Akungabazeki ukuthi uSeneca ungomunye wabacabangi ababaluleke kakhulu nabaziwayo besikhathi sobukhosi baseRoma. Lokhu kungenxa yezici ezithile zomlando wakhe ezimxhumanisa nababusi bangaleso sikhathi, kanye nobuntu bakhe njengomuntu othanda ukuziphatha, umgxeki ongapheli wezenzo ezimbi zomphakathi waseRoma, kanye nomgqugquzeli wezindinganiso ezintsha.
Ukuphila kukaSeneca konke kwaqala ngaphansi kokubusa kwamakhosi amahlanu ahlukene. Eyingxenye yobukhosi bukaJulio-Claudian, waba umfundisi nomeluleki kaNero . Kodwa-ke, lona wakamuva, ephuphuthekiswe yingcebo namandla, waphoqa isazi sefilosofi ukuba sizibulale, simsola ngokuhlanganyela ecebeni lasePisonian.
Amanothi okuphila: impilo nomsebenzi
Asazi okuningi ngobusha bukaLucius Annaeus Seneca. Wazalelwa eCordoba (eSpain) emndenini wamahhashi, phakathi kuka-4 no-1 BC, uyise, iqhawe elicebile elaziwa ngokuthi uSeneca Omdala noma uSeneca uMqondisi Wezinkulumo , wayeyindoda ekhuthele ethanda umlando kanye nobuciko bokukhuluma. Wathuthela eRoma ukuze amadodana akhe akwazi ukufunda ngokukhululeka kakhudlwana, alalele izikhulumi ezidumile kakhulu, futhi athole imfundo efanele.
USeneca waqala ukuzihlanganisa nabanye bezihlakaniphi abadumile kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi: USozione Omncane (isazi sefilosofi saseNeopythagore), u-Attalus (umStoic), noPapirius Fabianus (isazi senkulumo nesazi sefilosofi). Ngabo, wafunda izimfundiso zikaQuintus Sextius , owayeshumayele umqondo wokuphila impilo yokuzidela, ephefumulelwe ngokwengxenye yiNeopythagoreanism, ayehlala ethembekile kuyo. Cishe ngo-26 AD, uSeneca wathuthela eGibhithe ukuyohlala nomalume wakhe futhi alulame empilweni yakhe embi. Lapho, cishe ngo-31 AD, waqala umsebenzi wakhe wokukhuluma nowezepolitiki, futhi phakathi neminyaka embalwa, waba yisenator.
Ukungqubuzana kokuqala neziphathimandla kuqale ngo-39 AD, lapho afaka khona isigwebo sokufa, ngokusobala ngenxa yesifiso sikaCaligula onomona , owayevikele kahle imbangela yakhe phambi kwakhe, kodwa kungenzeka kakhulu ngenxa yokuxhumana kwakhe neqembu elingaphakathi likaGermanicus, owayenobutha nombusi. Kulesi senzakalo, omunye wamakhosikazi kaCaligula wamsindisa, etshela umbusi ukuthi kwakungafanele ukubulala umuntu ohlakaniphile kangaka, owayezokufa ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho.
Izinsolo ezibhekiswe ku-Seneca
Ngo-41 AD, uSeneca waba yisisulu sozungu lwesigodlo, futhi ngemva kokusolwa ngokuphinga nomunye wodadewabo bakaCaligula, wadingiselwa eCorsica ngumbusi omusha, uClaudius . Ukudingiswa—empeleni, ukudingiswa —kwaqhubeka kusukela ngo-41 kuya ku-49 AD. Kulokhu, kwakunguMessalina, umkaClaudius wokuqala, owayenecala lokulahlwa. Eqinisweni, wayesaba isizwe samaJalimane esidala, esasimelelwe odadewabo bakaCaligula, ngakho-ke wamangalela uSeneca ngokuphinga nomntwana omncane kubo, uGiulia Livilla.
Ukubuyela kukaSeneca eRoma kwasiza u-Agrippina, umkaClaudius, ngemva kokushona kukaMessalina. Eqinisweni, umkaMbusi omusha wayelungiselela indodana yakhe uLucius Domitius Ahenobarbus, owayenguNero wesikhathi esizayo, emshadweni wangaphambilini, futhi wayebheka isazi sefilosofi saseCordoban njengomeluleki ofanele kuye.
Ngo 54 AD. Ngo-XNUMX BC, uClaudius washona, mhlawumbe wadliswa ushevu ngu-Agrippina ngokwakhe, futhi walandelwa uNerone owayeneminyaka eyishumi nesithupha ubudala, ephekwa uSeneca kanye nomphathi wenkosi u-Afranius Burrus. UNero uzoba yinkosana ephikisana kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe; Eqinisweni, uyoba nezimfanelo ezithile ezingenakuphikwa, ikakhulukazi engxenyeni yokuqala yombuso wakhe, kodwa futhi uyoba necala ngobugebengu nezimo zengqondo zobushiqela.
Ukuzibophezela nokuzibophezela okwengeziwe
USeneca wabe esecabanga isu lokuzikhandla lokuqondisa umfundi wakhe osemusha ekusebenziseni amandla ngokukhanya. Wenza lokho ngokuzama ukuxazulula phakathi kwamandla ombuso namandla eSenate. Wasikisela kuNero inqubomgomo yokuhlonipha amalungelo ezikhulu . Kodwa-ke, kwakuyisikhathi esinzima kusosayensi wefilosofi, hhayi nje ngenxa yokuzibophezela okwakufunwa yile nqubomgomo, kodwa ngaphezu kwakho konke ngenxa yezivumelwano eziningi okwakumelwe azenze. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kwakukhona isimo sikaNero sokungabekezeleli mayelana nokuqeqeshwa kwakhe, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqhinga ka-Agrippina, owayefuna ukulawula indodana yakhe ngoSeneca noBurrus, ngaleyo ndlela elawula amandla akhe.
Iminyaka emihlanu yokuqala yokuphatha kwaphawulwa inkathi yokulingana okusobala—okuthiwa “inkathi yohulumeni omuhle”—kodwa isimo kamuva sabonakala sehla kakhulu. Ithonya elihle labafundisi ababili abavelele eqinisweni lalingesikhathi esifushane; U-Nero, ogcwele isifiso sokuvelela nokugabadela, uqala ukuqeda labo abavimbela iphrojekthi yakhe yokuqinisekisa komuntu ngamunye, ekhaphela izindinganiso nezimiso ezifanayo afundiswa ngazo uthisha wakhe.
Wathintwa umbusi omubi
Umbusi oyisiwula ngokushesha waba ngumuntu oyinhloko yezenzo ezimbi kakhulu. Wabulala indodana kaClaudius, uBritannicus, ngo-55 AD. Eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, ngo-59 AD, wabulala unina, u-Agrippina, ngemva kwezingxabano ezibuhlungu . Nokho, uSeneca wahlala ethembekile kumbusi kwaze kwaba ngu-62 AD.
Lapho, ngemva kokushona kwembongolo (mhlawumbe efakwe ushevu), ukungafani kwagxila nakakhulu endleleni yokuphila kaNero noTigellinus, umphathi omusha we-praetorium, kanye nendlela yokuphila yokugunyazwa eya ngokuya ikhula.
Ngalesi sikhathi, uSeneca waqaphela ingozi yalesi simo futhi waqala ukuya esigodlweni sobukhosi kancane kancane, ikakhulukazi ngemva komlilo waseRoma ngo-64 AD. Wacela futhi imvume kumbusi yokuhoxa empilweni yezepolitiki. Naphezu kokwenqaba kombusi, kancane kancane wahoxa waya ezindlini zakhe zasemaphandleni, ezinikela ekufundeni ifilosofi, okungaxhunyaniswa nefa lakhe lefilosofi kanye nethonya lakhe kubuStoicism . Kwakuphakathi nalesi sikhathi lapho uSeneca abhala khona eminye yemisebenzi yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu: Imibuzo Yemvelo , On Providence , kanye ne- Moral Letters to Lucilius.
Ukwahlulela kukaNero
Ukungazibandakanyi kukaNero ezinqumweni zakhe zezombusazwe kwaholela ekubeni uSeneca abonakale njengomphikisi wombuso. Ngakho-ke, lapho uzungu lwesenetha olumelene noNero, oluholwa nguGaius Calpurnius Piso (olwaziwa ngokuthi uzungu lwePisonian), luvinjelwa ngo-65 AD, uSeneca wayengenakubalekela ukusolwa ngokuthi uhlanganyele, futhi uNero wamgwebela ukufa. Wabe eseyalwa ukuba azibulale, afe ngenhlonipho ngokwezimiso ze- mos maiorum . Ukube wayengenzanga kanjalo, ngabe wabulawa noma kunjalo, njengoba uNero wayesaqiniseka ngokubandakanyeka kwakhe ozungu lwePisonian. USeneca kungenzeka ukuthi wayeqaphela kuphela uzungu, kodwa asikwazi ngokuqinisekile ukuthi wahlanganyela yini kulo. Engakwazi futhi engafuni ukubaleka, isazi sefilosofi sakhetha ukuzibulala, singenalo olunye ukhetho.
Ukufa kukaSeneca kulandiswa nguTacitus, okuchaza ngokuthola ugqozi ekufeni kukaSocrates encwadini kaPlato ethi Phaedo and Crito , ngamazwi afanayo kakhulu; USeneca ukhuluma nabafundi nomkakhe uPompea Paolina, abangathanda ukuzibulala naye, kodwa naphezu kwesazi sefilosofi simncenga ukuba angakwenzi lokho, uyaphikelela.
Izikhathi zokugcina ngokusho kukaTacitus
UTacitus uchaza izikhathi zokugcina zesazi sefilosofi kanje: “ Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uSeneca, njengoba ukulinda kwakude futhi ukufa kwase kuphuze ukufika, wancenga uStatius Annaeus, owayenobungane obude kanye nekhono lakhe lezokwelapha, ukuba amthululele ubuthi obulungiselelwe esikhathini esithile ngaphambili, obufanayo nalabo abalahlwe yicala e-Athene ababebulewe ngabo . Balethwa kuye, kodwa wabuphuza ngeze, ngoba izitho zakhe zase zibanda kakade futhi umzimba wakhe uvaliwe esenzweni sobuthi. Ekugcineni, wazibeka ebhavini lamanzi ashisayo, futhi wafafaza izinceku eziseduze ngawo, waphinde wathi unikeza uJupiter umkhululi lo mnikelo. Ekugcineni, efakwe ebhavini elinomusi, wacinywa ukushisa futhi washiswa ngaphandle komcimbi womngcwabo. Lokhu wayekubeke encwadini yakhe yefa lapho, esacebile kakhulu futhi esephakeme ngamandla akhe, wayesecabanga ngokuphela kwakhe .”
Ukuzibulala okuqondwa abaningi
Ukuzibulala ngesibindi nokufanelekile komuntu ongakwesabi ukufa futhi ophile impilo yakhe yonke efuna injabulo ngobuhle, ukuhlakanipha, kanye nokuthula komoya. Ubheka ukubaluleka kokuphila hhayi ngobude bako, kodwa ngokwekhwalithi okuphilwa ngayo. Lowo, ngezinhlekelele zakhe, owazama, ngokugxeka intukuthelo , ukufundisa inkosi yakhe ukugwema intukuthelo eyeqile, waze wanikela enye yezingxoxo zakhe kulolu thando olubi ( De ira ), yize yena ngokwakhe eyisisulu salo. Ukufa kwakhe, nokho, okuqhakambisa impilo ephilwa ngokugcwele; uhlala ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhle nezimbi, eshiya isizukulwane sinomlando ocebile wemisebenzi, kokubili yefilosofi neyokuziphatha, ngezingxoxo zakhe eziyishumi kanye nezincwadi zakhe , ezinobuntu obuseduze nobuseduze.
Isazi sefilosofi, esasisolwa isikhathi eside ngokungaphili ngokwemithetho yaso, ngokuqongelela ingcebo nokwenza inzuzo enkulu, ngokuba nesandla emandleni, nangokusekela ukubulawa kwabantu kukaBritannicus no-Agrippina , ekugcineni savumelanisa impilo nezenzo zakhe nokufa kwakhe kweSocrates yaseshashalazini. Indima kaTacitus enamandla neyidrama evela ku- Annals (15, 62-64)—eyaphefumulela nesiko lesimanje lezithombe, kusukela kuRubens kuya kuDavide—kanye noMlando wamaRoma kaCassius Dio (25, 1-3), umthombo oyinhloko wokwakha kabusha ukuzibulala kukaSeneca. Njengoba yena ngokwakhe esho ezincwadini eziya kuLucilius (Incwadi VIII, 70, 6 no-28): “Ukufa kahle kusho ukubalekela ingozi yokuphila kabi. (…) Ukuqonda ngokwako kusikhuthaza ukuba sife ngendlela esijabulisa ngayo, uma kungenzeka.”