La ubuchwepheshe, amagajethi, i-inthanethi, kanye nezinkundla zokuxhumana Bangene cishe kukho konke esikwenzayo nsuku zonke: ukusebenza, ukufunda, ukuxhumana, ukuzijabulisa, nokunakekela impilo yethu. Lokho okwakuyizinto ezikhethekile manje kwakha uhlelo oluxhumene kakhulu lapho omakhalekhukhwini, amawashi ahlakaniphile, izinzwa, amapulatifomu aku-inthanethi, kanye nemiphakathi yedijithali engalali ndawonye.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, leli zwe elixhunyiwe liphakamisa izinselele ezinkulu ekuphepheni, ubumfihlo, ukuhlala ndawonye kwedijithali kanye ukusetshenziswa okufaneleUkusebenzisa amandla abo aphelele ngaphandle kokwenza amaphutha kudinga ukuqonda ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kanjani, ukuthi buletha izinzuzo ezinjani empilweni yansuku zonke, nokuthi yiziphi izingozi okumele sizilawule ukuze zingasiphendukeli.
Ubuchwepheshe, amagajethi kanye ne-inthanethi yezinto empilweni yansuku zonke
Uma sikhuluma ngobuchwepheshe empilweni yansuku zonke, asisacabangi ngamakhompyutha noma omakhalekhukhwini kuphela: sibhekisela kusethi ye amadivayisi ahlakaniphile axhunywe kwi-inthanethi eziqoqa idatha, ziyicubungule, bese zisabela ngokuzenzakalelayo. Yilokhu kanye okushiwo yi- I-Intanethi Yezinto (IoT): ukuxhumana kwezinto ezibonakalayo nenethiwekhi ukuze zikwazi ukuxhumana zodwa kanye nezinsizakalo zamafu.
Empeleni, i-IoT iguqula cishe noma yini ibe "uhlu": izinto zasendlini, izimoto, izilandeleli zokufaneleka komzimba, izinzwa ezakhiweni noma emishinini yezimboniNgenxa yezinzwa, amaprosesa amancane, isofthiwe kanye nokuxhumeka (i-WiFi, i-Bluetooth, amanethiwekhi eselula noma amanethiwekhi anamandla aphansi), lezi zinto zingalinganisa indawo, zithumele ulwazi futhi zamukele imiyalo ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba sibe phezu kwazo ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Ukukhula kwale ndawo exhumene nakho kuyamangalisa: kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngo-2030 kuzoba khona amashumi ezigidigidi zamadivayisi e-IoT izimpahla emhlabeni wonkeLokhu kusho ukuzenzekela okwengeziwe ekhaya nasemsebenzini, idatha eyengeziwe yokwenza izinqumo… kanye nobuthakathaka obengeziwe uma ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kolwazi kunganakekelwa.
Lo mbono wezinto ezixhunyiwe ubizwa ngokuthi izinto eziningi: I-inthanethi Yezinto, I-inthanethi Yakho Konke, i-inthanethi etholakala yonke indawo noma nje "i-inthanethi yonke indawo"Kuzo zonke izimo, kubhekiselwa kunethiwekhi enwebeka kuzo zonke izimpilo zethu zansuku zonke nokuthi, uma isetshenziswa kahle, ivumela izinsizakalo ezenzelwe umuntu ngamunye, isindise amandla nesikhathi, kanye nokuphathwa kwezinsiza okungcono, kokubili ngabanye kanye nangokweqembu.
Imvelaphi kanye nokuvela kwe-Intanethi Yezinto
I-inthanethi Yezinto ayizange ivele ngokuzumayo; yakhela phezu kwentuthuko yamashumi eminyaka ku- Ukuhlonza imvamisa yomsakazo (RFID), amanethiwekhi, izinzwa, kanye nekhompyuthaNgasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1990, umcwaningi uKevin Ashton wadala igama elithi "i-Internet of Things" ngokubona umhlaba lapho izinto zingabonakala khona futhi zilandelwe ngokuzenzakalelayo kusetshenziswa amathegi e-RFID axhunywe ezinhlelweni ezixhunyiwe.
Ngaleso sikhathi, amaphrojekthi avela ezikhungweni ezifana ne-MIT aqala ukuzama ukuxhumana okuqondile kwezinto ezibonakalayo kwi-inthanethi ukuqapha nokulawula ngaphandle kokungenelela komuntu njalo. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthuthukiswa kwesitoreji, amandla okucubungula, futhi ikakhulukazi ukuxhumana okungenantambo kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukushintsha kusuka kumaphrothokholi elabhorethri kuya ezixazululweni zangempela zezentengiselwano.
Kakade ngawo-2010, izinhlelo ezifana I-AllJoyn kaQualcomm noma ukudalwa kwezinhlangano zezimboni Bakhuthaza amazinga kanye nemikhuba emihle ukuze amaqembu avela kubakhiqizi abahlukene akwazi ukuqondana. Konke lokhu kwaqondana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-fourth industrial revolution, lapho okuzenzakalelayo, i-big data, kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kukhula khona emafektri, emadolobheni, kanye nasezinkonzweni zomphakathi.
Namuhla, i-IoT isiyinto evamile kangangokuthi i-thermostat ezilungisa yona, ibhande lesihlakala elilandelela ubuthongo, noma ithini likadoti elikwazisayo uma seligcwele Kubonakala sengathi ziyinto enengqondo kakhulu emhlabeni kithi. Ngemuva kwalokho kulula okusobala kukhona izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinzwa, amapulatifomu amafu, kanye nama-algorithms abelokhu ekhula iminyaka eminingi.
Indlela i-inthanethi yezinto esebenza ngayo ngempela
Ngaphansi kwesendlalelo esibonakalayo sezinhlelo zokusebenza namagajethi, i-IoT ithembele ochungechungeni lwezinhlelo zokusebenza izingxenye zobuchwepheshe ezivumela idatha ukuthi igeleze Kusukela ezintweni kuya ezinhlelweni zokwenza izinqumo. Indawo yokuqala amadivayisi angokoqobo: izinzwa ezilinganisa izinga lokushisa, ukunyakaza, noma umswakama; amakhamera; izinto ezigqokwayo; izinto zikagesi ezixhunyiwe; izimoto ezinamamojula okuxhumana; noma izinzwa zezimboni emigqeni yokukhiqiza.
Lawa madivayisi ahlangana izinzwa kanye actuatorsIzinzwa ziqoqa ulwazi oluvela endaweni ezungezile, futhi ama-actuator enza izenzo (ukuvula i-valve, ukuvula isibani, ukulungisa injini) ngokusekelwe emiyalweni etholiwe. Ukuze lokhu kwenzeke, zidinga ukuxhumana: i-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-NFC, amanethiwekhi eselula, amanethiwekhi azinikele anamandla aphansi ebanga elide (ama-LPWAN), noma amazinga angenantambo njenge-Zigbee noma i-Thread.
Ulwazi luya ku- amapulatifomu e-cloud IoTlapho igcinwa khona, icutshungulwa, futhi yethulwa ngendlela eqondakalayo. Yilapho-ke izinqubo ezifana ne-MQTT noma i-CoAP zisebenza khona, eziklanyelwe ukudlulisa idatha ngendlela elula nephumelelayo, ngisho noma amadivayisi enamandla amancane kakhulu noma uxhumano lungazinzile.
Izendlalelo ze ukuhlaziywa kwedatha kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa Lawa mathuluzi avumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bangagcini nje ngokubuka amagrafu esikhathi sangempela, kodwa futhi bathole amaphethini, balindele izinkinga, futhi benze izinqumo ngokuzenzakalela. Kuleli zinga, umsebenzisi usebenzisana nezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula, amadeshibhodi ewebhu, noma abasizi bezwi abasebenza njengesixhumi esibonakalayo nayo yonke i-ecosystem ye-IoT.
Izinto ezibalulekile kanye namamodeli okuxhumana ku-IoT
I-ecosystem ye-IoT isekelwe ezingcezu eziyisishiyagalombili ezisebenza njengegiya ngendlela efanayo: amadivayisi axhunyiwe, ukuxhumana, amapulatifomu, amaphrothokholi, ukuphepha, ukuhlonza nendawo, izinzwa nama-actuator, kanye nokuhlaziya/i-AIUma enye yalezi zingxenye yehluleka, lonke uhlelo lulahlekelwa ukusebenza kahle noma luba yingozi.
Amadivayisi axhunyiwe afaka phakathi kusukela ezinzwa ezincane kuya ezimotweni nasemishinini yezimboniUkuxhumana kuncike kubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene njenge-Wi-Fi, i-Bluetooth, i-NFC, amanethiwekhi eselula noma i-LPWAN, kuye ngebanga, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nenani ledatha okufanele idluliselwe.
Amapulatifomu e-IoT asekelwe efwini aphatha ulwazi oluningi futhi avumela bona ngeso lengqondo izibalo, chaza imithetho yebhizinisi, futhi uhlele ukuzenzekelaAmaphrothokholi (i-MQTT, i-CoAP, i-HTTP/HTTPS, i-AMQP, i-DDS) abeka imithetho yokuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi namaseva, ngezinye izikhathi ebeka phambili isivinini kanye nokuthembeka noma ukuphepha kwezinye izikhathi.
Ukuze kugcinwe ukuhleleka, idivayisi ngayinye kumele ibonakale ngendlela ehlukile futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ukuhambisana nendawo ethileUkusuka lapho, ukuphepha kuyaqala ukusebenza: ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile, ukubethela idatha, ukulawula ukufinyelela, kanye nokuvuselelwa kwe-firmware kuba yimpoqo uma singafuni ukuvula umnyango kubaphangi.
Kuye ngokuthi ulwazi lucutshungulwa kuphi, singakhuluma ngamamodeli amaningana okuxhumana: Qondisa i-M2M phakathi kwemishini, izakhiwo ezigxile emafwini, i-edge computing, kanye ne-fog computing, okuletha ingxenye yekhompyutha eduze komphetho wenethiwekhi ukuze kuncishiswe ukubambezeleka futhi kuncishiswe ithrafikhi, noma amanethiwekhi e-LPWAN kanye ne-5G avumela ukuxhuma amadivayisi ngezinga elikhulu ngokusetshenziswa kwamandla okuphansi kanye nesivinini esikhulu.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-IoT ekhaya, edolobheni, kanye nasembonini
Ekhaya, i-IoT ihumusha ibe yi- ukuzenzekela kwasekhaya kanye nokwenza imisebenzi yansuku zonke kube lulaAma-thermostat alawula ukushisa ngokuzenzakalelayo, izibani ezivula uma zibona ukuthi zikhona, ama-smart plug asiza ukonga amandla, izingidi ze-elekthronikhi ozilawulayo kusuka kufoni yakho ephathekayo, noma izipikha ezinabasizi abangokoqobo abaphatha konke ngezwi.
Kwezokunakekelwa kwempilo, amadivayisi agqokwayo nezinzwa ezixhunyiwe ziyavumela ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwezimpawu ezibalulekile, umsebenzi womzimba kanye nekhwalithi yokulalaLokhu kwenza kube lula indlela yokuvimbela: akukhona nje ukuya kudokotela uma kukhona okungahambi kahle, kodwa futhi kumayelana nokubona izinguquko kusenesikhathi kanye nokulungisa ukwelashwa ngenxa yedatha yesikhathi sangempela kanye ne-telemedicine.
Emabhizinisini, kusukela kwezolimo kuya kwezokuthutha, i-IoT inikeza ukubonakala ku- lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka kanye nesimo sezindawo nemishiniEmbonini, izinzwa zingafakwa ezinjinini nasemabhandeni okuhambisa ukuze kuqashelwe ukuphazamiseka (ukulungiswa okubikezelayo), kuyilapho ekuthuthweni, indawo kanye nezimo zomthwalo kuyaqashelwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe imizila futhi kuncishiswe izindleko.
Amadolobha nawo aqala ukusebenzisana nezinhlelo "zokuthuthukisa idolobha elihlakaniphile": ukuphathwa kwethrafikhi okuhlakaniphile, ukukhanya komgwaqo okushintshashintshayo ngokuya ngokuba khona kwabantu, izitsha zikadoti ezikuxwayisayo uma zigcwele noma izinhlelo zokuthola izingozi kusenesikhathi ezindaweni zomphakathi. Konke lokhu kuhlose ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila nokusebenzisa izinsiza ngendlela ephumelelayo.
Izinzuzo ze-IoT kanye nobuchwepheshe obuxhunyiwe
Enye yezinto ezinhle kakhulu ezikhangayo ze-IoT yikhono layo lokwenza kanjalo. Thuthukisa ukusebenza kahleNgokuba nedatha yesikhathi sangempela ngalokho okwenzekayo emishinini, ezakhiweni, ezimotweni, noma ezitshalweni, izinhlangano zingenza izinqubo ngokuzenzakalela, zinciphise isikhathi sokungasebenzi, futhi zikhulise kangcono izinsiza zazo.
Empilweni yomuntu siqu, umthelela uyabonakala ku induduzo kanye nekhwalithi yokuphilaUkulawula ukushisa emsebenzini, ukwazi ukuthi ulala kangakanani ngempela, ukuthola izexwayiso uma umuntu osekhulile ewa, noma ukuba nezikhumbuzo zemithi ezenzakalelayo kuyizibonelo zezinsizakalo ezazibonakala njengendaba yesayensi eminyakeni eyishumi edlule.
Amadolobha ahlakaniphile anika amandla Lungiselela izinsizakalo zomphakathi, unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, futhi uthuthukise ukuhambahambaLokhu kuholela ekunciphiseni ukungcola kanye nezikhathi zokuhamba ezimfushane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziywa kwedatha yasemadolobheni kusiza ukuhlela kangcono ingqalasizinda nokusabela ngokushesha ezimweni eziphuthumayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-IoT kanye nobuhlakani bokwenziwa kuvula umnyango wokuthi amamodeli ebhizinisi amasha aqhutshwa idathalapho izinkampani zingagcini nje ngokuthengisa umkhiqizo ongokoqobo, kodwa futhi nezinsizakalo ezihlobene (ukulungiswa okubikezelayo, izibuyekezo ezikude, ukwenza ngokwezifiso okuthuthukisiwe) okukhiqiza imali engenayo ephindaphindayo kanye nobudlelwano obuseduze namakhasimende.
Umthelela emphakathini nasebhizinisini
Ukwanda kwe-IoT kuhambisana noshintsho olubanzi: Ubudlelwano bethu nobuchwepheshe buyaqhubeka futhi bucishe bungabonakaliSidlula ezindaweni ezihlonyiswe ngezinzwa, sisebenzisa amagajethi ahambisana nathi amahora angama-24 ngosuku, futhi sishiya umkhondo wedijithali wemikhuba nezintandokazi izinkampani kanye nohulumeni abangazisebenzisa.
Emphakathini, lokhu kuhunyushwa ngokuthi Amadolobha aphethwe kangcono, izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezisheshayo, kanye nezindlela ezintsha zokubamba iqhazaIdatha isiza ekubekeni phambili ukutshalwa kwezimali, ukuqonda kangcono izidingo zamaqembu ahlukene, nokuqinisekisa izimpendulo ezisheshayo ezinkingeni zansuku zonke noma eziphuthumayo.
Ezweni lebhizinisi, i-IoT ishintsha indlela ukukhiqizwa, ukusatshalaliswa, kanye nenkonzo yamakhasimende okuphathwa ngayo. Uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka luya ngokuya luba okusobala kakhudlwana, okulandelekayo futhi okusebenzayoKuyaziwa ukuthi imikhiqizo ikuphi, isimo sayo, nokuthi yini engenziwa ukuvimbela ukuphela kwesitokwe noma ukulahlekelwa ngenxa yezehlakalo. Kwezolimo, isibonelo, izinzwa zomswakama kanye nesimo sezulu zivumela ukulungiswa okunembile kokunisela, ukonga amanzi kanye nokuthuthukisa isivuno.
Ubudlelwano namakhasimende buyashintsha ngoba idatha yesikhathi sangempela yenza kube lula Ukwenziwa ngokwezifiso okungcono kakhulu kwezipesheli nezinsizakaloUmthengisi angahlaziya ukuhamba kwabantu ngezinyawo ezitolo ukuze athuthukise ukubekwa komkhiqizo, kuyilapho isevisi yezempilo ingenza ukwelashwa kube ngokwesisekelo solwazi olunikezwa yizinto ezigqokwayo noma amadivayisi ezokwelapha axhunyiwe.
Izingozi, izinselele, kanye nezingibe ezingaba khona ze-IoT
Inkinga yamadivayisi amaningi axhunyiwe ukuthi andisa indawo yokuhlasela: yonke idivayisi engavikelekile kahle iyindawo yokungena. Yingakho ukuphepha kwedatha kanye nobumfihlo Lezi yizinselele ezinkulu ze-IoT. Amadivayisi amaningi afinyelela emakethe ngamaphasiwedi abuthakathaka, azikho izibuyekezo ezizenzakalelayo, kanye nomklamo ongakubekeli phambili ukuphepha kwe-inthanethi.
Uma umhlaseli ekwazi ukusebenzisa lobu buthakathaka, angakwazi... Kusukela ekuhloleni okwenzekayo ekhaya ngekhamera, kuya ekuntshontsheni amadivayisi kuya ekuqaliseni ukuhlaselwa kwe-distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) ngokumelene namawebhusayithi nezinsizakalo ezibalulekile. Izigameko zalolu hlobo sezivele zibonwe ngokoqobo, kusetshenziswa izigidi zamadivayisi asengozini.
Ukuntuleka kwezindinganiso ezihlangene nakho kwenza isimo sibe nzima: izinhlelo eziningi azihambisani ngokugcwele, okwenza kube nzima hlanganisa izixazululo ezivela kubakhiqizi abahlukene Lokhu kuphoqa ukusetshenziswa kwamasango kanye nezindlela zokubhekana nezimo ezithi ngezinye izikhathi zandise ubunzima kanye nobuthakathaka. Okungeziwe kulokhu izinkinga zokusabalala, ngoba ingqalasizinda kumele iphathe inani elikhulu ledatha.
Okokugcina, kukhona uhlangothi lomphakathi: Ukwehlukana kwedijithali kanye nokufinyelela okungalingani kulezi zobuchwepheshe Lokhu kungagcizelela umehluko phakathi kwalabo abangasebenzisa ngokugcwele leli thuba nalabo abasele ngemuva. Kuphinde kuvele ukukhathazeka mayelana nokusetshenziswa okukhulu kwedatha ukuqapha izakhamuzi noma ukudala amaphrofayili abantu abaphazamisa kakhulu.
Izinsongo ezivamile kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ku-IoT
Phakathi kwezinsongo ezaziwa kakhulu kukhona ukuhlaselwa kwe-denial of service (DDoS). ngokusekelwe kumanethiwekhi amadivayisi e-IoT antshontshiwe. Ukuze kuncishiswe le ngozi, amathuluzi anjengezingodo zomlilo, ukuhlunga ithrafikhi, izinsizakalo zokunciphisa amafu, kanye nemiklamo yengqalasizinda enokusetshenziswa okuningi kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kuyahlanganiswa ukuvimbela iphuzu elilodwa lokwehluleka ekuwiseni lonke uhlelo.
Okunye ukukhathazeka okubalulekile yilokhu ukwephulwa kobumfihloAmadivayisi aqoqa ulwazi mayelana nemikhuba, izindawo, impilo, ukusetshenziswa, nokuningi. Uma lolu lwazi luvuza noma lusetshenziswa ngaphandle kokulawula, umonakalo ungaba mkhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, imikhuba efana nokubethela kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni, izinqubomgomo ezicacile zokucaca, kanye nokuhambisana nemithetho yokuvikela idatha kubalulekile.
Ubuthakathaka obukhona bamadivayisi, kusukela kumaphutha e-firmware kuya kuma-port avulekile ngokungadingekile, kubhekwana nabo izibuyekezo ezijwayelekile, ukuqinisekiswa okuqinile, kanye nomklamo wehadiwe ophephileUbuchwepheshe obufana nama-Trusted Platform Modules (TPM) buyasiza ekuqiniseni ubunikazi kanye nobuqotho bamadivayisi avela ku-chip uqobo.
Kumsebenzisi wokugcina, kubalulekile futhi ukwamukela imikhuba eyisisekelo: Shintsha amaphasiwedi azenzakalelayo, khubaza izici ezingasetshenziswanga, bese ubuyekeza izimvume zohlelo lokusebenza. Futhi khetha amadivayisi kubakhiqizi abanikeza ukwesekwa kwangempela kokuphepha. Nakuba kungase kubonakale kuyisicefe, kuyindlela kuphela yokugwema ukuba yisixhumanisi esibuthakathaka kakhulu kulolu chungechunge.
Ukuziphatha, ubumfihlo, kanye nemithetho ethinta umhlaba oxhumene
Njengoba inani lamadivayisi ahlakaniphile endaweni yethu likhula, kuba nzima ukuzibuza izindaba zokuziphatha: ukuthi idatha iqoqwa ini, isetshenziselwani, nokuthi kungakanani okufanele kwenziweOkungaba usizo ekuthuthukiseni isevisi nakho kungaba yingozi uma umkhawulo othile weqiwa.
Iqoqo elikhulu lolwazi lihlanganisa konke kusukela kumaphethini okusetshenziswa kuya kudatha ye-biometric. Yingakho kubizwa i-a ukucaca okukhulu kakhulu ezinqubweni zobumfihloYini egcinwayo, isikhathi esingakanani, ukuthi yabelwana nobani, nokuthi umuntu angawasebenzisa kanjani amalungelo akhe. Ngaphandle kwalokhu kucaca, ukwethembana kuyaphela.
Empeleni, ukuvikela ubumfihlo kuhilela ukuthembela ezindleleni ezifana nokuthi ukungaziwa, ukubethela okuqinile, kanye nemvume enolwaziukuze abasebenzisi balondoloze ukulawula okuthile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zokuziphatha kufanele zifakwe kusukela esigabeni sokuklama: ukunciphisa inani ledatha eqoqwe, ukungaligcini isikhathi eside kunokudingekile, nokugwema ukusetshenziswa kwesibili okungalindelekile.
Ezingeni lokulawula, izifunda ezahlukahlukene zidlulise imithetho yokuletha ukuhleleka ohlelweni. Umthetho Ojwayelekile Wokuvikelwa Kwedatha (i-GDPR) e-European Union usungula izidingo eziqinile kakhulu mayelana nokucutshungulwa kwedatha yomuntu siquEzifundazweni ezifana neCalifornia, i-CCPA inikeza abathengi amalungelo athile phezu kolwazi olugcinwa yizinkampani ngabo. Amanye amazwe, njengeJapane, nawo athuthukise izinhlaka zawo zokuvikela idatha yomuntu siqu.
Izitayela Zesikhathi Esizayo: I-5G, i-edge computing, i-AI, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, kanye ne-augmented reality
Ukufika kwe-5G kulindeleke ukuthi kube yisisheshisi esiyinhloko se-IoT, ngokunikeza Isivinini esiphezulu, ukubambezeleka okuphansi, kanye nekhono lokuxhuma amadivayisi amaningi ngesikhathi esisodwaLokhu kubalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza lapho ukubambezeleka kungamukeleki, njengezimoto ezizisebenzela zodwa, ukuhlinzwa okukude, noma izinhlelo zokulawula izimboni zesikhathi sangempela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuthunyelwa kwe i-edge computing, okusondeza okunye kokucubungula lapho idatha ikhiqizwa khona.Kunciphisa ukuthembela efwini ngezinqumo eziphuthumayo. Lokhu kuphumela esivinini esikhulu, ukonga i-bandwidth, kanye nokuqina okuthuthukisiwe ngokumelene nokuphazamiseka ngezikhathi ezithile ekuxhumaneni nezikhungo zedatha.
Ubuhlakani bokwenziwa kanye nokufunda komshini kuya ngokuya kuhlanganiswa kumadivayisi namapulatifomu e-IoT, okuvumela lokhu ukuthi hhayi nje ukuqoqa idatha, kodwa funda kuyoImisebenzi efana nokuhlaziya okubikezelayo, ukutholwa okuzenzakalelayo kwezinkinga, kanye nokuzivumelanisa ngokuzenzakalelayo kokuziphatha kwemishini ngokwezimo zemvelo kuya ngokuya kwanda.
Umkhakha wezokunakekelwa kwempilo ungomunye walabo abazuza kakhulu kule nhlanganisela yezinzwa, ukuxhumana, kanye ne-AI: ukuqapha okuqhubekayo kwesiguli, i-telehealth, ukuxilongwa okuqhutshwa idatha kanye nezinhlelo zempilo eziqondene nawe ezisebenzisa ulwazi lwesikhathi sangempela ukuze zihambisane nezincomo. Lo mkhuba ukhomba ekwelashweni okuvimbelayo nokugxila kumuntu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-augmented reality (AR) kanye ne-virtual reality (VR) seziqala ukuhlangana ne-IoT njengezindlela zokusebenzisa i-IoT. bona ngeso lengqondo futhi uphathe idatha evela ezweni elingokoqobo ngendlela eqondakala kalulaUchwepheshe angabona, ebekwe phezu kwezibuko zakhe, isimo sangaphakathi somshini ngenxa yezinzwa azakhele zona, noma aqeqeshe ezindaweni ezilingisiwe ngedatha yangempela eqoqwe amadivayisi e-IoT.
Izibonelo zangempela: izindiza, ezokuthutha, kanye nezimoto
Kwezindiza, izinkampani ezifana ne-GE Aviation zifake izinzwa ezinjinini zezindiza ukuze qapha ukusebenza kwayo ngesikhathi sangempelaNgale datha, ehlaziywe kusetshenziswa amapulatifomu e-IoT kanye ne-AI, kungenzeka ukubikezela izinkinga ngaphambi kokuba zibe ukuphazamiseka okukhulu futhi uhlele ukulungiswa ngesikhathi esifanele, ukunciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi kanye nokwandisa ukuphepha.
Emkhakheni wezokuthutha, izinkampani zokuthumela izimpahla ezifana neMaersk zisungule izinzwa ezitsheni nasemikhunjini ukuqapha indawo kanye nesimo sempahla (izinga lokushisa, umswakama, umonakalo ongaba khona). Lokhu kubonakala kubavumela ukuthi bathuthukise imizila, bathuthukise izikhathi zokulethwa, banciphise ukulahlekelwa, futhi banikeze amakhasimende abo ulwazi olunembile mayelana nendawo yezimpahla zabo.
Embonini yezimoto, isibonelo esihle yiTesla, esebenzisa ukuxhumana kwezimoto zayo ukuze thumela izibuyekezo zesofthiwe ukudeLokhu kubavumela ukuthi balungise amaphutha, bathuthukise ukusebenza, futhi baze bethule nezici ezintsha ngaphandle kokuba imoto iye eshabhu, okushintsha ngokuphelele ubudlelwano phakathi komkhiqizi, imoto, nomnikazi.
Lezi zimo zibonisa ukuthi i-IoT ayigcini nje ngamagajethi amancane asekhaya; isebenza njenge isisekelo soguquko olujulile emikhakheni yamasu, ukwethula amamodeli aqhutshwa idatha, izinsizakalo eziqhubekayo, kanye nobudlelwano besikhathi eside nabasebenzisi.
Ukuhlela, amazinga kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezixazululo ze-IoT
Ngemuva kwayo yonke idivayisi exhunyiwe kukhona amaqembu okuthuthukisa anomthwalo wemfanelo hlela i-firmware yamadivayisi, amapulatifomu asemuva, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zomsebenzisiEmkhakheni wehadiwe enezinsizakusebenza ezimbalwa kakhulu, izilimi ezifana ne-C ne-C++ zivamile ngenxa yokusebenza kahle kwazo, kuyilapho i-Python isisunguliwe ukuze isetshenziswe njenge-prototyping kanye nezingxenye zeseva ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwayo.
Ezingqimbeni ezigxile kakhulu kumsebenzisi wokugcina, ubuchwepheshe bewebhu kanye neJavaScript ziyavela, ikakhulukazi ku- Izixhumi ezibonakalayo namadeshibhodiIzilimi ezifana neJava nazo zibalulekile kumadivayisi asekela imishini ebonakalayo, futhi uhlelo lwezinhlelo ezifana ne-Arduino noma i-Raspberry Pi lusiza ekudalweni kwama-prototypes namaphrojekthi ezemfundo.
Ukuze ukuxhumana phakathi kwamadivayisi namaseva kusebenze, onjiniyela kumele babe nolwazi amaphrothokholi afana ne-MQTT, i-CoAP, i-HTTP/HTTPS, i-AMQP noma i-DDSNgayinye yenzelwe izimo ezithile: ezinye zibeka phambili ukukhanya, ezinye ukuphepha, ezinye ziqinisekisa ukulethwa kwemiyalezo, noma ukuxhumana ngesikhathi sangempela okunesikhathi esincane sokulibaziseka.
Ezweni elingenantambo, ngaphezu kwe-Wi-Fi etholakala yonke indawo, i-IoT ithembele ku I-Bluetooth ne-Bluetooth Amandla Aphansi, i-Zigbee noma i-ThreadLezi zindinganiso zenzelwe ukonga amandla ebhethri futhi zisebenze kumanethiwekhi ezinzwa nawokulawula. Ukukhetha inhlanganisela efanele yehadiwe, iphrothokholi, kanye nenethiwekhi kubalulekile ekwenzeni isisombululo se-IoT sisebenze futhi sikhuliseke.
Intuthuko kulo mkhakha idinga ingqondo ehlukahlukene: kuyadingeka ukuqonda kokubili ukusebenza kwehadiwe (ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, ukulinganiselwa kwenkumbulo, ukuqina komzimba) kanye imiphumela yokuphepha, ubumfihlo, kanye nolwazi lomsebenzisiKungale ndlela kuphela lapho kungadalwa khona izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinokwethenjelwa ezifanelana kahle nokuphila kwabantu kwansuku zonke kanye nezinqubo ezibalulekile zezinhlangano.
Amanethiwekhi omphakathi: izinzuzo, ukusetshenziswa okunesibopho kanye nemfundo yedijithali
Ngaphandle kwamadivayisi angokwenyama, enye insika enkulu yokuphila okuxhunyiwe yi Amanethiwekhi omphakathi, izikwele zomphakathi zedijithali zangempela lapho ulwazi lwabelwana khona, ukuxhumana nabangani nomndeni kugcinwa, kutholakala okuqukethwe okusha, futhi imiphakathi yakhiwe ngezintshisekelo ezifanayo.
Umthelela wabo empilweni yethu yansuku zonke mkhulu kakhulu: isikhathi esimaphakathi abantu abaningi abasichitha kulezi zinkundla sidlula kakhulu amahora amabili nsuku zonkeLokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani zinethonya elinamandla kangaka ezindaweni ezifana nebhizinisi, imfundo, ukubamba iqhaza komphakathi, indlela yokuphila, kanye nempilo yengqondo, nemiphumela ehlukahlukene kakhulu kuye ngokuthi zisetshenziswa kanjani.
Uma zisetshenziswa kahle, amanethiwekhi omphakathi anikeza okuhlangenwe nakho okuhle kokuxhumana nabantu obathandayo, ukufinyelela okusheshayo ezindabeni, ukusatshalaliswa kwezimbangela zomphakathi kanye namathuba okufunda ngezifundo, izingqungquthela, izifundo, noma izinsiza zemfundo. Futhi ziwumbukiso onamandla kosomabhizinisi nochwepheshe abafuna ukuthuthukisa uphawu lwabo lomuntu siqu.
Enye yamandla ayo yikhono layo loku ukukhuthaza uzwela nokusekelana Uma okuhlangenwe nakho kwangempela, izinkinga, noma impumelelo kwabelwana ngayo, amaqembu okusekelana, imiphakathi yeziguli, amanethiwekhi okuzithandela, noma izindawo zengxoxo enomthwalo wemfanelo kungaba nomthelela omuhle kakhulu kulabo abahlanganyelayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanethiwekhi ayithuluzi elihle kakhulu ukwakha ubudlelwano kanye nemiphakathi ephathelene nezintshisekelo ezifanayoKusukela kumaphrojekthi ochwepheshe kuya ezintweni zokuzilibazisa ezifana nezemidlalo, ukupheka, noma ubuciko, lesi sici somphakathi singasiza ekunciphiseni imizwa yokuzihlukanisa futhi sivule iminyango yokubambisana okubalulekile.
Izihluthulelo zokusebenzisa izinkundla zokuxhumana ngempumelelo
Ukuze uthole okuningi ezinkundleni zokuxhumana ngaphandle kokuthi zithinteke, kungcono ukuziphatha njengendawo yomphakathi lapho sishiya khona i- Umzila wedijithali osho okuningi ngokuthi singobaniUkugcina lokho ku-inthanethi kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba abantu abaningi nezinhlangano, kusukela kubaqashi abangaba khona kuya ezikhungweni zemfundo, bangase baqale bafunde ngathi ngalokho okubonakala ku-inthanethi.
Ukusebenzisa amanethiwekhi njenge- i-resume yedijithali Kuhilela ukwabelana ngokuqukethwe okubonisa njalo izintshisekelo zethu, izindinganiso, kanye namakhono ethu. Akukhona mayelana nokwenza sengathi siphila impilo ephelele, kodwa mayelana nokuqaphela isithombe esisivezayo lapho sithumela noma siphawula ngento ethile, nokukhumbula ukuthi i-inthanethi inenkumbulo ende.
Esinye isici esibalulekile yi- ukuthuthukiswa kokucabanga okubucayiImithombo yezokuxhumana yenza kube lula ukufinyelela olwazini, kodwa futhi nasekukhohliseni, ekuphatheni kabi, kanye nenkulumo ehlukene. Ukufunda ukuqinisekisa imithombo, ukufunda ngale kwesihloko, nokubuza ukuthi yini esiyitholayo kuhambisana kahle nomqondo wokuba yisakhamuzi sedijithali esinomthwalo wemfanelo.
Amapulatifomu ezokuxhumana anikeza indawo evundile ukuveza ubucikoUkuthwebula izithombe, ividiyo, ukudweba, ukubhala, umculo… Ukushicilela umsebenzi wakho, ukuthola impendulo nokuxhumana nabanye abadali kungathuthukisa amakhono futhi kuvule iminyango yobungcweti eyayingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
Okokugcina, amanethiwekhi avumela dala futhi uqinise ukufunda futhi usekele imiphakathiAmaqembu okufunda, izinkundla zobungcweti emkhakheni, izikhala zokushintshana kwezinsizakusebenza, noma izinhlelo zokubambisana zibonisa ukuthi, uma ziphethwe kahle, la mathuluzi asebenza ngenhloso engaphezu nje kokuzijabulisa ngokuskrola okungapheli.
Impilo exhumene kakhulu lapho ubuchwepheshe, amagajethi, i-inthanethi, amanethiwekhi omphakathi kanye ne-inthanethi yezinto kuxubene khona isinikeza amathuba amaningi okwenza izinto zibe lula. thola induduzo, umkhiqizo kanye nekhono lokuhlela kokubili mathupha kanye nangokweqembu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kusiphoqa ukuthi sithathe ngokungathi sína izindaba ezifana nokuphepha, ubumfihlo, umkhondo wedijithali, ukuziphatha ekusetshenzisweni kwedatha, kanye nokuvala ukuhlukana kwedijithali. Ukuqonda ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe busebenza kanjani, ukuthi yiziphi izinzuzo eziqondile ezinikezayo empilweni yansuku zonke, nokuthi buyini ubuthakathaka babo kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile sokujabulela amandla abo aphelele ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukulawula ulwazi lwethu noma ukuthi sifuna ukusebenzelana kanjani kule ndawo yedijithali.
