Funda ngokuthunyelwe okulandelayo okwengeziwe mayelana nempilo eyimpumelelo neyimpikiswano yomculi wasePoland Tamara Lempicka, obhekwa njengomunye wabadwebi abanethonya elikhulu emlandweni wobuciko bendawo yonke.
Tamara Lempicka
Ukuphela kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kwakumelela amasiko amaningi ushintsho oluthakazelisayo olugcwele imizwelo kanye nezinguquko eziningi, ikakhulukazi kusukela kusici sezenhlalakahle nezombusazwe. Amazwe afana ne-United States noma ngisho nezwekazi laseYurophu abone lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iminyaka engamashumi amabili", lapho ukubamba iqhaza kwabesifazane emphakathini kwathola umoya omusha.
Kwakungesona isikhathi sokukhula komnotho kanye nomfutho wesiko labathengi kuphela, kodwa futhi abesifazane bakwazi ukuzwa izinga elisha lenkululeko. Emazweni amaningi emhlabeni wonke babevunyelwa ilungelo lokuvota, kuyilapho inani elikhulu labesifazane langena emsebenzini, ngaleyo ndlela bathola inkululeko ethile yezezimali.
Inkululeko yezezimali abesifazane abaningi ababeqala ukuyithola ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala nayo yaba nomthelela kwezinye izici zempilo yomphakathi. Yashintsha imfashini nendlela abesifazane abenza ngayo. Enye yezimpawu ezimele kakhulu zangaleso sikhathi futhi abesifazane abaningi abazi ukuthi namuhla "i-flapper".
Imayelana nani? Owesifazane owayegqoke izingubo ezixegayo, enezinwele ezimfishane, ezijikajikayo, futhi waphila ukuphila okugcwele injabulo. Kungashiwo ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zabesifazane zasebenza njengomthombo wogqozi nomthelela emsebenzini womculi odumile wasePoland uTamara de Lempicka, esizofunda kabanzi ngaye kokuthunyelwe okulandelayo.
Wayengomunye wabaculi basePoland abamele kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi. Abaningi bamazi ngaphansi kwesidlaliso esithi "i-baroness nge-brush", futhi akungabazeki ukuthi uLempicka waba ngumuntu ohlakaniphile wobuciko. Udumo lwakhe lwaluvela ezithombeni zakhe kanye nemidwebo yabesifazane ngesitayela sakhe esihle sobuciko be-deco.
Kuwo wonke umlando wayo, ikwazile ukukhiqiza imisebenzi yobuciko ehlaba umxhwele, eyayibonakala, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ngokubonisa amandla amakhulu abesifazane kanye nenkanuko. Ngemidwebo yakhe, u-Tamara Lempicka wayefuna ukugubha inkululeko kanye nenkululeko yabesifazane ngawo-1920.
Omunye wemisho yakhe eyizifanekiselo kakhulu wawuthi: "Ngiphila impilo emaphethelweni omphakathi, futhi imithetho evamile yomphakathi ayisebenzi kulabo abahlala emaphethelweni"
Tamara de Lempicka uyaba ubani?
Mhlawumbe iningi lomphakathi liyambona njengoTamara de Lempicka, nokho bekungelona igama lakhe langempela lelo. Lapho ezalwa, abazali bakhe bamqamba ngokuthi uMaria Gorska, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi abaningi baqala ukumbiza ngokuthi uTamara, igama lakhe lesiteji.
Lo mculi wasePoland wazalwa ngoMeyi 16, 1898. Wazalelwa edolobheni lasePoland elibizwa ngokuthi iWarsaw. Wayeyindodakazi yommeli ovelele womsuka wamaJuda ogama lakhe lingu-Boris Gurwik-Gorski, kuyilapho unina eyisakhamuzi sasePoland okuthiwa uMalvina Decler.
Intshisekelo yakhe emhlabeni wobuciko yaqala lapho esemncane. Kuthiwa waqala ukuxhumana nezobuciko esemncane kakhulu, ngisho eseneminyaka eyishumi kuphela ubudala, wapenda imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yobuciko. Omunye wemisebenzi yakhe yokuqala kwakuwumfanekiso awenza kadadewabo omncane.
Wayevalelwe isikhashana esikoleni okuhlalwa kuso eLausanne, eSwitzerland, kodwa lapho eshiya, wanquma ukuyohlala nogogo wakhe e-Italy, izwe elalimele kakhulu umsebenzi wakhe wobuciko, njengoba kulapho akwazi khona ukuthola umsebenzi wabadwebi abavelele benkathi yeRenaissance, kuhlanganise nezitayela eziningi ezaba nomthelela emsebenzini wakhe njengomdwebi.
Impilo yalo mculi wasePoland yayihlale iphawulwa ngamahlazo nezingxabano. Lapho eneminyaka engu-16 kuphela ubudala, wathandana kakhulu nommeli wasePoland uTadeusz de Lempicka, ashada naye kamuva. Ngemva nje komshado wabo wobukhazikhazi eSt. Petersburg, umyeni kaTamara waboshwa izikhulu zikahulumeni omusha wamaBolshevik.
Ukuboshwa kommeli uTadeusz de Lempicka akuzange kuhlale isikhathi eside ngenxa yomculi uTamara owaqinisekisa abathumbi bakhe ukuthi bamkhulule. Umbhangqwana osanda kushada kwadingeka ubalekele i-Russian Revolution futhi wathuthela edolobheni laseParis, lapho umdwebi wasePoland waqala ukuqeqesha kwezobuciko noMaurice Denis no-André Lhote.
Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside ukuthi u-Tamara Lempicka abe esinye sezithenjwa zobuciko ezibaluleke kakhulu edolobheni. Ikhono lakhe elikhulu limenze wanqoba izigaba eziningi nabanye abaculi abadumile abafana noPablo Picasso, uJean Cocteau no-André Gide.
Umdwebi wasePoland wenqaba abadwebi be-impressionist bangaleso sikhathi, ngoba wayekholelwa ukuthi bapende ngemibala "engcolile". Wanquma kanjalo u-Tamara Lempicka ukuthi isitayela sakhe sokudweba sizobonakala ngokuthi yini entsha, ephilayo, ehlanzekile nenhle.
“Inhloso yami ukuthi ngingalinge ngikope kodwa wukwakha isitayela esisha, esinemibala ekhanyayo negqamile, ngizwe nobuhle bamamodela,” kusho lo mculi.
Iqiniso liwukuthi uTamara Lempicka wayengeyena njalo umculi odumile futhi ohlonishwayo. Phakathi neminyaka yakhe yobusha kanye nengxenye yokuvuthwa kwakhe, imidwebo yakhe yakwazi ukuqashelwa umphakathi okuphawulekayo, eqinisweni, waba ngomunye wabesifazane abambalwa abakwazi ukuziphilisa ngomsebenzi wakhe wokudweba.
Ngeshwa, phakathi neminyaka yakhe yokugcina yokuphila, umsebenzi kaLempicka kancane kancane walahlekelwa isithakazelo sabagxeki, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuvela kwemisinga emisha yobuciko, kuhlanganise ne-North American expressionism abstract, engaziwa kunoma iyiphi indlela yomfanekiso.
Naphezu kwalokhu kuncipha, emashumini eminyaka kamuva umsebenzi kaLempicka uye waqinisekiswa futhi walulama, futhi namuhla ungomunye wabaculi abafunwa kakhulu ekhulwini lama-XNUMX. Impilo yakhe kanye nobuntu bakhe akwaziwa ngokwengxenye: i-mythomania etholakala kumlingiswa wakhe yamphoqa ukuthi azenzele eyakhe indaba, lapho iqiniso lihlangana khona nokusungulwa.
anyukele udumo
Umdwebi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka wabamba omunye wemibukiso yokuqala ebaluleke kakhulu yomsebenzi wakhe edolobheni laseMilan eminyakeni eyishumi ye-1925. Kulowo mbukiso kwadingeka apende imidwebo engu-28 ngezinyanga eziyisithupha nje, into eyayimelela inselele yangempela kuye.
Wonke umzamo nokuzinikela okwabekwa nguLempicka bekufanele. Akuphelanga sikhathi esingakanani ngaphambi kokuba lo mculi aqale ukukhombisa imisebenzi yakhe kwezinye zemibukiso ehlonishwayo yaseYurophu. Kungashiwo ukuthi ukuxhumana kwakhe kokuqala okukhulu nokuthandwa kwenzeka lapho ebonisa umsebenzi wakhe e-Exhibition of Decorative Arts and Modern Industries.
Kwakungalowo mbukiso lapho izintatheli zemfashini ezivela kuwo I-Harper's Bazaar thola umsebenzi okhaliphile weciko u-Tamara Lempicka. Cishe ngasikhathi sinye wanikezwa umagazini wemfashini waseJalimane, i-Die Dame, lapho apenda khona isithombe sakhe esiwumfanekiso, u-Tamara ku-Green Bugatti (1929).
Ngaphandle kokungabaza, lesi sithombe somuntu siqu simelela omunye odume kakhulu futhi obalulekile emsebenzini kaTamara Lempicka, uye wabhekwa njengenye yezibonelo ezithakazelisa kakhulu zomdwebo we-art deco portrait. Kulo msebenzi, u-Lempicka wazipenda ngemuva kwesondo lemoto yomjaho i-Bugatti eluhlaza, egqoke isigqoko sesikhumba, amagilavu amade amhlophe, futhi esongwe ngesikhafu sikasilika.
Iqiniso liwukuthi uLempicka wayengenayo i-Bugatti, kodwa i-Ranault encane ephuzi, noma kunjalo, umdwebo uthatha ubuhle bakhe, ukuzimela kwakhe okunamandla kanye nengcebo yakhe. Yize kuyiqiniso ukuthi lesi bekungesinye sezithombe zakhe ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, lo mculi ukwazile ukugqama ngenxa yeminye imisebenzi ebalulekile esaqhubeka nokuba nomthelela esizukulwaneni esisha.
amahlazo omuntu siqu
Udumo lukaTamara Lempicka alubangelwa nje kuphela umsebenzi wakhe omuhle owenziwa emhlabeni wokudweba, kodwa futhi wayehileleke emahlazweni amaningi nezingxabano empilweni yakhe yonke, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi ehlala edolobheni laseParis, ikakhulukazi e-Paris. Ngawo-1920, lapho iduma ngamaphathi ayo angalawuleki kanye nesifiso sayo sobulili esinganeliseki kubo bobabili abesilisa nabesifazane.
Lapho esebenza, wapenda izithombe zabantu abacebile nabadumile bangaleso sikhathi, kuhlanganise neNdlovukazi u-Elizabeth yaseGreece, iNkosi u-Alfonso XIII yaseSpain, kanye nembongi yase-Italy uGabriele d'Annunzio. Indlela aphila ngayo yamdalela izinkinga eziningi ngisho nasemshadweni kangangoba umyeni wakhe wanquma ukumehlukanisa ngenxa yalawo mahlazo abegubuzele impilo yakhe.
UTamara Lempicka wasePoland wayenendodakazi okuwukuphela kwayo, kodwa naphezu kwalokhu, wayengakaze ayibone noma abe nobuhlobo obuhle nayo. Owayenomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela le ntombazanyana ugogo wayo. Ngaphandle kwesibopho esincane esasikhona phakathi kukamama nendodakazi, akunakuphikwa ukuthi intombazane yayingafi emidwebeni yayo eminingi.
Phakathi kweminye yemidwebo lapho ungabona khona indodakazi kaTamara Lempicka kukhona:
- I-Kizette in Pink (1926)
- I-Sleeping Kizette (1934)
- I-Baroness Kizette (1954)
Ukwehla kwe-Lempicca phakathi kwe-abstract expressionism
Esikhathini esithile ngemva kokuhlukanisa nomyeni wakhe wokuqala, umdwebi wasePoland uTamara Lempicka unquma ukuzinika ithuba elisha othandweni. Kulesi senzakalo, washada noBaron Kuffner, owaba ngumyeni wesibili womdwebi. Umshado phakathi kwalaba ababili waba ngo-1933.
Eminyakeni embalwa ngemva komshado wawo, ikakhulukazi ngo-1939, ngaphambi kokuqala kweMpi Yezwe II, lo mbhangqwana wanquma ukuthuthela e-United States. Lapho, impumelelo yowesifazane wasePoland yayingeke iphele. Waqhubeka nokuba yingcweti ekhaliphile futhi wazitholela izithombe zokudweba zezinkanyezi eziningi zaseHollywood.
Kodwa-ke, ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izintandokazi zobuciko zomphakathi zaqala ukushintsha kancane, futhi isidingo sezithombe ze-art deco zikaLempicka saqala ukwehla kakhulu sivuna i-abstract expressionism, ngokungangabazeki eyayizodala ukukhathazeka okukhulu empilweni ye-art deco. Umculi wasePoland.
Phakathi nokuphelelwa ithemba okujulile, uTamara Lempicka uthatha inselele yokungena emsebenzini ongaqondakali, ecabangela ukuthi kwakuwumkhuba owawuthandwa umphakathi ngaleso sikhathi. Ubephethe ukukhangisa isitayela esisha nge-spatula, nokho, umsebenzi wakhe omusha awuzange uthole impumelelo elindelekile, kangangokuthi wayeka ukuwubonisa esidlangalaleni ngemva nje kwalokho.
Eminyakeni eminingi kamuva, umculi unquma ukuhlala isikhashana nendodakazi yakhe e-Houston, nakuba iminyaka yakhe yokugcina yokuphila ayizange ichithe e-United States kodwa eMexico, ikakhulukazi eCuernavaca. I-Mexico yaba ikhaya lokugcina lomdwebi wasePoland, izwe ahlala elithwele enhliziyweni yakhe.
Ukushona kukaTamara Lempicka kube ngesinye sezindaba ezibuhlungu nezidabukisa kakhulu kubalandeli balo mculi. Washona ngo-1980; futhi ngokwesicelo sakhe, isidumbu sakhe sashiswa futhi umlotha wasakazeka emithambekeni yentaba-mlilo yasePopocatepetl, ngaleyo ndlela waqeda umsebenzi omuhle nophumelelayo.
Imvuselelo kanye nefa
Naphezu kwempilo ehlazisayo umdwebi uTamara Lempicka ayenayo, umsebenzi omkhulu awenza emhlabeni wokudweba awunakuphikwa, kangangokuthi namuhla umsebenzi wakhe usanconywa izinkulungwane zabantu emhlabeni wonke. Isithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe saqala ukuvuselela ngawo-1970, ngemva nje kombukiso ovela emuva othi "Tamara de Lempicka kusukela ngo-1925-1935" owawuseLuxembourg Palace eParis ngo-1972.
Lo mculi owazalelwa ePoland washona ngawo-1980, futhi namuhla, eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-40 ngemva kwalezo zindaba ezimbi, umsebenzi wakhe usephakathi kweyodwa efiswa kakhulu futhi ehlonishwa kakhulu emhlabeni, ikakhulukazi phakathi kosaziwayo. Izinkanyezi eziningi zizinikele ekuqoqeni imidwebo yakhe, ngaleyo ndlela zibonise ukuthakasela okukhulu ezikuzwayo ngomsebenzi kaLempicka.
Abanye osaziwayo abaqoqa imisebenzi kaTamara Lempicka kubalwa uJack Nicholson, uBarbara Streisand, noMadonna. Imidwebo yomculi wasePoland ize ivele kwamanye amavidiyo omculo ka-Madonna, okuhlanganisa i-Vogue, i-Open Your Heart, ne-Express Yourself.
Ungase futhi ube nentshisekelo ezihlokweni ezilandelayo:
- Ikholomu ephukile
- Inqola Hay
- USaturn edla izingane zakhe.