Substrates for Plants
Okokuqala, zingachazwa njengenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezitshalweni ezibamba ukushisa, njengoba zisiza izitshalo ukulawula amanzi futhi zinikeze okuthile ukuze izimpande zibambe kukho ukuze isitshalo sizinze. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yobuningi bezinhlobonhlobo zalesi sici, ukukhetha inketho engcono kakhulu engadini kungaba inselele impela.
Ukuqonda ukwakheka kwazo, imisebenzi, nokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe kungenza inqubo yokukhetha ibe lula. Iyini imisebenzi yama-substrates? Ama-substrates ezitshalo asetshenziselwa ukugcina amanzi nemisoco, ayindawo yokushintshana kwegesi nezakhi, futhi asebenza njengezikhonkwane zesistimu yezimpande zesitshalo.
Lezi zimfanelo ezibonakalayo lesi sakhi esibalulekile esinazo kuzo zonke izitshalo zichazwa yizingxenye ezisetshenziswayo kanye nokuba khona kwazo entweni esetshenziswayo. Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi kuyadingeka ukukhumbula ukuthi lezi zimfanelo eziwumphumela azihambisani nokuhlanganiswa okuphelele kwezithako. Ngezansi, sizokukhombisa kuqala izingxenye ezisetshenziselwa ukwakha imidiya ekhulayo bese sizogxila ezintweni zemidiya ekhulayo ukuze ukwazi ukukhetha imidiya ekhulayo yezitshalo engadini.
Izingxenye zama-substrates zezitshalo
Lezi zingaba yizinto eziphilayo noma ezingaphili, ngayinye yazo izoba namandla ayo okugcina amanzi, ngakho-ke uzothola imikhiqizo egcina amanzi ebusweni bawo, abanye ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo sabo, kodwa abanye bayoba nomthamo omningi noma omncane wokuwugcina. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi umthamo wokugcina amanzi kanye nesakhiwo somzimba sohlobo oluthile lwesithako singahluka kuye ngokuthi sivelaphi nokuthi sicutshungulwa kanjani. Lokhu kusebenza naku-peat.
Kulokhu, ingagcina umthamo wamanzi omkhulu kunesisindo sayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho kucutshungulwa, ukugcinwa kungancishiswa ngesigamu, futhi umoya omncane uyancipha kakhulu. Uma uhlanganisa imikhiqizo ozoyisebenzisa njengesisekelo sokukhula kwakho, izinto zokwakha kumele zibe namandla ukwenza ama-substrates ezitshalo ezisezingeni eliphezulu. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukwakheka, amanani amakhemikhali nawomzimba wezinto ozisebenzisayo ukuze uqinisekise ukuthi ukuxubana komkhiqizo okwenzayo kuyahambisana ukusuka kuqoqo kuye kwelinye.
Izakhiwo zama-substrates zezitshalo
Nakuba okwamanje kunemisebenzi eminingana evumela ukuhlolwa kwezimfanelo ezingokomzimba ze-substrates zezitshalo, ngokuvamile zonke zisekelwe ezilinganisweni ezintathu eziyinhloko, okuyizi: eyokuqala ukuminyana ngobuningi (isisindo ngevolumu ngayinye), bese kuba umthamo wokugcina amanzi. (okulingana nephesenti lomthamo wamanzi atholakala esitshalweni ngemva kokusetshenziswa kwe-substrate) futhi ekugcineni, i-aeration (okuyisilinganiso sevolumu yendawo enezimbotshana etholwa umoya ngemva kokukhipha amanzi angaphansi).
Ngokwengxenye enkulu, imikhiqizo ephakathi nendawo ehlanganisiwe iphansi ngokusobala njengoba yenziwa ngokuyinhloko nge-sphagnum peat futhi ingabamba amazinga aphezulu amanzi. Nakuba ama-substrates asekelwe kumagxolo eyimikhiqizo esindayo, afaneleka lapho kudingeka khona ukugeleza kwamanzi okuphezulu nokuzinza kwebhodwe. Yomibili imikhiqizo ngokuvamile inomoya omuhle, ophakathi kuka-10-18% ngevolumu kuma-substrates amaningi.
Mayelana nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali, izilinganiso ezimbili ezibalulekile zingashiwo: i-pH ne-EC (i-electrical conductivity). I-PH ukunqunywa kwezinga le-asidi noma isisekelo sento noma isixazululo. Ukufundwa kwe-EC kulinganisa ikhono lesisombululo senhlabathi ukuqhuba umsinga kagesi futhi kuyinkomba yenani lemisoco etholakalayo engamuncwa izitshalo. Ngemidiya ekhulayo, ngokwezinjongo ezijwayelekile, ibanga le-pH elikahle ngu-5.2-6.2 futhi okuhlosiwe kungu-5.8 ekugcwalisweni kwesikhala. I-EC efiselekayo yenjongo evamile iphakathi kuka-1.0 no-2.0 mmhos/cm.
Ukuze kuhlume imbewu kanye nokusikwa kwezimpande, i-pH oyifunayo izoba ngaphansi kancane, phakathi kuka-5.0 no-6.0, futhi okuhlosiwe kokugcwaliswa kuzoba ngu-5.6. Lolu hlu lwe-pH luphansi kancane, njengoba i-pH ijwayele ukukhula ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa ngenxa yokufakwa kukamanyolo omncane kanye ne-alkalinity yamanzi okunisela ngokufafazwa njalo. I-substrate ye-EC efiselekayo yokuhluma nokusabalalisa iphakathi kuka-0,5 no-1,1 mmhos/cm. Imithombo yezohwebo eminingi i-pH elungiswa nge-calcitic noma i-dolomitic limestone futhi iqukethe umanyolo oqalayo olinganiselayo ukusiza izitshalo ukuthi zijwayelane ngemuva kokufakelwa kabusha.
Ngokuvamile, kunconywa ukuqala ukuvundisa lapho kuvela amaqabunga amasha nezimpande esitshalweni. Inani likamanyolo kanye nezikhathi zokufakwa kuzoncika ohlotsheni lwesitshalo, isigaba sokukhula, ubukhulu besiqukathi, nalapho ungeza amanzi ngokwakho. Sicela uqaphele ukuthi ezinye izithako ezisetshenziselwa ukwenza ama-substrates zingaqukatha usawoti wamaminerali njengokhukhunathi. Kunconywa ukugeza ukhukhunathi kahle ngaphambi kokusetshenziswa ukuze kuncishiswe amazinga aphezulu kasawoti kanye nezakhamzimba. Okufanayo kusebenza kumagxolo, njengoba ukuvuthwa kanye nokwenza umquba kungakhulula izinto ezingafuneki.
Izinhlobo ze-Substrate
Uma ukhetha i-substrate yezitshalo, ngokuqinisekile uzothola izinhlobonhlobo eziningi futhi kuye ngokuthi yini oyifunayo, uzokwazi ukunquma ukuthi iyiphi ozoyithola ukuze ulondoloze amazinga omswakama adingwa yizitshalo. Emaphuzwini alandelayo, sizokhuluma ngezinhlobo zama-substrates zezitshalo ezikhona ngokomsebenzi wazo, okungukuthi, ukugcina amanzi, ukugeleza kwamanzi nokujikeleza komoya, kanye nalezo ezingaphili.
ukugcina amanzi
Umhlabathi: Lokhu yilokho okungabhekwa "njengomhlaba." Kuyinhlanganisela yezinto eziphilayo (eziphilayo noma ezifile), amaminerali, igesi, namanzi. Kunikeza ukwesekwa okufanayo nezinye izinto ezigcina amanzi, kunikeza ukwesekwa kwezitshalo, futhi kusiza ukulawula amanzi, izakhamzimba, nomoya. Kodwa-ke, lolu hlobo lwe-substrate lungenye yezinto ezisinda kakhulu ezitshalweni futhi lungase lunganikezi ukujikeleza komoya okufanayo nezinye izinto.
I-Peat moss: Le ndlela yokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo ine-pH ephansi, efanele izitshalo ezithanda i-asidi. Yakhiwe ngokuyinhloko yi-moss efile nezinye izinto ezibolayo. I-Peat moss iyisithako esivamile ekuxubeni kwembiza okupakishwe kusengaphambili. I-substrate elula engagcina isisindo sayo emanzini (kanye nezakhamzimba ezincibilikayo noma umanyolo). Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana ne-peat moss, ungabheka isixhumanisi esilandelayo mayelana nezinhlobo ze-substrates ze-peat.
Njengoba iwagcina kalula amanzi amaningi, akukuhle ukuwasebenzisa wodwa. Ukwenza kanjalo kungagcina amanzi amaningi kakhulu ezimpandeni futhi kubangele ukubola kwezimpande (okuthi, uma kungabanjwanga kusenesikhathi, kungasho ukufa okusheshayo kwesitshalo sakho).
Esikhundleni salokho, i-peat ivame ukuxutshwa namanye ama-substrates ukulinganisa lo msebenzi nokufaka umoya, okuzohlinzeka ngezimo ezingcono. Kodwa-ke, kunokuphikisana ngomthelela wemvelo wokusetshenziswa kwe-peat nokuvuna. Ikhiphela i-carbon dioxide, igesi ebamba ukushisa endaweni ezungezile. Ukuvunwa kwe-Peat ngezinhloso ze-horticultural nakho kudinga ukususwa kwe-peat ephilayo ukuze kufinyelele endaweni efile engezansi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi i-peat iyinsiza ekhula kancane kakhulu, le ndlela ayinakusimama.
I-fibre kakhukhunathi: eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-coconut peat," i-fibre kakhukhunathi ibhekwa njengendlela eqhubekayo esikhundleni se-peat. Yenziwe nge-fibre kakhukhunathi ecutshunguliwe, inikeza umuzwa ofanayo nolula njengoba i-peat ilingisa. Kodwa-ke, ayisebenzi, ngakho ayinikezi izitshalo izakhamzimba ezifanayo ne-peat nomhlabathi. Nakuba idinga izithasiselo zezakhamzimba, inikeza umoya omuhle kanye nokugcinwa kwamanzi.
Amagobolondo kakhukhunathi: enye indlela evame ukusetshenziswa, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwabalimi be-aroid. Agcina umswakama owanele wodwa, kodwa uma engaxutshwanga nenye i-substrate, azodinga ukubuyiselwa amanzi kaningi. Ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esiqinile, ahlinzeka ngezimpande zezitshalo ngendawo enhle yokuqinisa nokuthuthukisa umoya. Njenge-coco coir, ayi-substrate engangenisi lutho, ngakho-ke izakhamzimba kuzodingeka zengezwe ukuze kusekelwe ukukhula kwezitshalo okunempilo.
I-Sphagnum moss: Lokhu kuvela esitshalweni esifanayo ne-sphagnum peat. Nakuba i-peat iwungqimba olufile lwezinto ezitholakala ngaphansi kwesitshalo esiphilayo emabhodweni, i-sphagnum moss iwungqimba oluphezulu (okungukuthi, isitshalo esiphilayo uqobo). Uma uyithola esitolo, ivame ukuba yomile kakade futhi ihlanzwe. Ithambile, ngakho-ke ikhuthaza ukujikeleza komoya, futhi okungenani i-sphagnum esezingeni eliphezulu iza ngama-tendril amade ahlanganiswe emabhulokini acindezelwe.
Lapho icwiliswa emanzini, igcina amanzi amaningi ngendlela emangalisayo, futhi ngisho nalapho ikhishiwe, ibamba umswakama isikhathi eside. Ngenxa yezinga layo lokukhula elihamba kancane, ithathwa njengesisetshenziswa esinomkhawulo. Kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka, sebenzisa kabusha i-sphagnum moss inqobo nje uma ingakaze isetshenziselwe isitshalo esinegciwane. Ngakho-ke, cabanga ukuthi lolu hlobo lwemithombo yezitshalo engcolile lungabiliswa kuhhavini ye-microwave ukuze luphinde lufakwe inzalo.
Ukuze uthole amanzi kanye nokujikeleza komoya
Igxolo le-orchid liyindawo yokumba eyomile, evame ukuba lukhuni, ekhuthaza ukugeleza kwamanzi ngendlela efanele, okuvumela amanzi nomoya ukuthi kufinyelele kalula ezimpandeni zesitshalo. Livame ukusetshenziswa kuma-orchid nakwezinye izitshalo ezihlala emahlathini, kodwa lingasetshenziswa nakwezinye izitshalo zasezindaweni ezishisayo ezizuza ekuxubeni okugeleza amanzi kahle. Igxolo lingavela ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zezihlahla, kuye ngokuthi isifunda sakho noma ukuthi inkampani ithola kuphi igxolo lalo. Ngokuvamile, igxolo livela ku-fir noma kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkuni eziqinile.
Amalahle: Lolu futhi uhlobo oluwusizo lwesisekelo sezitshalo ekuthuthukiseni ukugeleza kwamanzi kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezinto ezikhulayo. Khumbula ukuthi luqukethe ikhabhoni engasebenzi futhi aluboli njengegxolo, okwenza kube kuhle ukugcina izingxube kanye nesisekelo zikhululekile futhi kuvimbele ukuthi ziqine ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubhoboka kwalo okumaphakathi kusiza ukugcina amanzi ngenkathi futhi kusiza ukumuncwa kwezakhamzimba.
I-Perlite: Itholakala ezitolo eziningi futhi ivame ukuba yisithako esixutshweni sezitshalo ezikhuliswe ezitsheni. Iyinto ephilayo (ingilazi yentaba-mlilo) eshiswa izinga lokushisa elithile, okubangela ukuthi ikhule. Into enwetshiwe inezikhala ezincane ngaphakathi ezisiza ukuthi igcine amanzi amaningi ngenkathi futhi ihlinzeka ngamanzi. Ayinikezi izakhamzimba, ngakho-ke ngokuvamile ayisetshenziswa yodwa kodwa isetshenziswa njengesithasiselo kwezinye izingxube zezitshalo.
Yize i-perlite iyingxenye enkulu yezimpahla ze-houseplant hobbyist, ngiyazonda ukuyisebenzisa. Intekenteke kakhulu futhi izingcezu ezinenkani ze-perlite phansi kwegumbi lami lokuhlala zicoleka kalula zibe yimpushana lapho zinyathelwa. Ngenxa yokuthi ilula kakhulu, ijwayele ukukhuphukela phezulu kwe-substrate ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-perlite encane esatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ebhodweni nasengxenyeni engaphansi iholela ekucineni (kanye nokugeleza komoya okuncane) emgqeni.
I-Vermiculite: Lokhu kwenziwa ngezinto ze-silicate futhi kuyakhula ngaphansi kokushisa. Uma kufakwa emanzini, kuyakhula njenge-accordion futhi kugcina amanzi amaningi kune-perlite. Lolu hlobo lwe-substrate yesitshalo luwusizo uma izitshalo zakho zidinga i-substrate emanzi njalo esiza ekulawuleni amanzi nezakhamzimba. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngaphambi kokuthenga lolu hlobo lwe-substrate yesitshalo ukuthi alunikezi amanzi amaningi njengezinye izinto.
Ama-Inorganic Substrates
I-LECA: ngezinye izikhathi ibizwa ngokuthi "i-hydroton" ezitolo ze-hydroponic, futhi yaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi "ama-coco puffs" ngenxa yokubukeka kwayo. Ivame ukutholakala njengamabhola ansundu abushelelezi, avuvukele, yize ingabuye ibe nokwakheka okuqinile ngombala ompunga noma o-beige. Yenziwe ngokusebenzisa ukushisa ukwandisa ubumba. Njengendawo yokukhulisa engangenisi lutho, i-LECA idinga izithasiselo zezakhamzimba ezincibilikayo ukuze izitshalo zakho zikhule kahle.
Nokho, amaphakethe ayo amahle avumela ukumuncwa kwamanzi izimpande ezizowamunca njengoba kudingeka. Futhi ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwayo okungalungile, inikeza ukujikeleza komoya lapho isetshenziswe ngendlela efanele. Njengoba ingenamhlaba, ungakwazi ukubona kalula impilo yesistimu yezimpande zesitshalo sakho. Ukuntuleka kwezinto eziphilayo nakho kunciphisa izinambuzane ezivamile, okuyinzuzo. Njengenothi eseceleni, njengoba izinsizakusebenza zamanzi ezisebenzisa i-LECA zihlala zimanzi, kuncane ukuqagela uma kuziwa ekuniseleni.
I-PON: Lolu hlobo lomkhiqizo oludumile, olwaziwa ngokuthi "i-Lechuza-Pon," lungolunye uhlobo lwendawo yokukhulisa engakhiqizi izinto eziphilayo eyakhiwe izithako ezahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa i-lava rock, i-pumice, ne-zeolite (eyakhiwe ngamakhemikhali e-silicon ne-aluminium, phakathi kwezinye izinto). Njengohlobo lwangaphambilini, alusebenzisi inhlabathi futhi luthembele esenzweni se-capillary esingasebenzi ukugcina nokuqondisa amanzi ezimpandeni zezitshalo njengoba kudingeka. Kodwa-ke, ludinga futhi isithasiselo sezakhamzimba njengoba luyi-substrate engakhiqizi. Le substrate inikeza umoya, ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi okulawulwayo, kanye nokugeleza kwamanzi okwanele.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko mayelana nama-Substrates Ahlukene Wezitshalo, sikumema ukuthi ufunde ezinye izindatshana eziqukethe izihloko ozithakaselayo kulezi zixhumanisi ezilandelayo:
