OFaro baseGibhithe ababaluleke kakhulu bashiye uphawu olungenakucimeka ku umlando waseGibhithe lasendulofuthi eshiya abaningi ubufakazi okubalulekile okufinyelele ezinsukwini zethu ngenxa yoFaro baseGibhithe.
Kukhulu abakhi de amaphiramidi, izakhiwo zethempeli y ezipro, amaqhawe y Abanqobi, oFaro baseGibhithe nabo bayisa emathuneni abo amagugu esingakubona namuhla ebuningini iminyuziyamu phakathi nohambo olumangalisayo lwaseGibhithe. Ngakho ake sithole oFaro ababaluleke kakhulu yomlando we IGibhithe lasendulo, ukuvakasha i amaqiniso abaluleke kakhulu ezibonakalise ngayinye ubukhosi.
Babengobani oFaro baseGibhithe?
I-Los reyes waseGibhithe lasendulo, okuthiwa oFaro, zazibhekwa njenge umlamuli ongcwele phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu. Yabo amandla y umsebenzi wesikole ngasedolobheni ngakho ingqikithi. Eqinisweni, kwakudingeka balawule wonke amaqiniso okuphila kwansuku zonke, kanjalo bagweme ukucwila impucuko esiphithiphithini. Ngakho-ke, abantu babezinikele ngokuphelele kuye. Njalo lapho umbusi omusha ethatha izintambo, kwaqala inkathi entsha. izwe elisha KwabaseGibhithe lasendulo, lesi esinye sezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani iGibhithe lasendulo lintula a ukulandelana kwezikhathi okuqondile kanye nokubalwa kwedethi okunembile.
I-Etymology
I-etymology ye UFaro ivela isiGreki sasendulo UFarokusho ukuthini indlu ephakemengalokho isigodlo sasebukhosini. Ngesikhathi saseGibhithe lasendulo, umbusi kusukela ebukhosini bama-22 wathatha isihloko esithi par῾awu. Omunye wemibhalo ethandwa kakhulu lapho igama elithi Faro livela khona IBhayibheli (U-Eksodusi 7,13, XNUMX), lapho leli gama lisetshenziswa futhi kuhle kakhulu, idemoni noma umashiqela, eyithatha kuleli gama esihogweni. Igama elithi umbusi ngesikhathi saseGibhithe lasendulo laqala ukuthandwa phakathi kwamakhosi kuze kube yilapho Ubukhosi bama-XNUMX, esetshenziswe ngaphambilini kusukela ebukhosini be-XNUMX, ukukhombisa kuphela i Indlu yasebukhosini bese kuba umsebenzi wobukhosi.
Izindima
Umsebenzi oyinhloko kaFaro ezingeni ngokomoya kwakuwukugcina i Maat okulungile, okungukuthi, ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke, ukubhubhisa i-chaosubizile isefet. Ngale ndlela, yahlala ukuzwana phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu. Lokhu kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kulandela imicikilisho y Iminikelo lokho kwanikeza inkolo. Umbusi waseGibhithe kwakungu a broker phakathi kwesu laphezulu nelomuntu, ngaleyo ndlela esabela emisebenzini futhi ebhekiswe kubantu. Ngakho-ke, ngokubuyisela, wafuna kubantu a ukulalela okuphelele. KwabaseGibhithe lasendulo, uFaro wayenjalo ofayo, kodwa ngaphakathi wayephethe Ka, amandla kaNkulunkulu eqiniso.
KwakunguKa kudlulisiwe kusukela kuFaro oyedwa kuya kumlandeli wakhe, ngaleyo ndlela kudala a iketango lamandla kaNkulunkulu futhi eyodwa ye ezohwebo zasebukhosini ezindala kakhulu emhlabeni. Ngemva kokufa kukafaro, ukuhleleka kwendawo yonke kwaphazamiseka. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, kwakudingeka amasiko amaningi kanye nokucwiliswa kwezidumbu. Ngale ndlela, umbusi wayengaphila phakade endaweni umbuso wabafileyo, evumela ukugcotshwa komlandeli wakhe. I umqhele okabili bagqoke futhi bamelwe amandla phezu kwe-Upper and Lower Egypt, ngokuzenzakalelayo eguqula inkosi ibe unkulunkulu futhi ibuyisela ukuhleleka endaweni yonke. Ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yakhe engokomoya, uFaro wayebuye anikezwe umsebenzi wokulwa nezitha ngokuhlelaimikhankaso yezempi.
Dynasties kanye noFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo
Ngaphezu kwalokho, oFaro baseGibhithe babehlukene phakathi izikhathi ze-dynastic, Bayini 30 abasebenzi bezokwelapha kusukela ngo-3100 B.C. C. kuze kube ngu-332 a. c. El serekh, esetshenziswe ngemva kwenkathi ye-predynastic (3170 BC), kwakuyi- umabhebhana owayemele unkulunkulu Horus ngesimo se-falcon, uphawu lomqhele nobukhosi.
Ngezansi uzothola ithebula elifingqiwe lokuhlukile izizukulwane zamapharaonic, esizokubona ngokuningiliziwe kamuva, kanye ne isebenza adalwe oFaro ababaluleke kakhulu.
| Isikhathi | Ubukhosi | inkathi | oFaro abakhulu |
|---|---|---|---|
| isikhathi se-predynastic | ubukhosi 0 | 4000-3200 BC | ukutholwa kwenkosi |
| isikhathi sokuqala se-dynastic | XNUMXst-XNUMXnd Dynasty | 3150 - 2700 BC | usizi |
| umbuso omdala | III-IV | 2700 - 2160 BC | Djoser, Cheops, Chephren, Menkaure |
| inkathi yokuqala emaphakathi | VII-X | 2160 - 2055 BC | Netjerkara, Menkara, Sneferka Aanu |
| umbuso ophakathi | XI-XII | 2055 - 1790 BC | Sesostri I |
| isikhathi sesikhashana sesibili | XIII-XVII | 1790 - 1540 BC | Sekhaenra, Meruserra, Sekhemra Heruermaa |
| umbuso omusha | XVIII-XX | 1540 - 1080 BC | Tutankhamen, Amenhotep IV, Seti I, Ramses I kanye noRamses II |
| inkathi yesithathu emaphakathi | XXI-XXV | 1080 - 672 BC | Aakheperra, Bakenrenef |
| isikhathi sekwephuzile | XXVI-XXXI | 672 - 343 BC | Neferite I, Nectanebo I |
| Isikhathi sePtolemaic | Uzalo lukaPtolemaic | 332 - 30 BC | UPtolemy I, uCleopatra VII |
| inkathi yamaRoma | ababusi | 30 ekuseni C. - IV ekhulwini AD. c. | Octavian Augustus |
isikhathi se-predynastic
isikhathi somlando kusukela 4000 al 3200 BC, ubufakazi esinabo kusukela kulo mzuzu imikhankaso eminingi yokusebenza kwezindawo i-Arab desert nase- Inhlonhlo yaseSinayi. Amanye amathonya nokutholakele kuvela ezindaweni evela eSiriya, Anatolia y Mesopotamia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona nokuxhumana okuningi kwasolwandle nabakwa- iziqhingi zase-aegean, ikakhulukazi endaweni yaseMedithera. Amanye ama-necropolises atholwe kusukela kulesi sikhathi eduze naqa, ngokungcwatshwa kwangaphambi komlando, njenge abalimi necropolis, enamathuna angaphezu kuka-144, lapho kwatholakala khona izidumbu ezingcwatshwe ngokwemvelo zibekwe endaweni yengane.
Singabuye sibheke okunye kwalokhu omama namuhla e I-Egypt Museum yaseTurin. UFaro oyinhloko wobukhosi, okuthiwa Cero, kwakuyi Inkosi ye-Scorpion, okuye kwatholakala ezinye izethulo kokunye okutholwe kusukela kulesi sikhathi.
OFaro baseGibhithe abakhulu benkathi yangaphambi kwe-dynastic kanye nemisebenzi yabo.
El Inkosi ye-Scorpionowaziwa ngokuthi horus ufezela, kwabusa iGibhithe eliphezulu ngesikhathi soBukhosi 0. Umlandeli we inkolo kaHorus,ithuna lakhe latholakala e necropolis, ekhonjwe ngokuthi HK6. Okutholakele okuyinhloko okubhekiswe kuye yi- hdj umcengezi, okukhona kuso isithombe sakhe sinomfanekiso kafezela.
isikhathi sokuqala se-dynastic
Ngesikhathi se-Early Dynastic Period, izizukulwane ezimbili zokuqala zamapharaonic ezaziwa ngegama lika i-tint, baseThinis, idolobha lapho badabuka khona. Kusukela esikhathini esidlule sangaphambi komlando, ngeZero Dynasty, sabona ukufika kwalawa mazwe amabili, i-Egypt Esenhla nesezansi. Wayengumbusi wokuqala weqembu XNUMXst Dynasty, Menes, owahlanganisa amazwe amabili, njengoba kuye kwaqondwa ukubonga I-Narmer Tablet artifact. ukubhala nge-hieroglyphic nayo yaqala ukukhula phakathi nalesi sikhathi, kanye ne uhlelo lokulinganisa.
OFaro baseGibhithe benkathi ye-Predynastic kanye nemisebenzi yabo
UFaro oyinhloko wenkathi ye-predynastic noma kwakudala kwakuyinganekwane ye-Menes of the XNUMXst ubukhosi, ebizwa nangokuthi Ukuqamba. Nguye owahlanganisa i-Lower and Upper Egypt ngaphansi umqhele owodwa nxazonke unyaka wama-3000 BC Naye, ngokusho kosomlando, waqala i ukukhulekela unkulunkulu uApis. Indlovukazi yakhe yasebukhosini kwaba Neihotep, inkosazana yaseGibhithe Elisezansi.
umbuso omdala
Umbuso Omdala, 2700 kuya ku-2160 B.C. c. ihlanganisa ubukhosi 3 kuya ku-4 koFaro baseGibhithe. Ngesikhathi se-III Dynasty izakhiwo eziyinhloko zazisebuthakathaka futhi zibola, ngenkathi siqala ukuqaphela intuthuko ezingeni le amathuna. ngemva amathuna angaphansi komhlaba, njenge mastaba, kusukela enkathini yama-archaic, saqala ukubona izakhiwo zokuqala ze-pyramidal. Esinye sezibonelo zokuqala yilesi Iphiramidi yesinyathelo seSaqqara Necropolis, eyayalwa ukuba yakhiwe uFaro I-Djoser wobukhosi be-III. Nokho, phakathi noBukhosi Besine, siqala ukubona olunye uhlobo amaphiramidi eGibhithe, njenge i-snefru, e-Meidum. USneferu wayenguFaro wokuqala waseGibhithe lasendulo ubukhosi besine.
Futhi phakathi nalolu bukhosi, siphinde sibone amaPiramidi aseDahshur, njengePiramidi Ebomvu, i-Red Pyramid, eyesithathu ngobukhulu ngokuphakama, ngemva kweCheops neChephren enobude obungamamitha angu-104. Nokho, kungaphakathi IGiza Necropolis lapho sithola khona izimpawu eziyinhloko zoMbuso Wesine, kanye noFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo, abasaphila kuze kube yilolu suku: I-Pyramid of Iziqubu, I-Chephren y I-Mycerinus.
OFaro BaseGibhithe Abadumile Nemisebenzi Ebalulekile Embusweni Omdala
INecropolis ye-III Dynasty ngesikhathi soMbuso Omdala kwakuyiSaqqara Necropolis, cishe amakhilomitha angama-40 ukusuka enhlokodolobha yamanje i-El. Cairo. Ukwakhiwa okubaluleke kakhulu iPyramid of Djoser, noma iZoser, eduze neMemphis yasendulo. Igama livela kunkulunkulu wasendulo wenkolo uSokar. Namuhla, asikwazi ukubona lapha kuphela iPyramid Yesinyathelo edumile kaFaro Djoser Wobukhosi Besithathu, kodwa futhi neminye imingcwabo yasebukhosini kusukela kuBukhosi Lwesibili kuya Kwesibili, okungukuthi, kusukela cishe ngo-3100 kuya ku-2686 BC.
Kusukela kuMkhosi Wesine kuya phambili, nokho, i-necropolis eyinhloko yathuthelwa eThafeni laseGiza. UFaro wokuqala owakha ipiramidi yakhe lapha kwaba i-Cheops, edala lokho manje osekungenye ye Izimangaliso Zomhlaba eziyisikhombisa lokho kwehlele kithi kuphelele. Kamuva walandelwa yindodana yakhe uChephren nomshana wakhe uMenkaure, kanye nezicukuthwane ezakha izindawo zabo zokungcwaba kanye namaphiramidi amancane lapha. Endaweni yomngcwabo yaseChephren, singabuka I-Sphinx enkulu yaseGiza, lakhiwe nguye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eduze kwePyramid of Cheops yomngcwabo wakhe i-Solar Boat yatholakala, phakathi kwezikebhe zomngcwabo ezibaluleke kakhulu emhlabeni mayelana nobukhulu kanye nesimo sokongiwa kwemvelo, okwamanje idluliselwe emnyuziyamu wakhe we-Boat. I-Solar al GEM.
inkathi yokuqala emaphakathi
Ngemva kokubusa kwe Pepi II, phakathi kwe- XNUMXth and XNUMXth Dynasties eNkathini Yokuqala Emaphakathi, uhlelo luyasungulwa i-feudal, kanye nohlelo lohulumeni basekhaya abancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, emlandweni woFaro baseGibhithe, uMbuso Omdala uphela ngeNkathi Yesithupha, nakuba singenalo usuku oluqondile lokuqala kweNkathi Yokuqala Ephakathi. Ngisho nohlu loFaro baseGibhithe kusukela ku-7th kuya ku-8th dynasty akuqinisekile, okunesiqiniseko sayo kaura, ithuna lakhe liphakathi Saqqara. Amandla phakathi nalezi zizukulwane ayegxile edolobheni lase IMemphis (Upper Egypt).
Ukungaqiniseki okufanayo ohlwini loFaro baseGibhithe kusebenza kubabusi boBukhosi 9 kuya ku-10, lapho isihlalo samandla sasikhona. I-Henet-Nesut. Ngesikhathi se-X Dynasty, i- ukukhonza ku Ra en i-heracleopolis, eqala izingxabano nedolobha laseThebes.
OFaro abakhulu baseGibhithe beNkathi Ephakathi nemisebenzi
Phakathi koFaro abambalwa esinezinsalela zabo phakathi Nenkathi Ephakathi, sithola kaura, wozalo lwe-VIII. Ngeshwa, awekho ama-artifacts nanoma yini ehlobene nayo etholakele kuze kube manje. Kusukela ebukhosini be-IX sithola kuKhethi, kodwa namanje kulokhu kunemithombo embalwa yomlando enokwethenjelwa, engazi okuningi ngababusi balolu hlanga lwamakhosi.
umbuso ophakathi
Izizukulwane zamapharaonic zaseGibhithe ngesikhathi soMbuso Ophakathi ziyahamba kusukela kowe-XNUMX kuya kowe-XNUMX, kusukela ku 2055 kuya ku-1790 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu futhi ibonakala ngokuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwamandla ngenxa yenkinga yoMbuso Omdala. Izici zalesi sikhathi somlando yizimpi ze I-Tebas, uqobo Luxor, okwabangela ukuziphindiselela edolobheni njengoba capital yombuso waseGibhithe, esikhundleni seMemfisi. Ubufakazi obuyinhloko bamagama oFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo phakathi nalezi zizukulwane behlele kithi kusukela emibhalweni ekhona Ithempeli laseKarnak.
OFaro baseGibhithe abakhulu boMbuso Ophakathi futhi bayasebenza
Phakathi koFaro abakhulu balesi sikhathi sithola ebukhosini be-XI ku-Mentuhotep II. kungenzeka umsunguli we umbuso ophakathi, iphinde yahlanganisa i-Lower and Upper Egypt. Phakathi nokubusa kwakhe, wanciphisa amandla ababusi bezifunda ngamunye futhi waqala ukusebenzisa amatshe aseduze I-Asuán ukwakhiwa nokuhweba kwayo. Amakhosikazi akhe asebukhosini babe Jula kanye nodadewabo ngomzali oyedwa I-Neferu. Indawo yakhe yomngcwabo itholakala Deir el Bahari, enkundleni yemidlalo yamadwala. Ngesikhathi se- Ubukhosi be-XNUMX, ngemuva Senusret II, Senusret III waba uFaro, onamandla kunabo bonke kulo bukhosi.
isikhathi sesikhashana sesibili
Itholakala phakathi koMbuso Ophakathi Nomusha, Inkathi Yesibili Emaphakathi ihlanganisa amakhosi 13 a 17 koFaro baseGibhithe. I-1790th Dynastic ayinayo imigqa yobukhosi eqondile, ebangelwa ubufushane bokubusa kusukela ku-1630 BC kuya ku-XNUMX BC. Ofaro bokugcina balobu bukhosi babusa kuphela I-Tebas. Ngesikhathi se- Ubukhosi be-XNUMX, ngokwemibhalo kaManetho, zazikhona 76 oFaro, eyaziwa ngokuthi AmaHyksos amakhulu, owabusa lonke elaseGibhithe. I hyksos, noma okaputeni bezwe lakwelinye izwe, babengababusi bezizwe zamaSemite eza eGibhithe Elisezansi ngokuwela iNhlonhlo YeSinayi kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu leminyaka.Ubukhosi be-XNUMX.
I-Durante ngo-1720 BC bakwazi ukunqoba oFaro baseGibhithe abangamaDynastic abangabobukhosi be-1660, bafika cishe ngo-XNUMX BC ukuzothatha inhloko-dolobha yangaleso sikhathi. IMemphis. Ngalesi senzakalo kwaqala ubukhosi be-XNUMX, kuyilapho oFaro babenamandla alinganiselwe e-Egypt Ephakathi Nasezansi.
OFaro baseGibhithe abakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yabo
La Ubukhosi be-XNUMX sasinoFaro abayisithupha futhi labo esinemibhalo yabo yonke inegama labo Ama-aphophis. Isikhathi Sesibili Esimaphakathi saphela ngo-1530 BC, lapho uFaro wokuqala we-XNUMXth Dynasty ehlanganisa iGibhithe, enqoba iNayile Delta futhi ngaleyo ndlela eqala uMbuso Omusha. Ukushoda kwezikhumbuzo nezinto zobuciko phakathi nalesi sikhathi somlando kwakungenxa yemikhankaso yoFaro baseGibhithe phakathi noMbuso Omusha, eyacekela phansi iminonjana yesikhathi esidlule esingehloniphekile salezi zizukulwane.
umbuso omusha
UMbuso Omusha, owasuka 1540 kuya ku-1080 B.C. c., kuhlanganisa nezizukulwane 18 a 20 kanye nabanye oFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo abadume kakhulu besikhathi sonke. Lesi sikhathi somlando sibaluleke kangangokuthi izazi-mlando zikhuluma a Imperio, engaseyona ingxenye yoMbuso. Eqinisweni, lapha sibona indawo ephakeme kakhulu yokuphakama kusukela ethonyeni laseGibhithe, izakhiwo zayo kanye nobuciko bayo. Ngalesi sikhathi, ngaphezu kwalokho, unkulunkulu-inkosi uFaro waba inkosi jikelele. Amenhotep IV wazama izinguquko ezingokwenkolo futhi wehluleka. Ubumbano lwaseGibhithe ngalesi sikhathi lwenziwe lwaba nokwenzeka yi I-Seti I, i-Ramses II ne-III, sibonga imikhankaso yakhe yezempi ku Asia kanye nokuphikisana ngokuphindaphindiwe ne Amadolobha ase ULwesibili. Ngesikhathi se- Ubukhosi be-XNUMX, sibonga u Thutmosis III I-Egypt ifinyelele ekwandeni kwayo okuphezulu, ukusuka ku-cataract yesine yeNayile kuya eNubia.
Inkolo eyinhloko kwakuwukuthi U-Amoni, egxile ku- ithempeli likakarnak eThebes, yaba isikhungo samandla enkolo kodwa futhi ezombusazwe woFaro baseGibhithe. I Ubukhosi be-XNUMX ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili, ezibonakala uFaro URamses II up I-Merenptah. Phakathi nesigaba sesibili, amandla obukhosi abhujiswa izingxabano eziningi zangaphakathi. Eqinisweni, i- Ubukhosi be-XNUMX Kwaphela ngesiphithiphithi esiphelele kanye nokungabikho kwamandla amaphakathi. Yena umbuso omusha qeda nge Ubukhosi be-XNUMX, ebonakala nge ukuvukela ngenxa yokufuduka kwabantu baseLwandle, nakuba Ramses III wakwazi ukubavimba izikhathi eziningi.
OFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo ngesikhathi soMbuso Omusha kanye nemisebenzi eyinhloko
Amakhosi oFaro baseGibhithe kule nkathi akhetha Isigodi Senkosi njenge-necropolis yabo, kuyilapho izindlovukazi zasebukhosini zingcwatshwa esiGodini esiseduze saseQueens. Amathuna alapha asukela kudala 1539 kuya ku-1075 B.C. c.. Isayithi likhethelwe indawo yalo efihleke kakhulu kune Gizaukwakha amathuna ekujuleni esikhundleni salezo eziphakeme, ukubavikela kubaphangi. Kusuka 1979, le sayithi Indawo Engamagugu Omhlaba e-Unesco. Phakathi kwemingcwabo ethandwa kakhulu esingayithola lapha sibona Ithuna likaTutankhamun ( KV62 ), eyatholwa ngo-1922 nguyise we-Egyptology UHoward Carter. Ithuna likaRamses II (KV7 ), owakha futhi URamesseum njengethempeli lakhe lokugcina izidumbu. URamses II wakha futhi Ithempeli lika-Abu Simbelkanye I-QV66 ngomkakho Nefertari ku Isigodi seQueens.
Esigodini saMakhosi sithola neThuna lika Ramses III ( KV11 ), owayengumakhi we Ithempeli leMedinet Habu, URamesses IV ( KV2 ), I-Merenptah ( KV8 ), Seti Mina ( KV17 ) futhi Ramesses VI wozalo lwama-XNUMX ( KV9 ). Ngaphezu kwalokho, oFaro baseGibhithe Ubukhosi be-XNUMX Baphinde baqala ukwakhiwa kwe Ithempeli laseLuxor ozinto zakhe zobuciko eziningi ezitholakala namuhla endaweni eseduze luxor Museum. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi koFaro abakhulu boMbuso Omusha, sithola indodakazi ka Thutmose I, Indlovukazi-uFaro Hatshepsut we Ubukhosi be-XNUMX futhi eyodwa ye ababusi abanamandla kakhulu eGibhithe lasendulo. Ngaphezu kokuqala ukwakhiwa kwe ithempeli likakarnak, wakha nenkulu yakhe Ithempeli lezidumbu zaseDeir el-Bahari.
inkathi yesithathu emaphakathi
Le nkathi yomlando iyelula kusukela ngo-1080 kuya ku-672 B.C. c. futhi kuhlanganisa noFaro baseGibhithe kusukela ku-XXI kuya ku-XXV yamakhosi. Ngemva kokufa kukaRamesses XI, smando I waba umbusi futhi wasungula isikhungo samandla ku I-Tanisengxenyeni esenyakatho yezwe. Nokho, eningizimu kwabusa umbuso abapristi bokuqala be U-Amoni, eThebes, nakuba eqaphela amandla kafaro. Izikhulu zaseLibya Babusa iNayile Delta futhi izizwe zama-berber baba namandla. Ku Ngekhulu lesi-XNUMX BC c., i-Egypt yazama imikhankaso yezempi eMpumalanga Eseduze, kodwa yehluleka. I ubukhosi bubastite wathathelwa indawo ngemva kokuhlulwa empini yi- Umbuso wase-Asiriya, kuyilapho amaNubi eba usongo eningizimu yeGibhithe.
inkosi yamanubian Pianki wahlasela iGibhithe ngo-727 B.C. C., wathatha uThebes futhi waqala kanjalo ubukhosi 25 koFaro baseGibhithe, ukuhlanganisa kabusha iGibhithe Elisezansi nePhezulu, kubuyisela ukwanda kulokho kwenkathi yoMbuso Omusha. Kwaqala kanjalo-ke ubukhosi baseNubian, isikhathi sokukhula okuqinile kwezwe.
OFaro Abakhulu BaseGibhithe Benkathi Yesithathu Emaphakathi Nemisebenzi
Ngalesi sikhathi somlando, amathempeli abalulekile akhiwa futhi alungiswa, njengaleli lika IMemphis, futhi bakha abanye amaphiramidi endaweni yamanje Sudan. Phakathi koFaro baseGibhithe ababaluleke kakhulu balolu bukhosi, sithola USaneheribi, lowo owabhubhisa iBhayibheli IBabiloni, umuzi ongcwele we ama-mesopotamiya. Ngemuva kweminyaka eminingi yezimpi nokungqubuzana, ubukhosi baseNubian baphela Psammetic I njengoFaro. U-Psammetichus I, esebenzisa ithuba lemikhankaso yezempi yase-Asiriya ngo-653 BC, wakwazi ukukhulula iGibhithe ngenxa yobumbano Greece y uLidia.
isikhathi sekwephuzile
Inkathi yomlando ehambayo kusukela ngonyaka wama-672 kuya kowama-343 ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu, kufaka phakathi oFaro baseGibhithe kusukela ku-XXVI kuya ku-XXXI yobukhosi. Ngesikhathi se- ubukhosi 26, sithole i oFaro saites izithunywa ze abasizi ukubusa edolobheni lase Yazi. Ngemva kokubusa kwawo, aqhubeka ekwazi ukulondoloza ubuhlobo obuhle nabase-Asiriya, kuyilapho ithonya lamaGreki lasakazekela kuyo yonke iNayile Delta. Necho II Waqala izimpi eziningi ngokumelene namaSkithe, abaseBhabhiloni namaMede ukuze asekele abase-Asiriya, kodwa umzamo wehluleka.
Ngesikhathi Ubukhosi bamashumi amabili nesithupha, oFaro baseGibhithe lasendulo baqala entsha ukuvuselelwa kwezobuciko. UMbuso WasePheresiya, owawuqondiswa uCambises II, ngo-525 a. C. waqala ukunqoba iGibhithe, ethumba uFaro I-Psammetic III.
OFaro Abayinhloko Benkathi Yakamuva IGibhithe Nemisebenzi
Nactebos I wayengu Faro we umbuso wamashumi amathathu, owakha amathempeli athile ethempelini Isiqhingi sase Philae. UCambyses II waba uFaro, ebusa eSusa, ese-Iran yanamuhla. Ngesikhathi se- Ikhulu lesi-XNUMX BC c. kwaba nezibhelu eziningi ngokumelene umbuso wasePheresiyaNokho, abakwazanga ukuyidubula futhi ngenxa yalokho bahlala esizindeni achaemenid, Nge EFenike y ECyprus.
OFaro basePheresiya baqeda ukubusa kwabo 402 BC C. y Ubukhosi bakwaXXX iyindlu yokugcina yoFaro abangamaDynastic abavela eGibhithe lasendulo, eyaphela ngaphansi Nactanebo II. Ngokufika kwe- U-Alexander the Great, umbusi wangaleso sikhathi uMazace wanikela ngeGibhithe ngokuthula. Yaqala kanjalo-ke inkathi yePtolemaic, eyathatha kusukela ngo-332 kuya ku-30 BC.
Isikhathi sePtolemaic
Ngemva kokunqotshwa kweGibhithe ngo U-Alexander Omkhulu endaweni 332 BC C., wajoyina umbuso wakhe futhi wemukelwa abantu baseGibhithe njenge umkhululi, exosha nakanjani i umPheresiya. Waqala kanjalo-ke umbuso I-Ptolemaic, ukusungula inhlokodolobha ku I-Alexandria yaseGibhithe kanye nokuphatha ukuvikela ubuciko namasiko aseGibhithe lasendulo, kuyilapho futhi nokuba ne isikhunta esisha se-hellenistic. Ofaro ngalesi sikhathi babizwa oPtolemy futhi i-Alexandria yaba isizinda sobuciko namasiko emhlabeni wasendulo, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo umtapo wolwazi y i-lighthouse.
Izingcindezi eziningi zezohwebo ze amaRom eGibhithe, kanye nakwezombangazwe, kwaqala ukucasula abaningi ukuvukela futhi ngaleyo ndlela kwadala isimo esingazinzile. Umhlabathi ovundile ozoqala ukunqoba yoMbuso WaseRoma kusukela eMbusweni wamaPtolemaic eGibhithe.
OFaro abakhulu kanye nemisebenzi yePtolemaic
Nakuba babengamalungu eSiko LamaGreki, ababusi abasha basekela isiko nokukhulekela kwaseGibhithe, kanjalo bathola umusa wabantu. Eqinisweni, amathempeli abaluleke kakhulu akhiwa ngalesi sikhathi. Yena Edfu temple, eyakhiwe ngu UPtolemy III, the Philae Temples zaqedwa ngesicelo sika UPtolemy II, futhi Kom Ombo, ebizwa nangokuthi Sobek State, ezinikezelwe ku Sobek, unkulunkulu wengwenya, ya Horus, esukela kule nkathi, yenziwa ngokwengxenye ngu UPtolemy VI y UPtolemy XII. Indlovukazi yokugcina yasePtolemaic kwabaCleopatra VI.
inkathi yamaRoma
Ku unyaka 30 a. c., IGibhithe yaba isifundazwe soMbuso WaseRoma lapho UCleopatra VII y UMarco Antonio bahlulwa I-Octavio, kamuva owaba inkosi I-Augusto. I-Alexandria yahlala iyisizinda sokuhweba nokuhwebelana neMpumalanga. Ngisho namaRoma ayeshiya imikhuba enjengokucwilisa izidumbu namasiko ehlelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ababusi abaningi baseRoma nabo baqala ukusebenzisa imikhuba ethile, njenge izithombe zomama, eqala ukuziveza njengo oFaro. Ezingeni lezenkolo, ubuKrestu kwamila izimpande eGibhithe, ekuqaleni yahlangana nenkolo yaseGibhithe lasendulo, yaze yaqhutshwa naphakathi kwamathempeli athile, kanye Inkolo yamaGreki namaRoma. Ngemva kwalokho, inkathi ye ukushushiswa ngokwenkolo ngokumelene namaKristu.
Ukubusa kwesikhathi samaRoma nemisebenzi
UDiocletiane 303, waqala ukuhlanza okukhulu ngokumelene namaKristu, ngomzamo wokuqeda inkolo eGibhithe. Theodosius I Wenqabela imikhuba yobuqaba, amathempeli avaliwe, futhi waholela ekubhujisweni kwezithombe eziningi zehlelo ezaziphakathi kwawo. Lokhu kwaholela ekutheni ukwehla kwesiko laseGibhithe, ukulahlekelwa ukubhala kwe-hieroglyphic, nakuba i ulimi olukhulunywayo akazange anyamalale. Amathempeli amaningi asendulo aguqulwa aba amasonto obuKristu, kuyilapho abanye besindiswa ekubhujisweni, beshiywa futhi kamuva becwiliswa izihlabathi zasogwadule.