Isimo sezulu sale planethi sishintsha ngesivinini esingakaze sibe khona emlandweni wakamuva.Futhi akuwona nje umbuzo wokuthi "kuya kushisa." Sikhuluma ngezinguquko ezithinta impilo, umnotho, imvelo, nendlela esiphila ngayo emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemakhaya. Ubufakazi besayensi bukhulu kakhulu: izinga lokushisa emhlabeni jikelele selivele licishe libe ngu-1,1°C ngaphezu kwasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX., futhi amashumi ambalwa eminyaka adlule kube afudumele kunawo wonke emlandweni.
Imbangela eyinhloko umsebenzi womuntu, ikakhulukazi ukushiswa kwezinto zokubasa ezimbiwa phansi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, nezinqubo ezithile zezimboni nezolimo. Lezi zinqubo zikhipha amagesi abamba ukushisa “afudumeza” iplanethi futhi agcine ukushisa.Umphumela uba ukuhlangana kwemithelela: amagagasi okushisa avamile nanamandla, isomiso esithatha isikhathi eside, izimvula ezinamandla, ukukhuphuka kwamazinga olwandle, ukuncibilika kweqhwa ngesivinini, kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhathazayo kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Kuyini ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu?
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu ukuguquka kwesikhathi eside kwesimo sezulu., njengezinga lokushisa elimaphakathi, imvula noma imvamisa yezenzakalo ezimbi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yezenzo zabantu kusukela ngekhulu le-19Ukushiswa kwamalahle, uwoyela, negesi, kanye nokuguqulwa kokusetshenziswa komhlaba, kuye kwashintsha ukwakheka komkhathi, kwaqinisa umphumela wemvelo obamba ukushisa.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi "kwesimo sezulu" kanye "nesimo sezulu": Isimo sezulu isimo somkhathi endaweni ethile nesikhathi (singashintsha usuku nosuku), kanti isimo sezulu siyiphethini emaphakathi yaleso simo sezulu phakathi namashumi eminyaka. Kuwukhiye futhi ukuhlukanisa phakathi "kokufudumala kwembulunga yonke" kanye "nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu": Eyokuqala ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa elijwayelekile leplanethi, futhi ingenye yezimbangela eziyinhloko ezibangela okwesibili, nemiphumela yayo eminingi ehlobene.
Umphumela we-greenhouse, wachazwa ngokungananazi
I-greenhouse effect yinto yemvelo eyenza umhlaba uhlalwe.: amagesi athile emkhathini avumela imisebe yelanga ukuba idlule, kodwa agcine okunye ukushisa okuphinda kukhishwe indawo. Inkinga ekhona manje ukweqisa kwala magesi ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu., okwandisa "ukufudumala" futhi kufudumeza isimiso sezulu ngaphezu kokulinganisa kwaso.
Amagesi afaneleka kakhulu yi-carbon dioxide (CO2) ne-methane (CH4), kanye ne-nitrous oxide (N2O) namanye amagesi e-fluorinated ezimbonini. Ukugxila kufinyelele amazinga okurekhoda: I-CO2 icishe ibe izingxenye ezingama-428,55 ngesigidi ngokochungechunge lwezindawo zokubuka izinto ezifana neMauna Loa, uma kuqhathaniswa no-316,16 ppm owaqoshwa ngo-1958Cishe eminyakeni engamashumi ayisikhombisa, ukukhuphuka okuhlobene kudlula kude ama-30%, okuwukugxuma okusheshayo uma kuqhathaniswa namazinga emvelo esikhathini esidlule.
Ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuvela kuphi?
Amandla, imboni, ezokuthutha, ezolimo, izakhiwo kanye nokusetshenziswa komhlaba yikho okubangela ukukhishwa kwegesi eningi.Umkhakha ngamunye unomkhondo wawo kanye nendawo yokuthuthukisa. Nakhu ukubuka konke okucacile nokuqondile.
Isizukulwane samandla
Ukukhiqiza ugesi nokushisa ngamalahle negesi kuyaqhubeka nokukhiqiza inani elikhulu le-CO2 ne-N2O. Nakuba umhlaba uya ngasemoyeni naselanga, Ngaphezu kwengxenye kagesi womhlaba wonke awukavuselelwa, ngakho-ke kukhona amandla amakhulu okunciphisa lapha uma sisheshisa ukuqeda ikhabhoni.
Izimboni nokukhiqiza
Ukukhiqiza usimende, insimbi, izakhi ze-elekthronikhi, izindwangu noma ezinye izimpahla kuhilela amandla amaningi kanye nezinqubo zokukhipha.. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli, Okunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali kukhulula i-CO2 noma amagesi e-fluorinatedUkwenza amahhavini abesimanje, izinqubo zokufaka ugesi, nokwamukela izinto eziyindilinga kanye nomklamo kuyingxenye yesixazululo.
Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nokushintsha kokusetshenziswa komhlaba
Sigawula amahlathi ukuze senze amadlelo, izilimo noma izingodo bese sikhipha ikhabhoni egcinwe ezihlahleni.. Uma inyamalala, amahlathi ayeka ukumunca i-CO2, okwandisa inkinga. Leli sethi lemisebenzi limelela ingxenye enkulu yezikhiqizo zomhlaba wonke.
Ukuthutha
Imigwaqo, imikhumbi nezindiza kuncike kakhulu emafutheni ezinto ezimbiwa phansi.. Izimoto ezivuthayo zibusa futhi Ezokuthutha zenza cishe ingxenye yesine yamandla omhlaba wonke i-CO2Ukufakwa kukagesi, izibaseli eziqhubekayo, namashifu emodal (izitimela eziningi, amabhayisikili, nokuhamba ngezinyawo) kubalulekile.
Ukukhiqizwa kokudla
Uhlelo lokudla luphuma ngezindlela eziningi: ukusuka ekugawulweni komhlaba kanye nokugawulwa kwamahlathi kuya e-methane evela emfuyweni, ngokusebenzisa umanyolo, imishini namaketanga abandayo kanye nempahlaUkuklama kabusha ukudla kanye nezinqubo zezolimo kunganciphisa kakhulu lokhu kukhishwa kwegesi.
Izakhiwo
Izakhiwo zokuhlala nezohwebo zisebenzisa ugesi ongaphezu kwengxenye yomhlaba.. Lapho ukushisa, isimo somoya noma amanzi ashisayo kuncike kugesi, amalahle noma udizili, ukukhishwa kuyandaI-insulation, amaphampu okushisa, nogesi ohlanzekile kwenza umehluko.
Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezindlela zokuphila
Esikuthengayo, esikudlayo, esikusebenzisayo nesikulahlayo kunomthelela oqondileIngxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ixhunywe emakhaya. I-1% ecebe kakhulu yomhlaba ikhipha, ihlangene, ingaphezu kwama-50% ampofu kakhulu., i-asymmetry esiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha imikhuba nezibopho.
Ubufakazi: izimpawu okungenakwenzeka ukuziba manje
Ukufudumala okuphawuliwe akungabazeki futhi kubhalwe kabanzi.Ishumi leminyaka elidlule kube yilona elifudumele kunawo wonke emlandweni, futhi Ngayinye kwezine zokugcina yayifudumele kunanoma iyiphi eyedlule kusukela ngo-1850. Akukona ukujika kwemvelo okulula: izimpawu ze-anthropic "cula" ochungechungeni lwamazinga okushisa, iqhwa, izilwandle nezehlakalo ezimbi kakhulu.
I-Arctic ilahlekelwe cishe i-2,14 million km² yeqhwa ehlobo kusukela ngo-1980., futhi e-Antarctica izinga leqhwa, ngemva kweminyaka yokuzinza ngisho nokwanda, isiqalile ukwehla okulinganiselwa ku-1,3 million km². Ezweni elomile, Izinguzunga zeqhwa zilahlekelwe amathani eqhwa angaphezu kwezigidi eziyisi-9 kusukela ngo-1975 futhi namuhla ancibilika ngenani elicishe libe ngamathani ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-500.000 ngonyaka.
Ukulahlekelwa yiqhwa emhlabeni kuphakamisa izinga lolwandleUkuncibilika kwe-glacial kukodwa kube nomthelela mayelana ne-18 mm, futhi izinga lomhlaba jikelele likhuphuke cishe ngo-19 cm phakathi kuka-1901 no-2010. Izilinganiso zikhomba ku-24-30 cm ngo-2065 kanye no-40-63 cm ngo-2100. (uma kuqhathaniswa no-1986-2005). Ngisho noma singayeka ukukhishwa kwegesi namuhla, Ezinye zalezi zinguquko zizoqhubeka amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa ye-inetia yesimiso sezulu.
I-ecosystem nayo iyashintsha ngezindlela ezilinganisekayoI-Phenologies, imizila efudukayo kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezinhlobo zezilwane kuyashintshwa; izinambuzane nezifo ziyanda okuhambisana nama-vectors azwela ukushisa. Baye babhekwa Ukwehluleka kokuzala kumakoloni e-emperor penguin lapho iqhwa liphuka ngokushesha, futhi izilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle ziyahlupheka ukuhlukahluka kokutholakala kwe-krill ngenxa yezinguquko ekukhuphukeni kanye nesakhiwo solwandle.
Imithelela kubantu nasemnothweni
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuthinta impilo, ukutholakala kokudla, izindlu kanye nokuqashwaAmagagasi okushisa akhulisa ukufa, anciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwabasebenzi, futhi acindezela izinhlelo zezempilo; Isomiso esithatha isikhathi eside sibeka ingcindezi ezitshalweni nasemfuyweni; kanye nezigigaba ezimbi kakhulu zilimaza ingqalasizinda namaketanga okuhlinzeka.
Ukuba sengozini akusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayoIzifunda eziqhingini ezisezingeni eliphansi kanye namazwe asathuthuka asevele abhekene nokungena kwamanzi anosawoti, ukulahlekelwa umhlaba kanye ukuxoshwa ngenkaniInani “lababaleki besimo sezulu” kungenzeka likhule. Ukuhlaziya okuhlukahlukene kugcizelela ubulungiswa besimo sezulu: labo abafake isandla kancane enkingeni bavame ukuhlupheka kakhulu ngemiphumela yayo.
Njalo okweshumi kubalulekile: imibundu nezingozi
Ukunciphisa izinga lokushisa libe ngu-1,5°C kuzovimbela imithelela emibi kakhulu, ngokokuhlola kwamazwe ngamazwe okubuyekezwe izinkulungwane zososayensi. Nokho, ngezinqubomgomo zamanje, Iplanethi ibheke cishe ku-2,8°C ekupheleni kwekhulunyaka.Sesivele seqe ngezikhathi ezithile umkhawulo ongu-1,5°C ngeziqephu ezimfushane, okubonisa ukuthi siseduze kangakanani nomkhawulo wokusebenza ophephile.
Imvelo yobungozi ayiqondile: Ukwenyuka okuncane kwezinga lokushisa okungeziwe kungabangela izinguquko ezingalingani esimweni sezulu esibi kakhulu, ukutholakala kwamanzi, noma ukuzinza kwemvelo ebucayi (ihlathi lemvula lase-Amazon, i-permafrost tundras). Ngakho-ke, yonke ingxenye yeshumi yezinga igwenywe.
Ubani okhipha okwengeziwe futhi ubani okufanele athathe isinyathelo kuqala?
Okuphumayo kuvela emhlabeni wonke, kodwa kugxilileAbakhiqizi abakhulu abayisikhombisa—i-China, i-United States, i-India, i-European Union, i-Indonesia, iRussia neBrazil— abalwe cishe ingxenye yamagesi abamba ukushisa ngo-2020. Nakuba wonke umuntu kufanele enze okuthile, Labo abakhipha kakhulu banomthwalo wemfanelo omkhulu futhi osheshayo.
Izixazululo: ukunciphisa, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokuxhaswa ngezimali
Imephu yomgwaqo ihlanganisa izindlela ezintathu ezinkulu: nciphisa ukukhishwa (ukunciphisa), lungiselela imithelela okungenakugwemeka (ukujwayela) kanye ukuhlanganisa ezezimali okwanele kokubili. Kunezinhlaka ezivamile—kusuka ku-Paris Agreement to Sustainable Development Goals—eziqondisa umzamo womhlaba wonke.
UkunciphisaUkushintsha ukusuka kumafutha ensalela kuye kwezivuselelekayo (umoya, ilanga, nokunye), ukufaka ugesi ekupheleni kokusetshenziswa, nokwandisa ukusebenza kahle kunganciphisa ukukhishwa okuningi. Isayensi ikhomba ukuthi uhhafu womzamo wokunciphisa kufanele ufinyelelwe ngo-2030. ukugcina izinketho ezingu-1,5°C. Ukuze ugweme umonakalo oyinhlekelele, Kuzodingeka ukuthi kuncishiswe ukukhishwa kwezinqolobane eziqinisekisiwe ezingaphezu kwezingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu ngaphambi kuka-2050..
I-AdaptaciónKuhilela ukuvikela abantu, imvelo, nengqalasizinda esimweni sezulu esishintshayo. Izinhlelo zokuxwayisa zangaphambi kwesikhathi zisindisa izimpilo futhi zinganikeza izinzuzo ezinkulu ngokuphindwe ka-10 kunezindleko zazo.Ukubeka phambili imiphakathi esengozini kakhulu kukhulisa ukuqina nokulingana.
IzimaliUkungenzi lutho kubiza kakhulu kunesenzo. Amazwe athuthukile athembisa ukuhlanganisa amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu ngonyaka ukusekela amazwe asathuthuka. Muva nje, engqungqutheleni yesimo sezulu, Kunxuswe ukuthi kukhuphule isifiso ku-$300.000 billion ngonyaka kuze kube ngu-2035. ukunciphisa ukungcola, ukuvikela izimpilo kanye nokusimamisa izimpilo. Noma kunjalo, Abaholi baxwayisa ngokuthi kusazodingeka omunye umsebenzi ukuvala igebe.
IYurophu neSpain: lokho esivele sikuqaphela
EYurophu, ukubanda ngokweqile kuvame ukuncipha, kodwa ukuhlukahluka kuyanda futhi kwenza impendulo ezenzakalweni ezinzima. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu akhuphula ukuhwamuka Futhi uma ukuntuleka kwemvula, isomiso nobungozi bomlilo buyanda, kube nemiphumela kwezolimo, amahlathi, nokutholakala kwamanzi.
ISpain iyindawo eshisayo yokuguquka kwesimo sezulu endaweni eyizungezileIhlobo selinde cishe ngamasonto amahlanu kusukela ngawo-1970; Eminye imifula ibone ukugeleza kwayo kwehla ngaphezu kwama-20%.; isimo sezulu esiwugwadule sikhule cishe ngo-30.000 km²; futhi Amagagasi okushisa nesomiso avame kakhulu futhi ashubileUma ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuqhubeka nokukhuphuka, lawa mathrendi azogqama kakhulu.
Isenzo esivela kohulumeni, izinkampani kanye nezakhamuzi
Izixazululo zikhona futhi, uma ziklanywe kahle, ziletha izinzuzo zezomnotho nezenhlalo.. Uguquko lwamandla, ukusebenza kahle ezakhiweni nasezimbonini, ukuhamba okusimeme kanye nezolimo ezinekhabhoni ephansi ama-levers anembuyiselo enhle uma ziklanywe ngemibandela yobulungiswa nentuthuko.
Ukutshalwa kabusha kwamahlathi nokubuyisela imvelo kusiza ukuthwebula i-CO2 nokubuyisela izinsiza ezibalulekile.ESpain, amaphrojekthi okwakhiwa kabusha kwamahlathi ezindaweni ezahlukene atshale amashumi ezinkulungwane zezihlahla kusukela maphakathi neshumi leminyaka elidlule. ukunciphisa ukuguguleka, ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi kanye nokuqinisa amasinki ekhabhoni. Lolu hlobo lwesinyathelo lungena ku-a umnotho oyindilinga lokho kunciphisa imfucuza futhi kuvale imijikelezo yezinto ezibonakalayo.
Imikhuba yomuntu ngamunye nayo iyanezela, ikakhulukazi uma izigidi izamukela.. Khetha imikhiqizo yendawo, nciphisa udoti, sebenzisa kabusha futhi ugaywe kabusha, futhi lungisa ukushisisa noma isimo somoya kwenza umehluko wangempela esidingweni samandla kanye nokukhishwa okuhlobene.
- Nqamula ishaja uma ungayisebenzisi futhi ugweme ukusetshenziswa kwe-phantom; kubonakala kubhili yakho nakuleveli yakho ye-CO2 unyaka wonke.
- Hamba ngokuqhubekayo: Ukuhamba ngezinyawo, ukuhamba ngebhayisikili noma ukusebenzisa izithuthi zomphakathi kunciphisa ukungcola futhi kuthuthukisa impilo.
- Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa nokumosha: Gwema amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, sebenzisa izikhwama zendwangu, futhi ubeke phambili imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside.
- Ukubhejwa ngokudla okusimeme: Ukulungiswa kokudla kanye nemfucuza yokudla kunamandla amakhulu okunciphisa.
Ukushintsha indlela yokuphila kusebenza kangcono uma kuhambisana nezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezihambisanayo kanye nezimpawu zamanani., futhi uma izinkampani decarbonize value chain ngendlela esobala nesayensi (ngokwesibonelo, okuhloswe ukuncishiswa okuqinisekisiwe).
Futhi akukhona yini konke okungokwemvelo? Ithini idatha
Isimo sezulu soMhlaba besilokhu sishintshashintsha ngenxa yezimbangela zemvelo (imijikelezo ye-orbital, umsebenzi welanga, izintaba-mlilo), kodwa Lawa ma-oscillations ayenzeka ezinkulungwaneni zeminyaka futhi ajwayele ukuzinza.. Manje kwehlukile: Emashumini ambalwa eminyaka sidlule umthamo wokumunca we-biosphere nolwandle, kanye nesignesha yomuntu mayelana nokufudumala namaphethini ayo kucacile emigqeni eminingi yobufakazi.
Iningi lokufudumala okurekhodiwe liye lagxila eminyakeni engu-40 edlule.. Ngamandla engeziwe ohlelweni, Iziphepho ziya ngokushuba, izimvula ezinamandla ezilandelwa isomiso, nokungahambi ngendlela kwenza kube nzima ukuhlela imithombo yezolimo kanye nemithombo yamanzi. Lesi sivinini, kanye nezimanga ezilethwayo, yiwona mgogodla wenkinga.
Impilo, imvelo namadolobha: imiphumela esesivele sibhekene nayo
Amazinga okushisa aphezulu akhulisa ukufa kanye nengcindezi yokushisa, ikakhulukazi ezinganeni, ezinganeni nakubantu abadala. Izifo ezithwalwa yi-Vector Abantu abazwelayo kumazinga okushisa bathola izimo ezingcono kakhulu ezindaweni ezintsha.
Ama-ecosystem alahlekelwa ukusimama: izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezihlehlayo, ukwenziwa kwe-asidi olwandle nge-CO2 kube nzima ukuphila kwezinto eziphilayo ezibalayo, kanye izindawo zokuhlala ezihlukaniswe imililo nesomiso. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, ukudoba ngokweqile, ukungcola kanye nokufudumala komhlaba phusha izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane emikhawulweni yazo.
Ukubusa nokubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe
Izivumelwano zamazwe amaningi ziwuhlaka lokusheshisa isenzoIsivumelwano saseParis sibeka isifundo, futhi amazwe abuyekeza iminikelo yawo ngezikhathi ezithile. Ukuvala igebe lesifiso sokuvelela, kunenkulumo mpikiswano ngokukhushulwa kwezimali zesimo sezulu, ukukhuthaza ukudluliswa kobuchwepheshe kanye ukuqinisa ukusebenzisana kweNyakatho neNingizimu.
Ubulungiswa besimo sezulu bufuna ukuthi labo abakhiqiza igesi engcolisayo bahole ekuncishisweni., ngenkathi isekela abasengozini kakhulu ukuze bazivumelanise futhi bathuthuke ngokuqhubekayo. Kuyindaba kokubili izimiso zokuziphatha kanye pragmatic: Ngaphandle kokulingana, uguquko ngeke lube olusheshayo noma oluzinzile.
Inothi elisebenzayo: amakhukhi kumaphothali asemthethweni wesimo sezulu
Lapho uthintana namawebhusayithi ezikhungo (isibonelo, izinkonzo) Kuyinto evamile ukuthola izaziso zekhukhi. Lezi Zikuvumela ukuthi ukhumbule okuncamelayo, uhlaziye ukusetshenziswa kwesayithi, futhi uthuthukise ulwazi lwakho.Ngokuvamile zihlukaniswa njengezinkampani zokuqala/izinkampani zangaphandle, iseshini/eziqhubekayo, futhi ngenjongo (yobuchwepheshe, ukwenza kube ngokwakho, izibalo, noma ukukhangisa kokuziphatha).
Amathuluzi ezibalo njenge-Adobe Analytics asebenzisa isethi encane yamakhukhi. ngezibalo ezingahlonzi. Ngenjwayelo, Ungamukela noma wenqabe okungabalulekile futhi ikhukhi lobuchwepheshe lifakiwe ukuze kukhunjulwe ukukhetha kwakho, ngaphandle kwalokho amanye amaphothali angeke asebenze kahle.
Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu akuyona inkinga engabonakali noma ekude.; kakade kuthinta ukuphila kwethu kwansuku zonke nokwezigidi zabantu. Nciphisa kakhulu ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni kuleli shumi leminyaka, uzijwayeze ngobuhlakani, futhi uxhase ngezimali izinguquko Lezi izinsika ezintathu ezingagcina isimo sezulu esiphilayo, zivikele izimpilo, futhi zibambe amathuba angempela ezomnotho uma sithatha isinyathelo ngokushesha nangomzwelo wobulungisa.