwe zibe amazinga amathathu, okuvumela ukwanda okukhulu ebusweni be-choanoderm, futhi kancane kancane, futhi kwandisa ukusebenza kahle kokuhlunga, ukusuka kokulula kuya kokuyinkimbinkimbi, okumelela. isici esibalulekile hhayi kuphela ekuphakeleni kodwa nasekuvuselelweni nasekuzalweni kwayo. Lezi izi:
I-Asconoid : Ama-Tubular pomiferan anemisebe emincane, engaphansi kwamasentimitha ayishumi ubude, enesikhala esiphakathi esibizwa ngokuthi i-spongocoel noma i-atrium. Ukuhamba kwe-choanocyte filaments kuvumela amanzi ukuthi angene kulesi sikhala ngama-pores agijima odongeni lonke lomzimba. Ama-choanocyte amboze izinhlayiya ze-spongocoel trap ezitholakala emanzini.
I-Syconoid : Lezi zinesimo se-radial, esifana ne-asconoid. Udonga lomzimba lujiyile futhi luyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunakwi-asconoid; i-choanoderm nayo yakha ingxenye yolwelwesi lwesikhala se-atrial. Zinezimbobo eziyisilinda, izindawo ezimbozwe ngama-choanocytes anwebeka abe yi-spongiocoel ngembobo ebizwa ngokuthi i-apopyle. Amanzi angena ngama-pores amaningi aphezulu ngama-prosopyles.
I-Leuconoid : Lolu hlobo lwesiponji, olunenhlangano ye-leuconoid, alunazo izimbobo eziyindilinga ezilinganayo, kodwa lunemisele emincane ye-atrial kanye nenani elikhulu lezikhala ezidlidlizayo, izindawo eziyindilinga ezimbozwe ama-choanocytes amahhala aneziqondiso ezahlukene, atholakala ku-mesohyl, yize enokuxhumana phakathi kwawo, kokubili nendawo engaphandle kanye ne-osculum yiqembu lemisele, evumela imisebenzi yokuphefumula, kulokhu, ukuhlunga.
Zidla kanjani izipontshi?
Ekuqaleni kwaleli phuzu elithakazelisayo, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi izipontshi azinawo umlomo kanye nesistimu yokugaya ukudla, zihluke kulo lonke iqembu le-metazoan, ngoba zincike ekugayweni okuthakazelisayo kwe-intracellular, okuvumela i-phagocytosis ne-pinocytosis ukuba kube izindlela ezisetshenziswayo. ukuze ukwazi ukudla ukudla. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, abanawo amangqamuzana ezinzwa, bayizilwane ezingenawo isimiso sezinzwa.
I-Porifera idlula amanzi ezindaweni ezivulekile ukuze zithole ukudla futhi iqoqe umoya-mpilo omningi ngangokunokwenzeka. Ngokwazi ukuthi izipontshi azinaso isisu, amangqamuzana akhethekile anomthwalo wemfanelo wokondla lezi zidalwa eziphilayo. Izinhlayiya zaziwa ngokuthi ama-choanocyte kanye nama-archaeocyte, lapho ezokuqala zinesibopho sokucupha konke ukudla futhi lokhu okukugcina kukugaye ngaphakathi.
Uma siqhathanisa ngokunesizotha ukudla kwezipontshi nokomuntu, kunenzuzo enkulu kweyokuqala ngoba eyokuqala okukhulunywe ngayo ngenhla yayinenani elikhulu lemilomo emincane noma encishisiwe phakathi nobude bomlomo wazo. indlela. Ngala mashaneli noma ama-pores, amanzi angena futhi ayiswe emkhatsini noma endaweni ephakathi, bese exoshwa ngembobo engaphezulu.
Ukuze ufingqe inqubo, ifushaniswa kanje: amanzi, anenani elikhulu lezinhlayiya, ahlungwa esipontshini ngokusebenzisa ama-pores. Ngaleso sikhathi, izinhlayiya ezinkulu (phakathi kuka-0.5 μm - 50 μm ububanzi) ziyagaywa. Ngamanye amazwi, kunamangqamuzana akhethekile amunca futhi adle lezi zinhlayiya, futhi amanzi anezinhlayiya ezincane adlulela emgodini ongaphakathi we-porifera, lapho nawo agaywe khona, enze ingxenye yenqubo enembile.
Izipontshi zihlala zivumela ukudlula kwamanzi njalo kuzo futhi, izinhlobo eziningana ezinkulu zalezi, ziyakwazi ukuhlunga inani elingaphezu kwamalitha ayinkulungwane amanzi ngosuku; Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi lesi sidalwa esiphilayo asincikile ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ukuze sikwazi ukuzondla futhi sikwazi ukuba khona olwandle, ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ezinohlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukwazi mayelana nokuzala izipontshi
Manje, mhlawumbe uyazibuza ukuthi izipontshi zizalana kanjani. Kulesi sigaba siyakuphendula:
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
Njengoba kunamakhono amangalisayo amangqamuzana azo, zonke iziponji zingazalana ngaphandle kobulili kusukela ezingcezwini. Iziponji eziningi zikhiqiza amahlumela, amaqhubu amancane afana namaqhubu kubantu, angahlukana futhi, kwezinye izimo, aqukethe izakhamzimba ezibalulekile. Ezinye izinhlobo zamanzi ahlanzekile (ezaziwa ngokuthi i- Spongillidae ) zikhiqiza ama-embryo ayinkimbinkimbi, afana nezimbulunga ezinama-archaeocytes.
Mayelana nalokhu, banezingqimba zokuzivikela, enye yazo ewugqinsi, eyenziwe nge-collagen esekelwa ama-amphidisc-type corpuscles, avame ukumelana kakhulu noshintsho olukhulu lokushisa nendawo ezungezile, njengezikhathi zesomiso nobusika ( angakwazi ukumelana nokushisa nobusika. kuze kufike ku-10 ° C). Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana zasolwandle zikhiqiza lolu hlobo lwamatshe ayigugu, kodwa olulula, olubizwa ngokuthi i-soritos.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Ngokungangabazeki, izipanji azinaso isimiso sokuzala sangaphakathi noma sangaphandle, kodwa lokho akuvimbi izinhlobo ezithile zokuzalanisa ngokobulili. Ama-Gamete kanye nemibungu atholakala ku-mesohyl. Iqembu elikhulu lama-porifera angama-hermaphrodite, nokho, alinayo iphethini emisiwe, efinyelela iphuzu lapho, ohlotsheni olufanayo, amaqembu ahlukene ezinhlobo ze-hermaphrodite angahlala ndawonye nabantu be-dioecious. Ngalo mqondo, ukuvundiswa kuhlangene kakhulu.
Amangqamuzana esidoda avela kuma-choanocyte, lapho yonke indawo ithinteka yi-spermatogenesis futhi yakhe iqhubu lesidoda. Ama-ovules, aqala kusuka kuma-choanocyte noma ama-archaeocyte, azungezwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya zokudla noma ama-trophocyte. Ama-gamete abesilisa nama-ovules ajikijelwa ngaphandle ngokusebenzisa imisinga yamanzi; kule ngxenye, ukuvundiswa kwenziwa, okubangela izibungu ze-planktonic.
Kwezinye izinhlobo zezipontshi, isidoda sithinta imvelo yasemanzini yezinye izidalwa ezinama-poriferous lapho zigaywa khona ngama-choanocyte; khona-ke, lezi zingxenye ziyahlukana, ukuze kamuva ziguquke zibe amangqamuzana e-amoeboid, abizwa ngokuthi ama-phorocyte, aholela i-gamete yesilisa ku-ovule engakwazi ukuvundisa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela, izibungu zikhishwa imisinga yamanzi, kuze kube yilapho umjikelezo usuphelile.
Ngaphansi kwezici ezishiwo ngenhla, izinhlobo ezine ezibalulekile zezibungu ezibalulekile zezipontshi zingachazwa kafushane phakathi nomjikelezo wokuzala wocansi:
I-Parenchymula : Lokhu kubhekisela ku-larva encane, enezingqimba zezinhlayiya ze-monoflagellate ngaphandle kanye neqembu elikhulu lamaseli afana kakhulu nama-archaeocytes, atholakala ngaphakathi.
I-Coeloblastula : Lokhu kufana ne-larva elula impela, futhi eyakhiwe ungqimba lwezinhlayiya ze-monoflagellate, ezimboza isikhala esikhulu sangaphakathi.
I-Stomoblastula : Lesi sakhiwo sakhiwe yi-coeloblastulae, uphawu lweziponji ezifukamela amaqanda avundisiwe ku-mesohyl yazo. Ivame ukuba lula impela, kodwa iqukethe amanye amangqamuzana amakhulu ( ama-macromere ) akha isikhala esivulekile, esixhumanisa nesikhala sangaphakathi. Sidlula enkambisweni ebalulekile, ebhekwa njengephambene nalokho, lapho izinhlayiya zangaphakathi ezifakwe i-flagellate ziba ngaphandle.
I-Amphiblastula : Lokhu kungumkhiqizo wenqubo ephambene eyenzeka ku-stomoblastula. Yakhiwa yi-hemisphere eyodwa eyakhiwe ngamaseli amakhulu, angenawo ama-flagellate ( ama-macromere ), kanti enye yizinhlayiya ezincane, ezine-monoflagellate ( ama-micromere ). Lesi sibungu siyakhishwa futhi sinamathele esisekelweni ngokusebenzisa ama-micromere; lawa ahlangana ukuze akhe ivolumu yezinhlayiya ezine-flagellate, ama-macromere akha i-pinacoderm, bese enwebeka abe yi-osculum.
Ukubuyela kulokhu okungenhla, lapho kuvulwa, isiponji esincane se-leuconoid sikhiqizwa, eyaziwa ngokuthi i-olynthus. Isibungu kufanele sifune ukwehla isikhathi esithile, okungaba izinsuku ezimbalwa noma amahora ambalwa, ukuze sithole indawo efanelekayo lapho singabekwa khona. Ngemva kokuyijoyina, isibungu sishintsha sibe i-poriferous encane, okwenza kube noshintsho oluphelele esakhiweni saso, kanye ne-exoskeleton yayo.
Buka ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwezipontshi kuvidiyo:
Isikhathi esifanele sokuzala ngokocansi sincike kakhulu ekushiseni kwamanzi. Ezindaweni ezinamazinga okushisa aseduze, zivuthwa phakathi kwentwasahlobo nekwindla, futhi kwezinye izimo ezingavamile, zithola izikhathi ezimbili zokuzala, esisodwa ngesizini ngayinye. Isikhathi sokuzala singahluka kwezinye izinhlobo, njengeCliona , iTethya , neScypha , futhi singenzeka nganoma yisiphi isikhathi sonyaka.
Indawo Yezipontshi
Ngaphansi kwesakhiwo somzimba wabo (iziteshi ezivumela amanzi ukuba ahlunge), izipanji zitholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo yamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ihlanzekile noma isolwandle, izibeka eduze kwe-substrate eqinile, noma kunjalo, izinhlobo ezithile zinganamathela ezisekelweni ezithambile ezifana inhlabathi enodaka noma eyimbudumbudu. Izipontshi eziningi zikhetha ukuchayeka ekukhanyeni okuncane noma zingabikho nhlobo; Zidla ikakhulukazi izinhlayiya eziphilayo ezinosayizi we-microscopic ezimisiwe.
Lezi zinhlobo ziyakwazi futhi ukudla amagciwane, ama-dinoflagellate compounds kanye ne-microscopic plankton. Amandla ayo okuhlunga ayamangalisa; i-leuconoid pomiferan engamasentimitha ayishumi ukuphakama kanye nesentimitha elilodwa ububanzi iqukethe cishe izikhala ze-flagelate eziyizigidi ezimbili namakhulu amabili namashumi amahlanu futhi ivumela ukudlula kwamalitha angamashumi amabili nambili nesigamu amanzi ngosuku.
Naphezu kokuhleleka kwazo okulula, izipantshi zikhuthaza umthelela omuhle endaweni ezungezile; Lezi zilwane zikwazi ukubusa inani elikhulu lezindawo zasolwandle ezinodaka futhi zingamelana nokungcola ngenxa yegesi, uwoyela, amaminerali aqinile nemikhiqizo yamakhemikhali kahle, ziqoqa lezi zinto ezingcolile ngamaqembu amakhulu ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo noma uthando.
Amanye ama-Pomiferan anama-symbionts e-photosynthetic, njenge-cyanobacteria, i-zooxanthellae, i-diatoms, i-zoochlorella, noma mhlawumbe amagciwane alula. Ahlala ekhulula ama-symbionts kanye nezinhlayiya eziphilayo, akhiqiza izinto zokuhleleka kwamafinyila ngesikhathi esinqunyiwe. Kwezinye izipontshi, ama-symbionts, ngokwezibalo, angamela kufika ku-38% wevolumu yemizimba yazo.
Iqiniso liwukuthi iqembu lezilwane ezidla izipontshi lincane kakhulu, futhi lokhu ngenxa ye-exoskeleton yabo ye-corpuscles kanye nobuthi bayo obuphezulu, lapho kukhona khona ama-opisthobranch molluscs ambalwa, ama-echinoderms nezinhlanzi. Ngezikhathi ezithile, ziyizilwane ezigcina isikhathi eziye zakwazi ukugaya i-pomiferous, futhi zizingela uhlobo olucacile lwesipontshi.
Konke lokhu kuqukethe izinhlobonhlobo ezihlaba umxhwele zezinto ezinobuthi kanye nama-antibiotic asetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukuthi zingazingelwa noma zingadli endaweni engaphansi lapho zihlala khona. Izinto ezithile noma izinhlanganisela ezitholakala ezipontshini ziwusizo ngokwemithi, zinemisebenzi yenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastrointestinal, kanye ne-antitumor, phakathi kokunye, engaphansi kokuhlaziywa okujulile, esingabala phakathi kwazo ama-arabinosides nama-terpenoids.
Okujwayelekile ngalolu hlobo ukuthi zihlala futhi zikhule ezindaweni ezinamatshe noma eziqinile, ezinye ziyakwazi ukunamathela endaweni ethambile njengesihlabathi, udaka noma imfucumfucu ezungezile; olunye lwezinhlobo ezingavamile zezipontshi yilezo ezitholakala esimweni esixekethile. Izilwane ezihlukahlukene ezingenamgogodla nezinhlanzi zizisebenzisa njengesiphephelo ngenxa yemigodi yazo nezikhala zangaphakathi, nakuba kukhona nama-gastropods nama-bivalves afakwe emagobolondweni azo, kanye nezinkalankala ezihlukahlukene. Inikeza izinzuzo kukho kokubili.
Izipontshi zizala kabusha kanjani?
Lezi zilwane zasemanzini zinekhono elimangalisayo lokuvuselela kokubili izingxenye ezilimele nezilahlekile, kanye nokuzibuyisela ngokugcwele kumuntu omdala, ziqala ngezingxenye ezincane noma izinhlayiya ngazinye. Amaseli anezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokuzihlukanisa, kungaba ngemishini noma ngezinqubo ezithile zamakhemikhali.
Lawa maseli ayakwazi umnyakazo lapho efuduka futhi abe ingxenye yama-aggregate asebenzayo lapho ama-archaeocyte adlala indima ebalulekile. Ukuze izingcezu ezincane zamaseli zandise ubukhulu bazo, kufanele zikwazi ukuhlanganisa indawo lapho zikhulisa khona umthamo wazo lapho zicaba, zibe ungqimba lwama-pinacocyte, olubizwa ngokuthi amadayimane, nasezikhaleni lapho kutholakala khona ama-choanocyte, kanjalo. njengohlelo lwesiteshi, isipontshi esisha esisebenzayo siyakhiqizwa.
Ukuzalwa kabusha akunakuqhathaniswa nenqubo yokuzalana ngokobulili, njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene zamangqamuzana ahlukanisiwe zibamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwesipontshi okukhulunywa ngaso, ukuzihlela nokuzakha kabusha, esikhundleni sokuzihlukanisa ngaphambi kwezinhlobo zamangqamuzana akudala. Inqubo yokuvuselela ama-pomiferas inokubaluleka okukhulu kwesayensi ngokwenqubo ye-intracellular eyenzeka ngaphakathi kwayo, ukunamathela, ukuhleleka, kanye nokunyakaza kanye nezakhiwo zayo.
Ubudlelwano beSponge nomuntu
Izipanji zakha iqembu lokhokho lezilwane eziphilayo. Maqondana nezinsalela ezitholakele futhi zahlaziywa, bezilokhu zikhona eMhlabeni kusukela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingamakhulu amahlanu namashumi amane edlule, eduze nomngcele we-Precambrian-Cambrian, lapho nje isikhathi sezilwane ze-Ediacaran sesiya ekupheleni, ukuzimisela okwanikeza ukwahlulela okusha. kulolu hlobo ngaphakathi komphakathi wesayensi.
Ukuhlaziywa okuqhubekayo kubonisa ukuthi izakhamuzi zokuqala zaseMedithera kakade zasebenzisa isipontshi sokugeza esidume kakhulu; kukholakala ukuthi impucuko yokuqala eyayisebenzisa cishe kwakungabantu baseGibhithe. Isazi sefilosofi esingumGreki esikhulu, u-Aristotle, sasazi ngokuba khona kwezipontshi futhi sachaza indlela ezazingakhula ngayo kalula. Amasosha amaRoma ayesebenzisa izipontshi esikhundleni sezinkomishi zensimbi ukuze aphuze uketshezi, kodwa ayevame ukuphuza amanzi amaningi phakathi nemishini yezempi, futhi ukudoba isipontshi kwakungenye yezindlela zemidlalo yama-Olympic yasendulo.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlobo eziningana emndenini weziponji bezisetshenziswa yimiphakathi namasiko amaningi esikhathini esidlule ngemibhalo yazo engavamile ethambile nethambile yamathambo, njengezinhlobo zesigaba seDemospongia , ukubala ezimbalwa, ezinye ziyiSpongia officinalis , Spongia Zimocca , Spongia Graminea kanye neHippospongia Communis , ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlanza izinto zasekhaya.
Ngesikhathi impucuko yamaGreki namaRoma isisezingeni eliphezulu, yayisetshenziselwa ukubeka upende, njengezinto zokuhlanza phansi, ngisho nezingilazi zamasosha okuphuza uketshezi. Manje, sikhuluma ngeNkathi Ephakathi, kubhalwe ukuthi isipontshi sasisetshenziswa njengethuluzi lokwelapha ukwelapha amasosha nobukhosi, njengomthombo ezimeni ezihlukahlukene kanye nezifo.
Namuhla, ukusetshenziswa kwezipontshi kubanzi kakhulu: zingasetshenziswa kwezobuciko nakwezentengiselwano ezihlukahlukene ezifana nomhlobiso, ubucwebe, ukudweba, izitsha zobumba kanye nemithi yokuhlinza, lapho wenza umsebenzi. Kuwo wonke amakhaya kukhona isipontshi, nakuba okwamanje izipontshi zemvelo sezithathelwe indawo yi-poriferous ekhiqizwayo neyokwenziwa, lokhu kunomthelela omuhle endaweni ezungezile.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi, iziponji ezigezwa ogwini eNyakatho ye-Atlantic zisetshenziswa njengomanyolo onamandla wezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo enkulu kakhulu kanye nezomnotho yalo mthombo iseziponjini zokugeza, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo ze -Spongia ne -Hippospongia , ezi-exoskeleton yazo iqinile futhi iyanwebeka.
Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuthi, isikhathi eside, imakethe enkulu yezipontshi igxile emazweni aseMpumalanga yeMedithera, eGulf of Mexico, iqhubekela eCaribbean, enyakatho ye-latitude ibheke ogwini lwe-American Atlantic futhi. ogwini lwaseJapane. Esifundazweni saseFlorida (e-United States) ngaphambili kwakunemboni yokukhiqiza ebaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni, ngokweqiniso lokuthi, phakathi neshumi lesine nelesihlanu lekhulu lama-XNUMX, ukudoba okungalawuleki nezifo ezihlukahlukene kwanciphisa kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezipontshi.
Ingozi yokuphila kwezipontshi
Njengoba sazi ukuthi izipontshi zibalulekile kuyo yonke indawo ezungezile nesimiso sezinto eziphilayo, akukakakwazi ukuhlola ubungozi bokuphila kwazo emhlabeni wonke, okwamanje. Kuchazwa ukuthi iningi le-porifera alibonakali lisengozini emhlabeni jikelele, njengoba abanye besho. Kodwa-ke, alikho inani elikhulu lolwazi ngenani elikhulu lezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nokwaziswa okwengeziwe okudingeka kuqoqwe futhi kuhlaziywe, kutholwe ngaphansi kocwaningo oluqinile mayelana nesigameko sokucindezela kwe-anthropogenic.
