I-Federative Republic yaseBrazil ivelele ngokuhlukahluka kwayo kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezindawo zemvelo kanye nezimo zezulu ezingatholakala kuyo yonke indawo yayo. Lokhu kungena kuzokhuluma kancane ngaleli lizwe bese kukhulunywa ngezinye izinhlobo ezakha izitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil.
Brasil
I-Federative Republic of Brazil iyizwe elikhulu kunawo wonke eNingizimu Melika, ingeyesithathu ezwenikazi laseMelika kanye nelesihlanu emhlabeni, indawo yayo ingamakhilomitha-skwele ayizigidi ezingu-8,5 okuyivumela ukuba ibe yizwe elinezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni wonke. umhlaba. Njengamanje inhloko-dolobha yakhona iBrasilia, ngaphambi kwalelo dolobha kwakuyiRio de Janeiro futhi ngaphambi kwalokho kwakuyiSalvador de Bahía.
Yakhiwe yizifunda ezingu-26 kanye neSifunda Sesifunda lapho kuhlala khona abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-210, inombolo encane uma umuntu ecabangela ubukhulu bayo obukhulu. Izakhamuzi ezikhuluma isiPutukezi ngokusemthethweni, nakuba izilimi zomdabu ezingu-180 nazo zikhulunywa ezindaweni ezahlukene, zishiya izilimi zakwamanye amazwe ezibusa imiphakathi ethile ebalulekile, njengesiJalimane nesiNtaliyane.
Imingcele yakhona ihlanganisa cishe nawo wonke amazwe aseNingizimu Melika, inqamula empumalanga nolwandle i-Atlantic Ocean, enyakatho neFrench Guiana, neSuriname, neGuyana kanye neVenezuela; enyakatho-ntshonalanga yiColombia futhi entshonalanga yePeru kanye neBolivia amazwe ehlanganyela umngcele, ngaphezu kweParaguay ne-Argentina eningizimu-ntshonalanga ne-Uruguay eningizimu.
Njengoba izwe elicebe kangaka ngezindawo zemvelo, ezokuvakasha ingenye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ezifundeni zayo eziningi, eqinisweni, iyindlela izivakashi yokuqala eNingizimu Melika futhi inketho yesibili kulo lonke elaseLatin America, iMexico kuphela engayidlula. . Ngalo mqondo, bayahlomula kulo msebenzi wokuqasha abantu abacishe babe yizigidi ezi-2 emisebenzini ehlobene ngokuqondile nangokungaqondile nezokuvakasha.
Iyisizwe esithumela kwamanye amazwe uwoyela ongahluziwe ngobuningi, kanye neVenezuela, kanye nokuba ngumkhiqizi omkhulu wamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi. Imikhakha efana nezolimo, ezezimayini kanye nezokukhiqiza ithuthuke kakhulu, okwenza ukuthi ukuthunyelwa kwayo emazweni angaphandle kwande unyaka nonyaka futhi ikleliswe endaweni yesishiyagalolunye ohlwini lwamazwe anomnotho omkhulu kunayo yonke emhlabeni.
Mayelana nokudla, amaprotheni namaminerali ngaphandle, i-Brazil ikhiqiza futhi ithumela kwamanye amazwe: Umoba, ikhofi, amawolintshi, ummbila, uphayinaphu, upopo, umdumbula, ukwatapheya, irayisi, amagilebhisi, ama-apula, ubhanana, ubhontshisi, izaqathi, amantongomane aseBrazil , ama-strawberry, amagwava, inkukhu , inyama yenkomo, ingulube, ubisi, amaqanda, insimbi, ithusi, i-manganese, igolide, ithini, i-niobium, i-nickel, i-amethiste, itopazi, isimaragidu, i-aquamarine, i-garnet, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Ukuma komhlaba
IBrazil, ngaphezu kokunwetshwa kwayo komhlaba okuxhumanisa nezizwe zaseLatin America okukhulunywe ngazo ngenhla, ineziqhingi ezimbalwa njengengxenye yendawo yayo, isibonelo, iTrinidad and Martín Vaz, San Pedro and San Pablo, Fernando de Noronha and Atolón de las Rocas.
Kungenzeka ukuthola uchungechunge lwama-biomes kuyo yonke indawo yawo, njengamahlathi anomswakama, amahlathi e-xerophytic, amahlathi angamaxhaphozi, amahlathi esikhashana, ihlathi elingasogwini, ihlathi elingaphakathi, ihlathi le-araucaria, ihlathi lesizini leMato Grosso, ihlathi lehlathi. i-cocais, ihlathi lase-Atlantic xerophytic, ihlathi laseChiquitano, imihlume, i-restingas, i-pantales, i-várzeas, i-catingas, i-Guiana savannah, i-Uruguayan savannah kanye ne-savannah yezintaba.
Kanye nama-tepuyes, ama-campinaranas namahlathi e-Amazon kanye ne-Guiana. Wonke lawa ma-biomes angaphakathi kwendawo yawo, angaphunyuki ekugawulweni kwamahlathi kanye nokushiswa kwezihlahla osekunesikhathi eside kwenziwa ngezinhloso zezolimo. Lokhu kuzithinta ngokucacile izimiso zemvelo futhi kuzibeka engozini, njengoba nje kunjalo ne-Amazon njengamanje, lapho kungezona nje kuphela izinto eziphilayo ezisengozini, kodwa nezilwane ezitholakala kuyo yonke le ndawo.
Kuleli zwe ungabona izintaba ezinkulu, izindawo eziphakeme eningizimu yendawo yayo, amagquma, amathafa namathafa, izintaba nezintaba ezingafinyelela ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-1200 ngaphezu kolwandle, njenge-Sierra del Espinazo noma i-Sierra del Mar. Inani lemifula likhulu kakhulu, eminingi yayo igelezela eMfuleni omkhulu i-Orinoco, eminye iya esigodini sase-Amazon, ngaleyondlela ibe isimiso esiyinkimbinkimbi esihlanganisa indawo yayo kakhulu kunakunoma yisiphi esinye isizwe emhlabeni.
Isimo sezulu esisekela izitshalo nezilwane ezahlukahlukene zaseBrazil singahlukaniswa kabanzi ngezinhlobo eziningana: enkabazwe, eshisayo, eshisayo ezindaweni eziphakeme, engaphansi kwezindawo ezishisayo, epholile, kanye neyomile kancane. Izinhlobo ezahlukene ze-microclimate zingatholakala nakwezinye izindawo. Kulezi, isimo sezulu senkabazwe sivame kakhulu engxenyeni enkulu yezwe (ikakhulukazi enyakatho).
Izinga lokushisa elijwayelekile lingu-25 C° kanti imvamisa yemvula iyahluka phakathi nendawo (lapho iyindlala), enyakatho-mpumalanga (yindlala nakakhulu) naseningizimu (lapho ivame khona), kanye nokuba nesimo sezulu esifudumele izifunda ezomile Kungenzeka ukubona ukuthi iqhwa liwa kanjani ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu, indawo yalo ephakeme kakhulu i-Pica da Neblina. Konke lokhu kuthanda ukuhlukahluka kwezitshalo nezilwane eBrazil, ezigxile kuyo yonke indawo yayo, kodwa ikakhulukazi e-Amazon, eCerrado naseHlathini lase-Atlantic.
Nakuba izifunda zabo zinokuhlukahluka okukhulu kanye nefa lemvelo elibaluleke kakhulu noma ziyeke ukuthinteka emisebenzini yabantu njengezolimo, imfuyo, izimayini, ukuthuthukiswa kwamadolobha okubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwemigwaqo yokuthutha phakathi kwemvelo, ukudoba ngokweqile, ukungcola kukho konke. amafomu, ukufika kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo, ukukhishwa kwama-hydrocarbon njengegesi yemvelo namafutha aluhlaza kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuqoshwe kuwo wonke umhlaba.
Eziningi zezindawo zemvelo okukhulunywe ngazo zishintshiwe yizo zonke lezi zenzo, ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhweba ngezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa emhlabeni , kanye nezinhlobo ezingavamile ezingatholakala eBrazil kuphela, akukhulunywanga ngakho .
Izitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil
EBrazil kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezingaphezu kuka-50.000 244 ezaziwayo kuze kube manje, inani elikhulu kunazo zonke lezilwane ezincelisayo emhlabeni, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo nenani lezinhlanzi ezinkulu kakhulu, ngokuqondene nezilwane ezincelisayo, izinkawu ezaziwayo kuphela ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-XNUMX. Inombolo yezinyoni ilibeka njengezwe lesithathu elinezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zalesi sigaba, izwe lesine mayelana nezilwane ezihuquzelayo kanye nesibili ngokuphathelene nezilwane ezihlala emanzini.
Ingxenye encane kuphela yezinto eziphilayo zaseBrazil ezoboniswa ezigabeni ezilandelayo, njengoba inani lezinto ezincane, izilwane ezincelisayo, izinhlanzi, izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, izinyoni, izilwane ezihuquzelayo, nezitshalo likhulu kuzo zonke lezo zigaba, uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi inani eliphathwayo lihlanganisa kuphela izinhlobo ezichazwe, ngaphandle kokulinganisa noma ukwenza izilinganiso ezihlanganisa izinhlobo ezingaziwa, ngaphezu kweqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezintsha azikayeki ukuvela, njengoba ukuhlola nezifundo ziqhubeka.
Flora
Mayelana nezitshalo, kushiwo uchungechunge lwezitshalo nezifunda lapho kugxilwe khona ingxenye enkulu yezitshalo zezwe, njenge-Amazon, i-Cerrado, iHlathi lase-Atlantic, kodwa ngaphezu kwalokhu kukhona i-shruby strata njengeCaatinga lapho ikhula khona. zitholakala.izinhlobo eziningi. Ngokufanayo, ku-pantanal kanye ne-pampa, lapho kunezindawo ezinkulu, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo zingatholakala.
Ezinye izinhlobo ezakha izitshalo zalesi sizwe zifaka phakathi i -ipê de Varagem tree, i-carnauba wax palm, i-cashew tree, kanye ne-passionflower, phakathi kwezinye. Ezinye izinhlobo ezingashiwo yilezi:
isihlahla sasebrazilwood
I-Caesalpinia echinata , noma i-pernambuco, umuthi wesizwe waseBrazil. Ungakhula ube phakathi kwamamitha ayi-10 kuya kwangu-15 ubude, unesiqu esiqondile esimbozwe ameva. Igxolo linombala omnyama womlotha, futhi uma lisikiwe, ukhuni luba nombala ophuzi obomvu. Lolu khuni luqinile kakhulu ngakho-ke aluntanti. Lwake lwathengiswa njengodayi obomvu osetshenziselwa ukufaka imibala kuma-velvet nama-violin. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lunezimbali eziphuzi nembewu ensundu.
Ngenxa yesidingo se-velvet esabonakala ngesikhathi seRenaissance, lolu hlobo lwezilwane lwagawulwa ngokweqile isikhathi eside, kangangokuthi ukuncipha kwezinhlobo ze-pernambuco kwaba kubi kakhulu kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuyigcina namuhla ohlwini lwezinhlobo zezitshalo ezitholakalayo. engozini yokushabalala. Noma kunjalo, ukuhwebelana kwezinkuni zalolu hlobo akukavunyelwa emakethe.
ingelosi ebomvu
Lesi ngesinye sezinhlobo ezinde kakhulu emhlabeni, ziyizihlahla ezinkulu ezidlula amamitha angu-70, zatholakala ezindaweni ezinkulu kakhulu zase-Amazon ezaziseduze nomfula i-Jari esifundazweni sase-Amapá enyakatho-mpumalanga yeBrazil. Njengamanje ayikashintshi, nakuba imililo eminingana iye yathinta kakhulu i-Amazon.
Uma uqhathanisa lezi zihlahla ezibizwa ngokuthi iDinizia excelsa, uzobona ukuthi zidlula ngokuphakama isithombe sikaKristu uMhlengi eRio de Janeiro, esifinyelela amamitha angu-38 kuphela, kodwa azidluli iStatue of Liberty e-United States, esingamamitha angu-93.
I-Rubber
Umuthi werabha, noma i-Ficus elastica, odabuka eNdiya nase-Indonesia, utholakala naseBrazil. Ungakhula ufike kumamitha angu-30 ubude futhi unesiqu esingafika kumamitha amabili ububanzi. Amaqabunga awo amakhulu ahambisana nezimbali, ezivalelwe yi-syconia, kanti izithelo zawo, umkhiwane, zingafika kusentimitha elilodwa.
I-Cupuacu
I-Cupuaçu isihlahla esitholakala enyakatho yeBrazil, eningizimu yeVenezuela, ePeru, naseBolivia. Igama laso lesayensi yi -Theobroma grandiflorum. Sisetshenziselwa ukwenza ushokoledi omhlophe, ibhotela namafutha emikhiqizo yezimonyo noma amafutha okwenziwa, amajusi, i-ayisikhilimu, utshwala, ama-nectar, amajamu, amaswidi, phakathi kwezinye izinto.
Lesi sitshalo singafinyelela amamitha angu-13 ukuphakama ngesiqu esingamamitha angu-5 kuya kwangu-9 ububanzi futhi simelane nezinga lokushisa elisukela ku-22 C ° kuya ku-27 C °, okujwayelekile kwesimo sezulu esishisayo sasehlathini elishisayo, zidinga umthunzi ukuze zikhule ngendlela efanele.
I-Amazon water lily
Ibizwa nangokuthi iVictoria amazonica noma iVictoria regia , le lily enkulu yamanzi itholakala eColombia, eBolivia, eVenezuela nakwamanye amazwe aseNingizimu Melika. Inamaqabunga amhlophe neziqu ezingafinyelela kumamitha ayi-8 ubude kanye namasentimitha angama-40 ububanzi. Abantu bomdabu bakhipha ujusi ezimpandeni, osetshenziswa njengodayi wezinwele ezimnyama.
UMelocactus
Eziningana kwezinhlobo ezingamashumi amane zohlobo lwe- Melocactus zingatholakala eBrazil. Zitholakala nase-El Salvador, eVenezuela, nakwamanye amazwe aseCentral naseNingizimu Melika. ECuba, isibonelo, izinhlobo eziyishumi nanye sezitholakale kuze kube manje. Lezi zitshalo, nakuba zikhula kancane futhi kunzima ukuzitshala, zitholakala ezingxenyeni eziningi zesifundazwe saseBahia, eBrazil.
Zinezimbali ezipinki neze-magenta, kanye nezithelo ze-lilac ezifana kakhulu nopelepele noma upelepele. Badinga i-substrate egeleza kahle ukuze kukhule okunempilo, kanye nokukhanya kwelanga okuqondile kanye nomthunzi omncane ngesikhathi sasehlobo.
ibhodwe lezinkawu
Lezi zitshalo, eziyingxenye yezitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil, ziyingxenye yohlobo lwe- Lecythis futhi zinezithelo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuthi “amabhodwe enkawu” noma “amakhukhunathi enkawu.” Zisetshenziswa abantu bomdabu ukugcina izinongo futhi zithengiswa njengezinto ezenziwe ngezandla.
i-butia palm
Izihlahla zesundu zitholakala ikakhulukazi enkabeni-mpumalanga yeBrazil, zifana kakhulu nezinye izihlahla zesundu ezitholakala eningizimu, kodwa lezi zitholakala esifundazweni se-phytogeographic se-cerrado, esingafinyelela amamitha amahlanu ubude futhi iziqu zazo zilinganiswe. phakathi kwamasentimitha angama-20 noma angama-30 ububanzi, igama layo lesayensi yi-Butia capitata futhi ingatholakala nasesifundeni sase-Bahia naseMinas Gerais.
Sapucainha
Lesi sihlahla sihlala sikhona kuleli zwe, ngakho-ke bekungehluleka ukushiwo uma kukhulunywa ngezitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil, sinamaqabunga amise okwe-helical nezithelo ezinkulu ezidliwa abantu nezilwane njengamanje, ngokwembewu yawo, lezi zisetshenziselwa ukukhipha amafutha e-sapucaínha asetshenziswa kubantu abanochoko njengendlela yokwelapha.
Fauna
Kube nengxoxo eningi mayelana nezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zama-biome atholakala kuleli zwe, okusho ukuthi inani elikhulu lezindawo zokuhlala lisiza ukusinda kwezilwane ezivamile eBrazil, ezinye zazo ezitholakala kalula . Lokhu kusinika ukubaluleka okukhulu kwemvelo, hhayi nje ngenxa yenani lezindawo zemvelo kodwa nangenxa yenani elikhulu lezinhlobo ezihlala emazweni alo, ezihlanganisa cishe izinhlobo eziyizigidi ezine ezivela kuyo yonke imibuso zihlangene.
Ukuze kube nenhlangano engcono, ezinye izinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil zizokwethulwa, zihlelwe ngezigaba ezilandelayo.Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi lezi zinhlu azifaki ngisho nengxenye yezinhlobo eziwela esigabeni ngasinye kulawa ashiwo.
Izilwane zasolwandle
- Ihlengethwa eliphinki (Inia geoffrensis)
- i-otter yomfula (I-Pteronura brasiliensis)
- Izinkanyezi zasolwandle
- isibankwa sesanti (I-Liolaemus lutzae)
- Oshaka
- inhlanzi eyikati
- ufudu lwesikhumba (I-Dermochelys coriacea)
- AmaPiranhas
- ukudla kwasolwandle okungenamsoco
- I-Jellyfish
- Ama-Caimans afana ne-black caiman (i-Melanosuchus niger)
- Izinhlobo ezinhlanu zezimfudu zasolwandle
- i-urchin yasolwandle enamabala
- Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaphezu kuka-400, ezingu-35 zazo zisengozini yokushabalala.
Aves
Inani lezinyoni eBrazil yiqiniso eliye lathakazelisa abezindaba abaningi, kungenzeka ukulinganisa okungenani izinhlobo ze-1920 ezihlanganisa i-60% yezinhlobo ezitholakala kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika, i-277 yazo itholakala kulesi sizwe, 120 kubonakala sengathi bayafuduka futhi bavakashele izwe ngezikhathi ezithile, 66 kubo bavakashela eBrazil ngezikhathi ezithile. Ezinhlotsheni zezinyoni eziyingxenye yezitshalo nezilwane zaseBrazil, ezingaphezudlwana kuka-10% zisengozini yokushabalala, okungukuthi, izinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-200.
- jacutinga (Bored jacutinga)
- Amadada
- amadada
- ama-grebe
- AmaFlamingo
- I-Hyacinth Macaw (Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus)
- rhea omkhulu
- amaphengwini
- izindwandwe
- ama-pelicans
- Ukhozi
- isiqophamithi esiphuzi (I-Celeus flavus subflavus)
- amanqe aseMelika
- oklebe
- Ama-cranks
- Ilulwane le-Cerrado (I-Lonchophylla dekeyseri)
- I-Macaw noma i-arara eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (I-Cyanopsitta spixii)
- URhea
- i-scarlet macaw
- I-Ruby Hummingbird yaseBrazil
- I-Amazon Kingfisher
- opholi
- I-Redfish
- i-thrush ebomvu
- intshebe emhlophe manakin
- upholi onekhanda eliphuzi
- Jandaya Parakeet
- I-Aracari Toucan enamadlebe e-Chestnut
- Ngidlala iToucan (URamphastos wadlala)
AmaMamferfer
- I-Guara wolf (I-Chrysocyon brachyurus)
- black cxiu (sathane chiropotes)
- ama-ocelots
- I-Northern muriqui (I-Brachyteles hypoxanthus)
- ibhubesi legolide le-tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia)
- amazon jaguar
- inja yasehlathini
- I-Anteater
- impungushe edla inkalankala
- i-cougar yagouaroundi
- i-pygmy marmoset
- Ibhola likaTatu (I-Tolypeute tricinctus)
- I-Brazilian Tapir
- I-Jaguar (I-Panthera onca)
- Inkawu yaseCapuchin
- impisi enomhlwenga
- i-bald uacari (ukhokho hosomi)
- I-Capybara
- Ivila
- opossums
- I-armadillo enamabhande amathathu (Tolypeutes tricinctus)
Iziqubuzelayo
- iselesele leqabunga (I-Proceratophrys Santaritae)
- inhlwathi evamile (Eunectes murinus)
- I-Boa constrictor
- Ixoxo Le-Arrowhead (Adelphobates castaneoticus)
- Inyoka eyisimungulu (I-Lachesis iyashintsha)
Ngokuphathelene nezinambuzane, kunezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu zezicabucabu kulo lonke elaseBrazil, isibonelo, ama-tarantula amhlophe atholakala enyakatho yeBrazil noma i- salmon-pink tarantula ( i-Lasiodora Parahybana ) etholakala enyakatho-mpumalanga.