Emlandweni womkhathi bakhona osonkanyezi besifazane okufanele bazi, yingakho namhlanje sizobaqhakambisa ukuze wonke umuntu Masibazi amagama abo nezindaba zabo.
Masihlangane namavulandlela ekungeneni emkhathini. Abesifazane bokuqala abathatha leso sinyathelo ngaphandle kweplanethi yethu futhi, kwezinye izimo, Abaziwa kakhulu yize bekufanele.
osomkhathi besifazane
Uma sicabanga ngohambo lwasemkhathini, osomkhathi besifazane ababekhona kuwo wonke umlando abavamile ukufika ezingqondweni zabo. Singacabanga ngosomkhathi abahlukene njengo-Neil Armstrong noma usomkhathi onoboya njengenja uLaika, obengaba yisidalwa sokuqala esiphilayo ukuzungeza Umhlaba. Nokho, Kube khona osomkhathi besifazane abaphonsele inselele umkhawulo weplanethi yethu bafika ngaphandle. Namuhla sizoxoxa izindaba zabo.
Amagama nezindaba zalawa ma-cosmonauts
UValentina Vladimirovna Tereshkova (1963)
Kusukela esemncane, uValentina wayefisa ukundiza, ngo-1959. Ujoyine iklabhu ye-skydiving eyayiyingxenye yenhlangano eyisizayo yeSoviet Air Force. Ngokungangabazeki, u-Valentina waqala ukugqama kwabanye futhi lapho beqala ukugxuma ukugxuma okukhulu emkhathini kwakuzoqala.
e 1961 I-USSR yayifuna ukuya phambili kwe-United States mayelana nokuthumela owesifazane emkhathini, wayezoba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukufinyelela emkhathini futhi ngenxa yalokho wayezogcina esezincwadini zomlando. Womabili la mazwe ayeyifuna leyo ndawo. Ngesikhathi befuna ozongenela lo mdlalo, onezidingo ezinjengobudala noma ubude besandla kanye nokuba ngabatshuzi bezulu abahle, baqaphele abesifazane abahlanu.
Laba abahlanu bangena eButhweni Lomoya futhi baqeqeshwa kanzima ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Physics, astronomy, meteorology noma izibalo amakilasi; izinkulumo zezemfundo kanye nokuhlolwa okunzima ngokomzimba. Ozakwethu besilisa, abaqale bangababoni labo besifazane abahlanu, kwadingeka bashintshe imiqondo yabo futhi baqale ukuhlonipha umzamo omkhulu ababewenza nsuku zonke.
Ekugcineni, u-Valentina wayezoba nguye okhethiwe, ngoba ngaphezu kokuba nekhono kwezombusazwe, wayeyinto i-USSR eyayibhekwa kahle: "ukuhlanzeka kwemizwa yamaKhomanisi." Wayeshilo ukuthi uzonikela ngempilo yakhe kuKomsomol. I-mission ayiqala kwaba uku hlaziya imiphumela yokundiza komkhathi emizimbeni yabesifazane neyabesilisa.
Impela Ngo-June 16, 1963, ngokokuqala ngqá owesifazane washiya iplanethi enguMhlaba futhi yafinyelela indawo. Amazwi okuqala awakhuluma athi “Lapha Gaviota, nangu Gaviota. Ngibona umugqa oluhlaza emkhathizwe: nguMhlaba. Yinhle leyo! "Konke kuhamba kahle."
USvetlana Savitskaya (1982)
Ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe kukaSavitskaya sekuvele kukhomba lapho ikusasa lakhe lizoya khona, wangena eMoscow Aviation Institute, wabe esesebenza njengomfundisi wezindiza futhi wenza izifundo ezikhethekile zabashayeli bezindiza. Wafaneleka njengomshayeli wokuhlola ovela eMnyangweni Wemboni Yezomoya yase-USSR futhi wangena esikhungweni sokuklama i-Yakovlev sokuthuthukiswa kwezindiza futhi ngo-1980 waqala ukuba yingxenye yeqembu elisanda kwakhiwa labesifazane be-cosmonauts.
Savitskaya uzokwenza indiza yakhe yokuqala eminyakeni engu-19 ngemva kuka-Valentina, indiza eyayizohlala izinsuku ezingu-19. Kodwa lokhu bekungeke kube wukubuya kwakhe kuphela emhlabeni, kodwa wenza okwengeziwe, phakathi kwabo ngo-1984 owesifazane wokuqala ukuthatha uhambo lokuhamba emkhathini. Leli phasi lathatha amahora angu-3 nemizuzu engama-35 futhi nalo wenza umsebenzi wokuhlanganisa, wokusika nokushisela. Lolo hambo lwamenza waba ngowesifazane wokuqala ukuhamba emkhathini kabili. Nakuba, ngenhlanhla, abesifazane abaningi ngemva kwakhe babezoliphula lelo rekhodi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengeqiniso elimangalisayo, kungaba i-astronaut yesifazane yokugcina yaseSoviet, njengoba amanye ama-cosmonauts asezothatha uhambo lwawo njengezakhamuzi zaseRussia.
USally Ride (1983)
U-Sally Ride waba yi- owesifazane wokuqala waseMelika ukuphuma womkhathi womhlaba kanye nowesifazane wesithathu emhlabeni. Lo mfundi othweswe iziqu kwi-physics waba usomkhathi we-NASA ngasekupheleni kwawo-70, lapho ezwa khona isikhangiso esicela amavolontiya ohlelo lwasemkhathini lwaseMelika. Ngizohlanganisa okuthile amahora angaphezu kwama-343 emkhathini.
Umsebenzi kaRide wawunezici eziningi phakathi komsebenzi eSikhungweni Sokuvikeleka Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nokulawulwa Kwezikhali eNyuvesi yaseStanford, amakomiti aphenya ngokulahlekelwa Challenger futhi of Columbia Kodwa futhi waba umdlali wethenisi okhokhelwayo.
U-Anna Lee Fisher (1984)
Ngo-1976, u-Anna Lee Fisher wathola iziqu zobudokotela, onguchwepheshe bezokwelapha eziphuthumayo, okuholele ekutheni asebenze ezibhedlela ezahlukene eLos Angeles. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva wayezokhethwa njengomuntu ozokhethwa ukuba abe usomkhathi futhi uhlelo lokuqeqesha lwaluzoqala.
Ngezifundo kanye nolwazi lwakhe lwezokwelapha isekele ukuhlolwa okuhlukile esikhungweni se-Kennedy Space, kanye nokwethulwa ngakunye nokufika kokuhlolwa kwendiza ye-orbital, lapho ayekhona ezindizeni ezinophephela emhlane. Kuleso sici somsebenzi wakhe akazange nje anikeze ukwesekwa kanye nedatha njengodokotela kodwa nedatha yokusebenza ngenqubo yokuhlenga ngokwayo uma kudingekile.
Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yokuhlangenwe nakho esebenza ngokusekela njengodokotela, naye ngokwakhe uzokwenza indiza egibele i-Discovery (1984). Wayengeke abe ngowesifazane wokuqala esikhaleni, ngoba wayesenabesifazane abathile ngaphambi kwakhe, kodwa wayezoba umama wokuqala ukufika emkhathini.
U-Anna Lee Fisher, kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, Ubambe iqhaza ezinhlelweni ezintathu ezibalulekile zeNASA: i-shuttle, isiteshi samazwe ngamazwe kanye nakuphrojekthi ye-Orion. Uphinde wavela ezinyusweni ezihlukahlukene, ngenxa yochungechunge lwezithombe u-John Bryson aludala sosomkhathi egqoke umakalabha kanye nesudu yasemkhathini. Lezi zithombe zike zasetshenziswa ngisho namaqembu omculo.
UShannon Lucid (1985)
Lesi sazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo saseMelika saqala umsebenzi wakhe eNASA ngo-1878 futhi sabamba iqhaza Uhambo olu-5 lokuya emkhathini, olunye lwazo lwande. Uwukuphela kowesifazane waseMelika owake wasebenza e-Mir.
Ngo-1978, i-NASA, ngokuphendula imithetho ephikisana nokucwasa yangaleso sikhathi, yakhuthaza abesifazane abambalwa kanye noLucid. Waba yingxenye ye-Astronaut Corps. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi kwabesifazane abayisithupha abakhethwa, uyena yedwa owayengumama.
Indiza yakhe yokuqala yaba ngo-1985 emkhankasweni we-STS-51-G we-shuttle Discovery, nakuba indiza yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu kwaba umgomo owamholela ekubeni Izinsuku ezingu-188 emkhathini, ezingu-179 zazo zazisesiteshini sasemkhathini saseRussia Mir. Lapho, wenza ukuhlola okuhlukahlukene kwesayensi futhi wabeka inselele yomuntu ongeyena umRashiya ngenani elikhulu lamahora emkhathini.
Ngaphezu kokuba i-astronaut, wayephinde abe Usosayensi Omkhulu weNASA kanye neCapsule Communicator emsebenzini wasebusuku ekulawuleni ohambweni lwe-shuttle oluningana.
UHelen Sharman (1991)
UHelen Sharman waba ekuqaleni kwawo-90 owesifazane wokuqala waseBrithani ukuya emkhathini. Lo mfundi oneziqu zekhemistri futhi oneziqu ze-PhD eNyuvesi yaseLondon wezwa isikhangiso emsakazweni simemezela izivivinyo zephrojekthi yeJuno. Ngemva kokuthatha isinqumo sokuvela kanye nabanye abangu-13.000 XNUMX ababezokhethwa, uzoba ngomunye walabo abakhethiwe.
Iphrojekthi ye-Juno bekuyimishini ye-Soyuz TM-12 ehlanganisa izinsuku eziyisishiyagalombili, iningi lazo esiteshini sasemkhathini iMir. Lokhu kwenza uSharman abe ngumholi owesifazane wokuqala kuleso siteshi.
Imisebenzi yakhe ngaphakathi kwemishini yayihlobene nehlukene ubufakazi bezokwelapha nezolimo, kanye nokuthwebula izithombe zaseBritish Isles kusuka emkhathini futhi kube isixhumanisi somsakazo nezingane zesikole yezwe lakhe. Indlela yokwenza indawo ibonakale kakhudlwana kuyo yonke iminyaka.
Lokho kwenza u-Sharman waqala umsebenzi wokuba uthisha kanye nomxhumanisi wezingane ngesayensi futhi wonke umsebenzi wakhe waholela ekuqanjweni kwakhe igama. ilungu elihloniphekile le-Royal Society of Chemistry yase-United Kingdom.
UMae Jemison (1992)
Unjiniyela, udokotela kanye nosomkhathi we-NASA, yile ndlela esingamchaza ngayo uMae Jemison, okwathi naye waphawula okokuqala ngqa emhlabeni wabesifazane: owesifazane wokuqala wase-Afrika-waseMelika ukuya emkhathini.
Ephothule eNyuvesi yaseStanford kuChemical Engineering nasezifundweni zase-Afrika kanye nase-Afrika yaseMelika, akazange azinze futhi wayothola iziqu zobudokotela. Ngemva kokuba udokotela e-Peace Corps nokusebenza njengodokotela jikelele, wafaka isicelo somsebenzi e-NASA., lapho aqala khona ukusebenza.
Ekhethwe phakathi kwabangu-2000 ababefuna ukujoyina i-NASA, uMae waqala umsebenzi wakhe kanye nabanye osomkhathi abayishumi nanhlanu, waba ngo-1987 I-astronaut yokuqala yowesifazane wase-Afrika waseMelika. Ngaphambi kokundizela emkhathini, wayesekela okunye ukuqaliswa nokuqinisekiswa kwesofthiwe kumashuttles. Ukundiza kwayo okuwukuphela kwayo kungaba umkhankaso osuka ku-September 12 kuya ku-20, 1992, umkhankaso wokubambisana wase-US-Japan, lapho uJemison azungeza uMhlaba izikhathi ezingu-127. Wayezoshiya i-NASA ngo-1993 ukuze athole inkampani yakhe yokucwaninga ubuchwepheshe.
Umsebenzi wakhe kanye nezimpumelelo zakhe kuholele ekutheni abe yingxenye yabaculi Ihholo Likazwelonke Lodumo Lwabesifazane futhi ku I-International Space Hall of Fame.
URoberta Bondar (1992)
I-Bondar izoba yi- i-astronaut wesifazane wokuqala waseCanada kodwa futhi, i-neurologist yokuqala yaseCanada emkhathini.
Ngaphambi kokuthatha uhambo lokuya emkhathini, kwaba njalo umphathi wezokwelapha zasemkhathini e-NASA. Wakhethwa ngo-1983 kanye nabanye osomkhathi baseCanada bakusasa futhi ngonyaka olandelayo waqala ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe nge-astronaut. Ngaleso sikhathi wayeseneziqu zobudokotela, iziqu eziningana ze-master kwezesayensi, futhi engudokotela wesayensi yezinzwa. Wayesenesithakazelo emhlabeni wokutshuza emoyeni futhi enesitifiketi sawo. Ubuye waba nentshisekelo emhlabeni wezithombe, okwamholela ekuthatheni izithombe ezihlukahlukene zemvelo nomhlaba futhi ahlanganyele emibukisweni.
Ukugxumela kwakhe emkhathini kwavela esandleni sika-a mission emkhathini we-NASA's Shuttle Discovery, lapho ayezokwenza khona izivivinyo e-Spacelab (ilabhorethri yasemkhathini efakwe ku-shuttle). Ngemva kwalowo msebenzi, wayezoqhubeka nokusebenzela i-NASA njengomqondisi weqembu labacwaningi bamazwe ngamazwe abahlola idatha eqoqwe ohambweni lwasemkhathini.
Umsebenzi wakhe umenze wafaneleka ukuhlonishwa okuhlukile njenge I-Order yaseCanada, i-Order yase-Ontario noma i-NASA Space Medal.
U-Ellen Ochoa (1993)
Lo mMelika onogogo nomkhulu baseMexico waba yi- owesifazane wokuqala womdabu waseSpain ukugxumela emkhathini. Umsebenzi wakhe umzuzele imiklomelo ehlukene njengendondo ye-NASA Exceptional Service Medal noma i-Hispanic Heritage Award.
Ephothule izifundo ze-physics futhi eneziqu zobudokotela kwezobunjiniyela kagesi, wayezoba Umcwaningi eNASA Ames Research Center. Uzoba umgqugquzeli wamalungelo obunikazi amathathu kumasistimu okusebenza okusebenza ukuze kucutshungulwe imininingwane, eyodwa yazo ukususa umsindo ezithombeni kanti enye ukuze ibone izinto.
Ukugxumela kwakhe emkhathini kwakungo-1993, esemkhankasweni wokucwaninga ngelanga nomkhathi ukuze kutholakale imiphumela yako eMhlabeni. Kusukela lapho ubambe iqhaza ohambweni ezine emkhathini futhi iqoqe amahora endiza angaphezu kuka-1000.
U-Peggy Whitson (2002)
Peggy Whitson owesifazane oseqongelele izinsuku eziningi emkhathini, ingqikithi yezinsuku ezingu-665, amahora angu-22 nemizuzu engu-22.
Ngemva kokusebenza njengesazi samakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo kanye nochwepheshe baselabhorethri waba yilungu le-US-USSR Board in Space Biology and Medicine. Umsebenzi wakhe e-NASA wavela kuze kube 1996 wakhethwa njengosonkanyezi futhi waqala ukuqeqeshwa kwakhe.
Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala ngo-2002 wawuhlanganisa ukuhlala isikhathi eside e-International Space Station njengelungu le-Expedition 5. Emkhankasweni wakhe wesibili ngo-2007 wayezoba umkhuzi wokuqala wesifazane we-Expedition 16. Wazuza isicoco sokuba usomkhathi wesifazane onesipiliyoni esikhulu. kusuka ku-NASA. Iyona enayo ukuqopha izinsuku emkhathini wabo bonke osomkhathi beNASA, okuholele ekutheni aklelise indawo yama-29 kubo bonke osomkhathi ukuthi kube khona emhlabeni jikelele.
