Iyini i-Supernova?
I-supernova (kusuka kwelesiLatini nova, "okusha") kukhona ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi engaziveza ngendlela ephawuleka kakhulu futhi enobukhulu obuyinhlekelele ekhiqiza ukukhanya okunamandla okungahlala emasontweni ambalwa kuya ezinyangeni ezimbalwa. Lezi zigigaba zinobudlelwano obungaphakathi nokuvela kwe- izinkanyezi emithalani yethu, kanye nendima yayo emithala ukwakheka kwezakhi endaweni yonke.
Babonakala ngo-a ukwanda okusheshayo kokuqina kokukhanya kuze kube yilapho ethola ubukhulu obuphelele obungaphezu kwawo wonke umthala. Nokho, izinkanyezi ezimbalwa ziba i-supernovae. Iningi liyaphola futhi liqede izinsuku zalo njengabancane abamhlophe futhi, ngokulandelana, njengama-black dwarfs.
I-Supernovas ayiyona into evamile kakhulu. Izazi zezinkanyezi zilinganisela ukuthi ama-supernovae amabili noma amathathu kwenzeka njalo ngekhulu leminyaka emithala efana nowethu, i-Milky Way. Kodwa-ke, ukutadisha kwayo kubalulekile ukuqonda amandla amnyama endaweni yonke, kanye nezenzakalo ezinkulu.
Kwenzeka kanjani i-supernova?
Ngemuva kwezifundo ezingapheli, izazi zezinkanyezi zikwazile ukuthuthuka ekuqondeni ama-starbursts ebizwa ngokuthi i-supernovae futhi imfundiso ilula. Uma inkanyezi inesisindo esiphindwe kasishiyagalombili kobeLanga lethu, noma ukuminyana okukhulu, inkanyezi izoqhuma ibe yi-supernova. Lesi simo ngokuvamile sihlobene ne- ukubhekwa kwezenzakalo zezinkanyezi okubalulekile okuhlanganisa nocwaningo ku izibonakude ezithuthukisiwe nezinye izinto ezisivumela ukuba sifunde okwengeziwe ngendawo yonke.
Kuyinqubo yezigidigidi zeminyaka, okungukuthi, ende kakhulu. Nakuba kukhona okuhlukile kokuphela kwayo kuye ngobuningi benkanyezi, ukuqala kwayo kuyefana kuzo zonke izimo: izinkanyezi zikhangisa i-hydrogen yazo ukuze zenze i-helium ngokusebenzisa i-nuclear fusion. Yile ndlela abathola ngayo amandla abenza bakhanye.
Lapho i-hydrogen iphela, i-helium ekhiqizwayo igcinwa emnyombweni ngenxa yokuminyana kwayo okuphezulu. I-Helium condensation iyanda kangangokuthi inkanyezi 'idakwe' yi-helium. Njengoba i-hydrogen iyancipha, inkanyezi ikhiqiza enye indlela yokuthola amandla: ukuhlanganisa i-helium. ngokubukeka, izinkanyezi ezinjalo ziqala ukwanda ngosayizi, zivuvukale zibe imidondoshiya ebomvu. Le nqubo ifana nokuhlaziywa kwezinye izakhiwo endaweni yonke, njenge i-nebulae kanye nokwakheka kwayo.
Kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko ze-supernovae.
Ukuqhuma kwe-Supernova kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili ezihlukene: esinye sibangelwa ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi ezinkulu ezingazodwa, kanti esinye isigaba sisuka ngenxa yezinqubo zokushintshisana ngendaba ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo ezithile zezinkanyezi kanambambili. Ngalo mqondo, ukucwaninga kwalokhu kuqhuma kusivumela ukuba sijule ezimfihlakalo ze imithala nokuthi zinethonya kanjani ukwakheka kwendawo yonke kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo.
Isigaba sokuqala
Kuhambisana nokuqhuma okwenzeka ekupheleni kokuphila kwenkanyezi enkulu kakhulu, futhi okukhiqiza amandla amakhulu kanye nokukhishwa kwempahla, okungenye yezinto eziqhuma kakhulu. Ngokubukeka kwayo, inkanyezi ikhulisa ukukhanya kwayo kangangokuthi ingagqama ngaphezu kwawo wonke umthala owuphethe, okuvumela izazi zezinkanyezi ukuba zenze ucwaningo oluningiliziwe lwalezi zinkanyezi. ukuqhuma kwezinkanyezi kanye nomthelela wayo endaweni yonke.
isigaba sesibili
Ukushintshana okukhulu kwe-supernovae kwenzeka lapho inkanyezi eyilungu ohlelweni kanambambili ithola uphethiloli ngokuthwebula into kumngane wayo. Lokhu kusebenzisana kuyisibonelo ocwaningweni lwe imithala lenticular kanye namandla ayo.
izinsalela ze-supernova
Ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova, izinsalela zakha a isakhiwo nebulous kusukela ekuqhumeni. lezi zinsalela (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi izinsalela) Bazungezwe igagasi lokushaqeka elinwebekayo elishanela yonke into ebazungezile futhi lishayisane endleleni yalo. Ukuhlolwa kwalezi zakhiwo ezingenangqondo kuyisisekelo ekuqondeni kwethu umkhathi kanye nawo ubunzima.
Inkanyezi, engenawo amandla enkabeni yayo, iqhuma kuye ngamandla ayo adonsela phansi, okuholela emigwaqweni emibili ye-supernova: inkanyezi ye-neutron noma umgodi omnyama. Ukuze uqonde kangcono lezi zimo, kungaboniswana ngezifundo izimbobo ezimnyama kanye nokwakheka kwawo endaweni yonke.
Kodwa akuzona zonke izinto ezicekeleke phansi ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova, kodwa umnyombo wenkanyezi uhlala. Lowo mgogodla, onamazinga ensimbi aphezulu, uzoqhubeka nokucwila. Ukucwila kuzoma noma kuqhubeke unomphela kuye ngobuningi bomgogodla ngemva kokuqhuma.
inkanyezi ye-neutron
Ebizwa nangokuthi ama-Pulsars, ukwakheka kwawo kukhiqizwa lapho ukuwohloka komgogodla kukhubazekile ngenxa yama-neutron, okuthi hamba ngokungenanjongo ngenxa yamazinga okushisa aphezulu, okwenza ukuthi izinto zihlukaniswe zibe ama-proton, ama-neutron nama-electron. Ama-Pulsars ube nenkundla kazibuthe enkulu eyanele, egqugquzela ukuphuma kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemisebe kazibuthe ngendlela yamapulses, ahamba ngezikhawu ezithile ngokuvumelana nesikhathi sokuzungeza. Ukuze uthole ukuhlaziya okujulile kwalezi zenzakalo, ungathintana nolwazi ama-pulsars nokuthi zihlobana kanjani nezinye izehlakalo ze-cosmic.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma ngemva kokuqhuma kwe-supernova i-nucleus esele inesisindo esingaphezu komkhawulo wayo, okungukuthi, isisindo esingaba ngamalanga amathathu, ukuwa kwayo akunakugwenywa. Lokhu kubangela ukuminyana kwenkanyezi ukuthi kuphakame kakhulu, kudale ukuwohloka, lapho kwakhiwa khona izimbobo ezimnyama. Inqobo nje uma kukhona ukuminyana okuphezulu kokukhanya okukhona, imbobo emnyama izoba nkulu, okubangela intshisekelo yezifundo imisindo yendawo yonke kanye nokuhlola kwayo.
I-supernova njengokuqhuma kokudala!
Manje, ngemva kokuhlaziya indlela i-supernova eyenzeka ngayo, sekuyisikhathi sokuzindla kancane: Sonke, esikhathini esithile ekuphileni kwethu, siye saba ne-thermometer ye-mercury, amacici egolide, noma sagcoba ngisho ne-iodine esilondeni ukuze sisheshise inqubo yokuphola. Lezi zakhi ekugcineni zinemvelaphi yazo ezinqubweni zezinkanyezi ezinjengalezi, ingxenye efanayo ukwakheka kwesimiso sonozungezilanga.
I-mercury ye-thermometer, igolide ne-iodine itholwe emayini, kodwa Ubani owayibeka lapho? Lezi zakhi zafakwa phakathi nenqubo yokwakheka komhlaba kumaplanethi abukisayo kulezi zakhi. Amaplanethi amaplanethi adalwa kucwecwe lwegesi nothuli okwabangela sonke isimiso sonozungezilanga, futhi kuleyo gesi kwakukhona lawo ma-athomu e-mercury, esiliva, noma e-iodine. Ukuze uqonde ukuthi lezi zinqubo zixhuma kanjani, kuyathakazelisa ukuhlola i- isifinyezo sethiyori ye-Big Bang.
Ama-athomu eza eMhlabeni ngenxa yokuqhuma kwe-supernova, futhi njengoba ungacabanga, yonke leyo mercury, igolide, ne-iodine yadalwa kulokho kuqhuma okukhulu kwenkanyezi. Futhi lokhu akwenzekanga nje nge-mercury, igolide, ne-iodine, kodwa nangezinye izakhi ezingenakubalwa ezibalulekile ekuphileni, njengalezo ezakheka ekuqhumeni okukhulu. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi ngaphandle kwalokhu kuqhuma okumangalisayo kokudala, ukuphila njengoba sazi ukuthi bekungeke kwenzeke.
