Impilo kaSeneca, eyayisondelene kakhulu nezikhungo zamandla, yaziwa kakhulu kithi ngenxa yobufakazi bezazi-mlando zaseRoma ezazinegunya ngaleso sikhathi ezinjengoTacitus, uSuetonius, noDio Cassius. Ukuze siqonde ngokugcwele ubudlelwano bukaSeneca namandla, kufanele siqale sihlaziye isikhathi somlando azithola ekuso.
Ukubusa kukaNero kwaba yisikhathi esinzima kakhulu, esigcwele ukungezwani nokwesaba, nakuba lokhu kungenzeki ngokushesha. Eqinisweni, lapho ethatha isihlalo sobukhosi, uNero, ngenxa yokusekelwa okuqinile kwamadoda anjengoSeneca no-Afranius Burrus, wakwazi ukugcina ibhalansi ngaphakathi koMbuso WaseRoma. Lesi sikhathi sokuchuma sabizwa ngokuthi i-Quinquennium Neronis noma i-Quinquennium Felix yizazi-mlando , ngoba kwakuyiminyaka emihlanu yokuthula nokuthula.
Amandla, ipolitiki kanye nokuziphatha
Ngeshwa, le nkathi yeminyaka emihlanu yalandelwa inkathi eyayibuswa ukwesaba nobuhlanya bukaNero, owabeka isisekelo sobushiqela, esikhundleni salabo bantu ababili ababesizungezile ngaphambili. Esikhundleni sikaBurrus kuthathwe uTigellinus, kanti akekho othatha isikhundla sikaSeneca sangaphambili. I-Seneca ayilahli ukuchayeka komuntu siqu futhi ayinciphisi izibopho ezibekwe ukuhlanganyela empilweni yezombangazwe, kodwa ngokuvamile ukhokha kakhulu udumo lwakhe kanye nengcebo eqoqwe, kuze kube yilapho ephoqeleka ukuzibulala.
Ngokwezikhathi, ngo-39 AD, wabeka impilo yakhe engozini ngaphansi kukaCaligula, kwathi eminyakeni emibili kamuva waphoqeleka ukuba athunjwe eCorsica nguClaudius. Ubuhlobo bakhe noClaudius bashintsha ekubeni nesimo sengqondo sokuzikhukhumeza, befuna intethelelo yakhe ngokubhala i-Consolatio ad Polybium, baya ekuphindiseleni ngokufa kwakhe ngokuveza inzondo yakhe kuyi- Apocolocyntosis , umsebenzi amhleka ngawo ngonya. Njengomfundisi kaNero, wazama ukusekela umthetho wakhe ezimisweni zika- rex iustus, ecabanga ngesimo senkosana ekhanyisiwe eDe clementia , kodwa ngokushesha wamukela ubuntu bombusi osemusha obunonya nobushiqela.
Seneca nepolitiki
USeneca, ngokungafani nabanye ababhali besikhathi sakhe, wazizwa enesibopho sokuhlanganyela emisebenzini yezepolitiki ingxenye enkulu yempilo yakhe. Kuye, ubudlelwano phakathi kokuphila okusebenzayo nokuzindla, impilo yomphakathi neyangasese, ibhizinisi kanye nokuzilibazisa, umuntu ngamunye kanye nomphakathi kwakubaluleke kakhulu . Wahlala eboshiwe ngokuqinile esimisweni esisodwa: "Umsebenzi womuntu ukukhonza abanye." Ukuze abe ngumuntu okhonzayo, uSeneca wagomela ngokuthi umuntu omuhle akumelwe abalekele imithwalo yakhe yemfanelo yabantu kanye neyomphakathi. Ukuziphatha kukaSeneca, empeleni, kuyindlela yokuziphatha esebenzayo, esekelwe esimisweni senzuzo yomphakathi.
Ngakho-ke, ubudlelwano bukaSeneca nesikhulu buyinkinga. Ekuqaleni enelisekile ngokubusa kukaNero, wabhala incwadi eya kumbusi omusha, enesihloko esithi * De Clementia *. Kulo msebenzi, uSeneca udumisa ukulinganisela kanye nokuzwela kwama- princeps, futhi enikeza isibonelo sokuziphatha okufanele asilandele. Umbusi we-clement, kusho umbhali, kufanele aziphathe ezikhonzini zakhe njengobaba enza ezinganeni zakhe. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokufundisa izikhonzi iwukukholisa nokuyala, hhayi izinsongo kanye nokwesaba.
amandla angamandla
USeneca akawangabazi amandla aphelele ombusi futhi, empeleni, uwagunyaza njengamandla avela kuNkulunkulu. I-Destiny inikeze uNero umsebenzi wokubusa izikhonzi zakhe, futhi kumele afeze lo msebenzi ngaphandle kokubenza bazizwe benesisindo samandla, futhi kumele futhi abe yisiqinisekiso sokulingana kwendawo yonke . Uphakamisa umthetho owodwa ekuphathweni kwezigqila: "Phila nabantu abaphansi njengoba ungathanda ukuthi ophakeme wakho ahlale nawe."
Inkosi iyinhloko yombuso, izikhonzi zingamalungu, ngakho-ke bazimisele ukulalela inkosi njengoba amalungu elalela inhloko futhi azimisele ukubhekana ngisho nokufa ngenxa yakhe: "Yena, eqinisweni, uyisibopho sokubonga umbuso ohlangene ngaso, ungumoya obalulekile ukuthi zonke lezi zinkulungwane zamadoda ziphefumula. Bona, ngokwabo, bebengeke babe lutho ngaphandle komthwalo, futhi lowo mphefumulo ulahlekile kwabanye.
De Beneficis de Seneca
Ngemva kokubona ukwehluleka kwemfundo kaNero yokuziphatha, uSeneca wabhala incwadi ethi *De Beneficis *, incwadi enezincwadi eziyisikhombisa ngobuciko bokupha nokwamukela inzuzo, eqondwa njengomnikelo oqondile wento enhle. Iphinde ithinte umqondo wokuthi ithuba kuphela elinganquma inkululeko noma ubugqila bomuntu. Ngakho-ke, wonke umuntu kumelwe afunde ukuzakhela inkazimulo yakhe ngomsebenzi nomzamo, ngaphandle kokuthembela efeni lokhokho bakhe.
USeneca, ngokuqondile ngenxa “yokungavumelani” kwakhe lapho ebhekene namandla, ukwazile ukulondoloza idumela elikhulu phakathi namakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili: imibuso yobushiqela neyabashisekeli iyakwazisa ukuziphatha kwakhe njengesihloko, kuyilapho ongqondongqondo behlanganyela indlela yakhe yokuphikisana nababusi. .
USeneca uhlatshwe umxhwele ukuziphatha kukaStoic futhi uyisebenzisela ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zempilo engokoqobo. Nokho, ngokuzibulala uyakwazi ukuletha isithombe sakhe emlandweni, ehlenga impilo ephikisanayo. Mhlawumbe yilokhu okwamnika udumo olukhulu futhi, ngokuzibulala kwakhe, wabhala ikhasi elibalulekile lobukhona bakhe.
inkululeko ngaphezu kwakho konke
Ezinhlekeleleni zakhe, uSeneca ugxila esicini esingaziwa sobuntu bakhe: esomuntu ohlakaniphile nolungile , ozibulala ngenxa yesizathu esilungile senkululeko. KuSeneca, inkululeko ihlala ngaphakathi kithi, futhi akekho ongayicindezela: ekuhlakanipheni, ekwedeleleni imizimba yethu yesikhashana, inkululeko iphephile kakhulu . Uma siphendukela ezintweni ezinkulu kunokugqilazwa komzimba, sizonqoba inkululeko yangaphakathi, sizoba ngamakhosi ethu. "Uyangibuza ukuthi iyini indlela eya enkululekweni? Noma yimuphi umthambo emzimbeni wakho."
Okubaluleke ngempela ukwazi ukuhlukanisa okuhle kokubi, ngoba yilabo kuphela abangakwenza lokho abayokhululeka ngempela, ngoba inkululeko ayiveli ekuzalweni esigabeni esithile senhlalo, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi simpofu noma sihloniphekile . Kumbhali, impi yenkululeko ingalwiwa kuphela ngesikhali sefilosofi, kangangokuthi wagomela ngokuthi abahlakaniphile kuphela abakhululekile.
Umcabango wefilosofi kaSeneca
USeneca akayena isazi sefilosofi noma umcabango ohlelekile: inhloso yakhe eyinhloko ukudlulisela umqondo wokuphila nezindinganiso ezithile zokuziphatha; empeleni, umsebenzi wakhe wehluke kakhulu kunewabanye ongqondongqondo basendulo abanjengoPlato noma u-Aristotle. Akafisi ukunikeza uhlelo lwefilosofi, kodwa kunalokho ukukhomba abalandeli bakhe nabafundi bakhe izimfanelo zokuziphatha zeStoicism. Nakuba izincwadi zakhe eziningi zezincwadi ziqoqwe ngaphansi kwesihloko esivamile esithi "izingxoxo," lezi zihlukaniswa ngokucacile kwekaPlato, ethatha uhlobo lwama-monologues wangempela, lapho uSeneca ekhuluma nanoma ubani onentshisekelo emcabangweni wakhe.
Isimo sokungahlelekile somcabango kaSeneca kanye nokuzimela kwakhe okumenyezelwe emithonjeni kuyizimpawu eziqhubekayo kulo lonke umsebenzi wakhe. Kuyo yonke imibhalo yakhe kuvela ukuchazwa kabusha kolwazi oludluliselwe kuye ngabafundisi bakhe, okuhambisana nokubusa okucacile kobuStoicism. Izimiso ezimbili eziyisisekelo zefilosofi kaSeneca zivela ngqo kubuStoicism: imvelo kanye nokucabanga . Ngokusho kukaSeneca, isintu kumele kuqala sivumelane nemvelo futhi, ngokufanayo, silalele ukucabanga, okuqondwa njengesilinganiso , ama -logos amaGreki , isimiso saphezulu esibusa umhlaba.
Abahlakaniphile ababona abantu abangenabuntu, omunye wemibono kaLucio
Iphuzu lokuhlukana okukhethekile nemfundiso yamaStoyiki liyisisekelo somfanekiso wama- sapiens , indoda ehlakaniphile. Umoya kaSeneca osebenzayo wesiLatini umholela ekuqedeni izici ezingezona ezobuntu ezibangelwa indoda ehlakaniphile. Ngakho-ke ukuhlakanipha kuthatha isimo sokulawula okunengqondo izinkanuko, hhayi ukunganaki kanye nokungavikeleki emizweni.
Ukuzidela ngokomoya kwesihlakaniphi kuqukethe izigaba ezinhlanu eziyisisekelo: ukunqoba izinkanuko , njengokwesaba, ubuhlungu, kanye nezinkolelo-ze; ukuhlolwa konembeza , umkhuba ovamile emfundisweni kaPythagoras; ukuqaphela ukuba yingxenye yama-logo ngakho-ke siqaphela ukuthi siyizidalwa ezinengqondo, ingxenye yephrojekthi yokucabanga yaphezulu; ukuzamukela nokuqaphela, empeleni isihlakaniphi siyaqaphela okuyingxenye yokucabanga nalokho okungekho, siqaphela ukuthi siyingxenye yayo ; futhi ekugcineni ukufezwa kwenkululeko yangaphakathi : ngokusebenzisa ukucabanga, umuntu angaphila ngenjabulo.
Ngakho-ke ukuhlakanipha kumiswa njengendlela hhayi njengendlela yokugcina. Ihlelwa njengendlela umuntu athola ngayo inkululeko yangaphakathi hhayi ulwazi ngokwalo.
Aristotle futhi Seneca
Ngokombono wefilosofi kaSeneca, umbono wefilosofi wesayensi ophefumulelwe u-Aristotle nawo uthola indawo. Ukucwaninga ngezimo zemvelo, eqinisweni, kuvumela umuntu ukuba azi ingxenye okuyingxenye yazo zonke, futhi, ngazo, azihlanganise nayo.
USeneca uphinde achaze izici ezine eziyisisekelo zokuhlakanipha: ukuzithiba , okusiza ekulawuleni izinkanuko; amandla , awusizo ekulweni nokwesaba; ukuhlakanipha , ngenxa yalokho umuntu angabona kusengaphambili izenzo okufanele zithathwe; kanye nobulungiswa , lapho umuntu angabela khona umuntu ngamunye lokho okufanele. Lapho abantu bephumelela ekufinyeleleni ubuhle, bakhululwa ekwesabeni nasekukhathazekeni okukhona esimweni sabo sokufa nesomzimba futhi ekugcineni bangafisa ukujabula ngempela, ngoba ukuqaphela kwabo okugcwele kusekelwe ebuntwini nasekuzithuthukiseni futhi akuthonywa yizifiso zenhlanhla, futhi akuxhomekile engcebweni noma empilweni, okungaphezu kwamandla ethu futhi ngenxa yalokho okungekho emandleni ethu.
Ifilosofi nezincwadi kuhambisana ngokuphelele namandla
Ngokuqinisekile uSeneca uyisazi sefilosofi nendoda enolwazi olujulile eyayikwazi ukusebenzisana ngempela namandla, ishiya uphawu oluhle phakathi neminyaka yayo yokukhonza kanye nombusi osemusha, inikela ngenkuthalo enhlalakahleni yomphakathi, kodwa futhi yayazi ukuthi ingaziqhelelanisa kanjani nayo lapho ingasameleli imodeli enhle, ilahla amalungelo nomusa ngaphandle kokuzisola , njengoba esho ku- De vita beata : "iyakwazi ukujabulela ingcebo uma ikhona, kodwa ikwazi ukunikezela ngayo uma iyeka."
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuhoxa kwakhe empilweni yomphakathi kwaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu kuNero, owayeshiywe yedwa ukuba abuse, eminyakeni emihlanu yokugcina yombuso wakhe, wadala ukungathandwa okukhulu yizakhamuzi kangangokuthi wagwetshwa, ngemva kokufa kwakhe, "i-damnatio memoriae", isigwebo esibi kakhulu umRoma angasizwa, kuyilapho inkumbulo kaSeneca izohlala kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka ngenxa yokuhlakanipha kwakhe okujulile kanye nokuzinikela kwakhe emphakathini.
Esimweni sokungazinzi kwezepolitiki kanye nokwezenhlalo okungalungiseki eCaput Mundi yangaleso sikhathi, uSeneca uveza konke ukungaqondakali, imikhawulo, kanye nezifiso zesigaba sobuhlakani esasala sisodwa esiphikisana namandla ezepolitiki anonya ngemva kokunqotshwa kwesigaba sesenetha . Njengoba uSeneca ekhona, ithuba lokuthi isigaba sobuhlakani sifeze umsebenzi ophilayo ngaphakathi kwamandla ezepolitiki liyahluleka. Ngemva kwakhe, "abeluleki benkosana" bazoba ngabantu abakhululiwe kanye nezikhonzi, kanti izihlakaniphi zizokwazi kuphela ukulandisa okwenzekayo.
Ungafunda futhi uLucius Annaeus Seneca (Ingxenye 2)