Ukuthayipha kungaphezu nje kwesenzo sokwenza izinhlamvu. Amafonti amayelana nokubonakaliswa kwamasiko, ithuluzi lokuxhumana eye yavela phakathi namakhulu eminyaka futhi iphawule izinkathi ezihlukene, imiphakathi nobuchwepheshe. Kusukela emibhalweni yesandla yasendulo kuye kumafonti edijithali esiwasebenzisa nsuku zonke, izinhlobo zokubhala bezilokhu zibalulekile dlulisa imibono, imizwa namasiko.
Nakuba namuhla kungase kubonakale kuwudaba nje lobuhle, ukukhetha kwefonti kungaba isimo ukuthi umlayezo uhunyushwa kanjani, umuzwa eliwudalayo kanye nendlela esibona ngayo ngomuntu oyikhiphayo. Kulesi sihloko, sizocwilisa umhlaba othakazelisayo wamafonti nomthelela wawo wamasiko, ihlaziya ukuziphendukela kwayo, izitayela ezahlukene zokubhala kanye nendlela ezisetshenziswe ngayo ezimweni ezehlukene zomlando nezindawo. Ukuze uqonde kangcono umongo, ungathintana ne umsuka wokubhala.
Umsuka womlando wezinhlamvu zokubhala
Umlando wezinhlamvu zokubhala uqala kudala ngaphambi komshini wokunyathelisa, ezikhathini lapho izincwadi zaziqoshwa, zipendwe noma zibhalwe ngesandla ukuze kulondolozwe ulwazi lwezenkolo, lwezepolitiki noma lwesayensi. Kusukela eMesophothamiya kuya emibhalweni yesiRoma, impucuko ngayinye yamukela isimiso sayo sezithombe.
Ngokuwa koMbuso WamaRoma, kwenzeka ushintsho olukhulu. Izinhlamvu ze-uncial kanye ne-semi-uncial, ezazibusa ama-codice eMbusweni Wasemuva, zavela ngokwezifunda zaseYurophu futhi zanikeza indawo kulokho okwakwaziwa ngokuthi. imibhalo yesizwe. I-Papyrus yayiwumthombo owawuhamba phambili emakhulwini okuqala eminyaka, kodwa ngokunqotshwa kwama-Arabhu eGibhithe kanye nokushoda kwale nto eluhlaza, isikhumba sathola ukubaluleka.
Phakathi nekhulu lesi-7 nelesi-8, kwavela imibhalo yamaVisigothic, iMerovingian neJalimane., umphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo kwe-semiuncial yamaRoma. Nakuba zibizwa ngokuthi "zikazwelonke", empeleni zazikwazi ukungena ngaphezu kwalokho okwakukholelwa, njengoba zazikhona ukushintshana kwamasiko phakathi kwezifunda zezindela. Lokhu kushintshana kungahlotshaniswa nokuhlukahluka kwezitayela ezithuthuke kamuva, njenge Ubuciko basePheresiya.
Ukubhala kweCarolingian kanye nokuvuselelwa kwamasiko kaCharlemagne
NgoMbuso WaseCarolingian ngekhulu lesi-8, kwavela inhlangano entsha yokuhlanganisa amasiko eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Carolingian Renovatio. Izihlakaniphi ezifana no-Alcuin wase-York kanye no-Paul the Deacon bakhuthaze ukudalwa kwe-typography ecacile nehlelekile: umbhalo we-Carolingian.
Le ncwadi ibuyele kusitayela se-Roman minuscule ngobuhle obufundeka kakhudlwana ngenxa yokujwayela kwayo, ukuhlukana phakathi kwezinhlamvu nezinhlamvu ezimbalwa. UCarolina wasakazekela eFrance, eJalimane, e-Italy futhi kamuva waya eNgilandi naseHispania, ikakhulukazi ngemva koMkhandlu waseLeón ngo-1080, lapho ukuthayipha kwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni. Yasebenza njengendinganiso amakhulu eminyaka futhi yayiyisihluthulelo ekuguqukeni kwesitayela seGothic.
Kusukela kuGothic kuya Ezincwadini Zobuntu: Ukuziphendukela Kwemvelo Phakathi Nenkathi Ephakathi
Incwadi yesiGothic yavela ngekhulu le-12 njengenguquko yeCarolingian. Iwuhlobo lwe-angular, olujiyile olubonakala ngokukhiqizwa kwalo ngobuningi, oluqhutshwa ukuvela kwamanyuvesi kanye nesidingo sokukopisha izincwadi ngokushesha. Yafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngekhulu le-13 futhi yasinda kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-16 ezindaweni eziningi zaseYurophu.
Kwakunezinhlobonhlobo eziningana: isiGothic sombhalo, esisetshenziswa ezincwadini; omalukeke, bemibhalo; nezitayela zesifunda ezifana ne-Italian Gothic (eyindilinga kakhudlwana) noma i-German Gothic (ekhombe kakhulu). Kwakuphakathi nalesi sigaba lapho u-'i' waqala ukuhlukaniswa ngokucacile ku-'j' noma u-'u' ku-'v'., futhi kwethulwa izinhlamvu ezinjengokuthi 'w' kanye no-'z'.
I-Visigothic, i-albalaes, inkantolo kanye nenqubo: Izinhlobo ze-Hispanic
ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, ukubhala kwe-Visigothic kwahlangana nokubhala kwe-Carolingian kuze kube ikhulu le-13 ezifundeni ezifana ne-Galicia noma phakathi kwemiphakathi yaseMozarabic. Yayinezinhlobonhlobo ezimbili: i-cursive ne-minuscule yencwadi, yomibili ethathwe ku-semiuncial.
Phakathi nekhulu le-13 kuya kwele-17 kwavela izitayela ezintsha zamadokhumentari ezifana ne incwadi ye-albalaes, yenkantolo kanye nenqubo, ngalinye liphethwe izikhulu zombuso ezikhulayo. Le mibhalo yavela ngokulandela izidingo zokuphatha, eshiya izincwadi zigcinelwe amafomu afundeka kakhudlwana njengezinhlamvu zobuntu.
I-Unicode Standard kanye Nokufakwa Kwezinhlamvu Zomhlaba Wonke
Ngokufika kwesikhathi sedijithali, inselele enkulu kwakuwukumela zonke izinhlobo zezilimi zabantu. Ekuqaleni, amakhompyutha ayesekela izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu zesiLatini kuphela, eshiya ngaphandle ezinye izinhlelo zokubhala. Lokhu kwakusho a ukungafakwa ngqo kwawo wonke amasiko emkhakheni we-elekthronikhi womhlaba.
Ukudalwa kwezinga le-Unicode kusiguqule lesi simo.. Ihlanganisa izinkulungwane zezinhlamvu futhi ikuvumela ukuthi ufake ikhodi, ubonise, futhi wabelane ngemibhalo efana nesiCyrillic, isi-Arabhu, isiShayina, isi-Armenian, iTifinagh, nezinye eziningi. Ngisho nezinhlelo ezingasekho ezifana nokubhala kwe-cuneiform noma i-Ethiopian Ge'ez zinokumelela kwazo okudijithali.
Nokho, ukuba khona kwezinga akwanele: ukuze ubonise kahle uhlamvu ngalunye, kuyadingeka ukuba kube namafonti ahambisanayo (uhlobo lwedijithali) oluqukethe. Abanye babo Amafonti "pan-Unicode"., edizayinelwe ukumboza amagama amaningi kanye nokwenza lula ukufakwa kwamasiko. Ukubaluleka kokuhlukahluka kuyefana nokuhlukahluka kwe izinhlobo zezinkanyezi endaweni yonke.
Izinhlobo zohlobo ngokuya nge-Thibaudeau kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwe-Vox-ATypI
Uma sigxila ku-typography yokuphrinta yesimanje, UFrancis Thibaudeau waba ngowokuqala ukuzama ukuhlukanisa izinhlamvu ngokwemibandela esemthethweni.. Uhlelo lwakhe luhlukanisa amaqembu amathathu:
- AmaSerif: eneziphetho ekugcineni. Elegant, classic kanye professional.
- Isono serif: ebizwa nangokuthi induku eyomile. Ikhululekile futhi yesimanje.
- Ezokuhlobisa noma ezibhalwe ngesandla: igxile kumthelela obonakalayo.
UMaximilien Vox kamuva wasungula ukuhlukaniswa okubanzi, okwamukelwa yi-International Typographic Association (ATypI). Ihlanganisa amafonti esiLatini ngemindeni efana nale:
- Abantu nama-garaldas: igqugquzelwe imibhalo yesandla yeRenaissance.
- Eyasebukhosini noma eyesikhashana: anembe phakathi kokwakudala nokwamanje.
- Didonas: yesimanje ngokungafani okukhulu.
- Umakhenikha noma waseGibhithe: enama-serif angunxande aqinile.
- Linear: kuhlanganisa i-sans serif (i-grotesque, neo-grotesque, i-geometric ne-humanist).
- Ifakiwe, ibhaliwe futhi yenziwe ngesandla: ngokubukeka kwe-calligraphic noma komuntu siqu.
- Iphukile: i-gothic yokuhlobisa.
- Abezizwe: hlanganisa amagama angewona awesiLatini.
I-Psychology kanye nokudluliswa kwemizwa nge-typography
Akuzona zonke izinhlamvu ezilinganayo emehlweni omfundi. I-typeface ngayinye inobuntu bayo obuthonya indlela esiyihumusha ngayo imilayezo.. Ifonti ingadlulisela ubucayi, ubumnandi, ukusondelana noma ngisho nolaka.
Imithombo ama-serif Bavusa isiko, udumo negunya. I ngaphandle kwe-serif Zihlobene nesimanje, ubulula kanye nobuchwepheshe. Imithombo ebhalwe ngesandla noma umbhalo Bangase babonakale njengabesifazane, besondelene noma bethandana. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithombo ukuhlobisa Zifuna ukunakwa, zilungele izihloko noma imiklamo yokuqamba, nakuba ifundeka kancane embhalweni omude.
USarah Hyndman, emsebenzini wakhe othi Why Fonts Matter, yafunda ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlamvu zihlotshaniswa kanjani ngokomzwelo nemiqondo efana ne-flavour. Ngokwesibonelo, Amafonti ayindilinga ahlotshaniswa nobumnandi namafonti anama-engeli anomuncu. Abathengi baze baboniswa ukuthi bathemba amafonti athile njenge-Baskerville ngaphezu kwe-Comic Sans. Lokhu kuxhumana okungokomzwelo kungaba nomthelela ofanayo nalowo we ukuzwelana nezimpawu ezithile zamasiko.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamasiko nesifunda kwe-typography
Izingoma zibuye zixoxe ngezindaba zokuthi ungubani. I-alfabhethi yesi-Arabhu ihlanganisa ngokwendalo. futhi idinga ama-ligatures ukuze uthole uketshezi olubonakalayo. NgesiShayina, umlingisi ngamunye unencazelo yomqondo neyobuhle. E-Afrika, izinhlelo ezifana ne-Vai ne-Tifinagh zibonisa izimpande zokhokho.
Embhalweni wesiPheresiya, osuselwa olimini lwesi-Arabhu, ukwakheka kohlamvu ngalunye kuyashintsha kuye ngokuma kwalo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-syllabary yesiCherokee yasungulwa ngekhulu le-19 nguSequoyah ukuze alondoloze ulimi lwakhe lwendabuko ngezimpawu zalo, okubonisa ukuthi Ukudala uhlelo lwe-typographic kungaba isenzo sobukhosi bamasiko. Lokhu kusikhumbuza ukubaluleka kokubhala nezimpawu, njenge izimpawu zethebula le-periodic.
Zonke lezi zinhlobonhlobo zibonisa indlela ukubhala okusabela ngayo kumongo womlando, wenhlalo nobuchwepheshe wendawo okuthuthukiswa kuyo. Ngakho-ke, ukuklama kwe-typographic akuyona i-whim yobuhle kodwa isibonelo esiphilayo se ukwehluka kwamasiko abantu.
I-Typography enkathini yedijithali: ukwenza kube ngokwakho nokufaka uphawu
I-typography manje isiyingxenye ebalulekile yokwakhiwa komkhiqizo. Izinkampani namaphrojekthi abheka amafonti abonisa ubunikazi bawo futhi baxhumane ngokomzwelo nezilaleli zabo. Kunamafonti aklanyelwe ngokukhethekile uhlobo lomkhiqizo (amafonti angokwezifiso), asebenza njengobunikazi obubonakalayo.
Ukukhetha amafonti enkundla yezokuxhumana, amawebhusayithi, nezinhlelo zokusebenza kuyisihluthulelo sokudala ukuzizwisa okungaguquki nokufundekayo. Idizayini ephendulayo iphoqa izinhlamvu ukuthi vumelana nawo wonke amasayizi wesikrini, kugcina umehluko lokufanele, sikhala kanye nekufundzeka. Kulo mongo, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi i-typography ihlobana kanjani nokumeleleka kwamasiko futhi ingathonywa izitayela ezahlukene zobuciko ekwakhiweni, njengoba kuxoxiwe Isiko le-K-pop.
Umthelela wendawo kanye ne-typography esimeme
Namuhla, ngisho nokwakheka kwe-typographic kuthonywa ukusimama. Amanye amafonti athuthukiswa ngokukhethekile ukuze kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kukayinki ekunyatheliseni ngobuningi, njenge-Ecofont, umklamo wayo ohlanganisa "izimbobo" ezincane ezingabonakali ngeso lomuntu.
Ukulungiselelwa kwedijithali nakho kuzuza ukubaluleka: Amafonti asebenza kahle angehlisa isisindo sewebhusayithi kanjalo nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwamaseva, into okungamele ibukelwe phansi kuplanethi yedijithali ene-hyper-digital.
Ukuthayipha akulona nje uhlobo, kodwa futhi umsebenzi, ungubani, ubuchwepheshe kanye namasiko. Ukusuka emibhalweni yezindela kuye kokuthunyelwe ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, izinhlobo zohlobo zifakazela izinguquko zezenhlalo nezobuchwepheshe ezilolonge impucuko yethu. Ukuqonda ukuziphendukela kwemvelo nokunotha kwayo kusivumela ukuba sazise ukuthi amagama, ngale kokuqukethwe kwawo, akhiwa kanjani ngesithombe sawo esibonakalayo..