Umhlaba, iplanethi yesithathu esimisweni sonozungezilanga. Iplanethi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, okuwukuphela kwayo ephethe ukuphila okuhlelekile ngezinhlobo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Okungenani, ngokwazi kwethu namuhla. Yini eyenza iplanethi yethu ihluke kangaka futhi ifanele ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlobo eziphilayo?
Umqondo we indawo okuhlalwa kuyo (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-circumstellar habitable zone) yathuthukiswa izazi zezinkanyezi engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu leminyaka elidlule ukuze kucwaningwe ukuthi ukuma okufanayo kweplanethi nenkanyezi yayo kunquma kanjani amathuba okuthola ukuphila kwamanye amaplanethi nezinhlelo.
Isaka Asimov
Indaba yokuphila kwezinye izindawo, kanye nephupho lokuthi ngelinye ilanga sihlala emazweni akude futhi angangcolisiwe, ibilokhu ihlaba umxhwele izizukulwane zonke. Umbono wendawo okuhlalwa kuyo wethulwa okokuqala emphakathini jikelele ngeminyaka yawo-1960, ngenxa yombhali wezinganekwane zesayensi odumile futhi ochumayo. Isaka Asimov kanye nochungechunge lwezincwadi zakhe ezikhuluma ngokuqoqwa komkhathi.
Ngokuqondile, igama elithi "indawo okuhlalwa kuyo" libhekisela ku- indawo yesikhala ezungeze inkanyezi lapho amaplanethi anamanzi awuketshezi angatholakala khona. Iqhaza lamanzi ekuthuthukisweni kokuphila eMhlabeni belibalulekile ezinqubweni zokuqala zebhayoloji kanye nokusabela okwaholela ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo, kangangokuthi kunzima ukucabanga imihlaba eyinqaba lapho ukuphila kungasidingi lesi sici. .
Ukuba khona kwamanzi nemikhawulo yendawo okuhlalwa kuyo kuncike ezicini ezibonakalayo zenkanyezi emaphakathi nesimiso seplanethi, njengamandla ewakhiqizayo.. Cabanga ngesimiso sethu sonozungezilanga njengesibonelo: ilanga, inkanyezi evamile enosayizi ophakathi, likhipha amandla amakhulu kakhulu. Umhlaba, oqhele ngamakhilomitha angaba yizigidi ezingu-150 ukusuka elangeni (okungukuthi, iyunithi eyodwa yezinkanyezi, noma i-AU), uthola la mandla ngenani elifanele ukuze unikeze indawo enethezekile yokuthuthukiswa kokuphila.
Amaplanethi aseduze kakhulu nelanga (iMercury kanye neVenus) athola amandla engeziwe ngendlela yemisebe yelanga futhi ngenxa yalokho ashisa kakhulu futhi awakwazi ukwamukela izinto eziphilayo ezisemkhathini we-biosphere, ezincike kakhulu ebukhoneni bamanzi. Ngokuphambene, iplanethi efana ne-Mars ikude kakhulu nelanga ukuze igcine amanzi awo angaphezulu esesimweni soketshezi.
Ingabe kungaba khona ukuphila ngale emkhathini?
Kuyadingeka ukubheka ukuthi ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo (noma Impilo efana nomhlaba, njengoba kungenakwenzeka ukwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezahlukene ze ukuphila emkhathini ezingasekelwe ku-carbon*) kuncike kwezinye izici eziningi, ngaphezu kokuba khona kwamanzi. Okokuqala, i ubukhona bomkhathi. Umkhathi unengcindezi eyanele endaweni eyiplanethi, emkhathini, ukuze ugcine amanzi esesimweni sawo esiyigugu kakhulu, kuyilapho uwavumela ukuthi (kabusha) ajikelezwe ngokuhwamuka kanye nemvula.
Isakhiwo seplanethi sokudala umkhathi ovikela indawo yayo kanye nanoma iyiphi i-biosphere emithelela ye-meteorite, uhambo olushisayo, kanye nemisebe elimazayo ihlobene kakhulu nesisindo sayo. Amaplanethi anesisindo esiphansi awakhiqizi, kwezinye izimo, ukukhangana kwamandla adonsela phansi okwanele ukuze asekele izingqimba zomkhathi., esakhiwe ngezinto ezikhanyayo njenge-nitrogen, ezibalekela kalula amandla okukhanga alethwa uMhlaba. I-Exobiology kanye nobudlelwano bayo nempilo yangaphandle Kuwumkhakha wocwaningo ofuna ukuqonda lobu budlelwano.
ukunyakaza nakho kubaluleke kakhulu
Ngaphezu kobukhulu beplanethi, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali omkhathi wayo, kanye nenani lamandla elanga afinyelela kuyo (noma, ngamanye amazwi, ibanga lawo ukusuka elangeni), ukuma kwawo. yomjikelezo wayo idlala indima ebalulekile ngokulinganayo. Isimo "seplanethi okuhlalwa kuyo" asikwazi ukuqinisekiswa uma ukuzungeza kwenkanyezi kugqame ikakhulukazi, kuze kube sezingeni lokubangela ukuthi isuke njalo endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo (isibonelo, esimweni lapho iplanethi ifinyelela i-aphelion noma i-perihelion, amaphuzu ngokulandelanayo. ikude futhi isondele kakhulu kunomjikelezo welanga).
Indawo okuhlalwa kuyo yesistimu yethu sonozungezilanga iphakathi kuka-0,5 no-3 AU ububanzi. Njengoba kubonisiwe emfanekisweni: endabeni yezinkanyezi ezinkulu kakhulu futhi ezikhanyayo kunelanga, indawo okuhlalwa kuyo itholakala kude nenkanyezi ngokwayo ngoba inani elikhulu lamandla litshala amaplanethi (inani eliqondile lilinganisa isikwele ibanga). Ezinkanyezini ezincane, ezifiphele, njengezinkanyezi ezincane, indawo okuhlalwa kuyo iseduze nenkanyezi. Amaplanethi anjengomhlaba anentshisekelo enkulu ekufuneni ukuphila emkhathini.
Besiyoba yini ngaphandle kwezinkanyezi emkhathini?
Izinkanyezi nazo zilandela ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwazo, njengamaplanethi nempilo eMhlabeni, futhi zidlule ezigabeni zokwanda kokukhanya, ukukhula, noma ukushabalala kancane, ikakhulukazi ekuqaleni nasekupheleni kokuba khona kwazo. Phakathi nalezi zigaba, indawo okuhlalwa kuyo iyashintsha ngokufanele. Ilanga lethu njengamanje lisesigabeni esizinzile sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, cishe phakathi nokuphila kwalo.
Kusukela ngawo-1950s, amaplanethi amaningi atholakala endaweni okuhlalwa kuyo yezinkanyezi ezikude (ama-exoplanets) ahlonziwe futhi afundwa. Lawa maplanethi ngokuvamile makhudlwana futhi amakhulu kakhulu kunoMhlaba, okwenza kube lula ukuwabona ngezinsimbi zethu zezinkanyezi. Ngokuthuthukiswa kwamathuluzi anemba kakhudlwana nezindlela ezintsha zokusesha, kuye kwatholakala amaplanethi alingana noMhlaba. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubika ukuthi kungase kube namaplanethi alingana noMhlaba angaphezu kwezigidigidi ezingu-10 azungeza izinkanyezi ezifana neLanga. kuphela emthaleni wethu.
amaplanethi asogwadule emkhathini
Ikilasi elithakazelisayo lama-exoplanets amaplanethi asogwadule. Lezi zinhlobo zamaplanethi, lapho amanzi eyivelakancane, zingatholakala endaweni enkulu ye-circumstellar kunamanye amaplanethi ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: 1) njengoba engenalo iqhwa neqhwa (izindawo ezimhlophe) ngobuningi, abonisa ukukhanya okuncane futhi angakwazi ukugcina amazinga okushisa aphezulu ngisho nasezindaweni ezikude ukusuka elangeni; 2) sibonga ukuhwamuka okuncishisiwe kwamanzi, ngakho-ke, kumphumela ophansi we-greenhouse, igcina amazinga okushisa afanele ukuphila ngisho nasemabangeni amafushane kunebanga elijwayelekile lomhlaba neLanga.
Kodwa-ke, umqondo wendawo okuhlalwa kuwo ubekelwe inselele, ngokusekelwe kumbono wokuthi amanzi awuketshezi angaba khona kwamanye amaplanethi ngenxa yezinqubo ze-exothermic ezifana nokushisisa kwamagagasi noma ukubola kwe-radioactive. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanzi angatholakala ngesisombululo kanye nezinye izakhi, ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zokushisa nokucindezela. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kuzoba khona imihlaba elungele ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo ngaphandle kwezindawo okuhlalwa kuzo, lapho singayibheki khona.