Ukumamatheka, leso senzo sansuku zonke esisenza ngaphandle kokucabanga, kube yindaba ebuhlungu kakhulu kwezobuciko amakhulu eminyaka. Uma namuhla sihlanganisa ukumamatheka nokusondelana, injabulo noma ngisho nobungane, iminyuziyamu isitshela indaba ehluke kakhulu.Ukuhambahamba ngokushesha kunoma iyiphi igalari kwanele ukuqinisekisa ukuthi okujwayelekile bekulokhu kungathi sína, kunomusa, futhi kukude ngandlela thile.
Kodwa-ke, lapho kuvela ukumamatheka kumdwebo, isithombe esiqoshiwe, noma isithombe, Kuba yimfihlakalo ebonakalayo ebamba iso futhi iphakamise imibuzo.Kungani cishe kungekho muntu omomothekayo ezithombeni ezindala? Kungani ukumomotheka kukaMona Lisa kuqhubeka nokuthakazelisa emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva? Yini eshintshile esenza sihlale sima siveza amazinyo ethu kuzo zonke izithombe esizilayisha ezinkundleni zokuxhumana?
Ukuhlangana nobuciko nokumamatheka: kusukela ku-Kutxa Kultur kuya emlandweni wezithombe
Ezindaweni zamasiko njengeKutxa Kultur, eRuiz Balerdi Room, le mibuzo iphakanyiswa kanye: Kungani ukumamatheka okulula ebusweni obupendiwe kungashukumisa wonke umcabango wethu futhi sivule imfihlakalo ebilokhu isihambisana nathi kusukela ekuqaleni kwempucuko. Ukuzindla kusobala: emakhulwini eminyaka, ukumamatheka bekuyinto engavamile ezithombeni zaseNtshonalanga, into eyadonsela ukunaka okukhulu ngokungabikho kwayo kunokuba khona kwayo.
Imifanekiso endala kakhulu yobuso obumomothekayo ivela ezimweni ezikude njengeMesopotamiya, iGibhithe lasendulo, isiko lama-Etruscan noma Izithombe zikaBuddha e-Asia. Kulezo zimpucuko zakuqala, ukugoba okuncane kwezindebe kwakwanele ukusikisela impilo, ukuthula, noma amandla athile angaphakathi.Kodwa, lapho befika e- Ubuciko bobuKristu eNtshonalangaIthoni ishintsha kakhulu: ubuso buba bukhali, bube bushelelezi, futhi ukumamatheka kuyanyamalala cishe ohlwini lwamagama amakhulu eminyaka.
Kwaze kwaba yilapho ubuciko beGothic, kwaze kwaba sekhulwini le-12, lapho izithombe eziqoshwe emifanekisweni nasemidwebweni zaqala khona ukuphinda zibonakale zifudumele. Lokhu kubuya kokwesaba kokumamatheka kweGothic kuphambene nokuqina okukhulu kweRomanesque kanye nokuqina kwefa lakudala., futhi ivula umnyango wobuciko obuseduze nokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu, iqaphela kakhulu izici ezingokomzwelo.
Okwamanje, empilweni yansuku zonke, ukumamatheka kusalokhu kungenye yezinsizakusebenza zemizwa ezinamandla kakhulu esinazo: Kuyindlela esheshayo yokuxhumana injabulo, ubungane, kanye nentando enhle kwabanye.Ukumomotheka kudala ukuxhumana, kubhidlize izithiyo, futhi ngandlela thile kusenza sibe ngabantu emehlweni omunye nomunye.
Yingakho kungelona ihaba ukusho ukuthi ukumamatheka kuyindlela yobuciko obuseduze nobuvamile: ubuciko obukhululekile, obuhlala bukhona, obusichazayo futhi bushiye uphawu kunoma ubani obutholayo.Njengomsebenzi wobuciko olenga emnyuziyamu, ukumamatheka okukhumbulekayo kungahlala kukhunjulwa iminyaka eminingi.
Ukumomotheka njengobuciko bansuku zonke kanye "njengegugu" lomuntu siqu
Uma sicabanga ngakho isikhashana, Umuntu ngamunye uphethe "umsebenzi wobuciko" oyingqayizivele: ukumamatheka kwakheAyidingi ozimele begolide, iminyuziyamu, noma izikhwama zokubonisa. Ivela ngokushesha, iguquke ngokwesimo, futhi ihamba nomnikazi wayo nomaphi lapho eya khona. Futhi, ngokungafani nobucwebe bezinto ezibonakalayo, ayibizi lutho futhi ibukeka kahle ngendlela efanayo, uma kungenjalo kangcono.
Lo mbono wokumamatheka njengento yokunethezeka efinyelelekayo uchaza ukuthi kungani sivame "ukuthandana" nobuso bomuntu ngisho nangaphambi kokuba simazi kahle. Kukhona ukumamatheka okukhazimulayo ngoba kubonakala sengathi kuyakwamukela, ngoba kwembula izinto ezinhle ngomuntu okunikeza zona. Futhi ngoba, njengemisebenzi yobuciko emihle, zibonakala zinempilo yazo.
Ekugcineni, ukujabulela ukumamatheka kwethu nokwabelana ngakho kufana nokunikeza umhlaba ubuciko. Zonke izenzo zomusa, konke ukuhleka okwabelana ngakho, kuba isenzo esincane sokudala esithuthukisa indawo ezungezileFuthi into exakile ukuthi, naphezu kwalawo mandla ansuku zonke, uma sibheka umlando wobuciko sithola ukumamatheka okuncane kakhulu kunalokho umuntu angakulindela.
Eqinisweni, uma sicabanga ngokumamatheka okudumile emidwebweni, bambalwa kakhulu abafika engqondweni. Edume kakhulu, ngaphandle kokungabaza, yileyo kaLeonardo da Vinci ethi Mona Lisaosephenduke uphawu olukhulu lokumamatheka okuyimfihlakalo. Kusukela lapho, kunzima ukukhumbula izibonelo eziningi ezinamandla ngokulinganayo.
Ngisho nemifanekiso yesimanje, njengemidwebo ethile kaJason Brooks, ukumamatheka kusetshenziswa njengento yesitayela, yemfashini, kodwa akuvamile ukufeza leso sisindo esingokomfanekiso nesicishe sibe yifilosofi esisithola emisebenzini efana ne-Mona Lisa. Igebe phakathi kokumamatheka okuningi empilweni yangempela kanye nokuntuleka kwabo eminyuziyamu, okungenani, liyamangaza..
UMona Lisa kanye nemfihlakalo yokumamatheka okuvelayo nokunyamalalayo
Ukumamatheka kukaMona Lisa cishe kuyicala elihlaziywe kakhulu futhi elixoxwa kakhulu emlandweni wobuciko. ULeonardo da Vinci wasebenza ngokuxhumana okucashile kwezithunzi nama-glaze ukwakha ukubonakaliswa okungaguquki, kodwa okushintsha njalo phambi kwamehlo ethu.Abanye bathi uma sibheka ngqo emlonyeni, ukumamatheka kubonakala sengathi kuyanyamalala; uma sibheka emehlweni noma ngemuva kwendawo, kuvela kabusha ngobuciko.
Izifundo ze-neurological, njengalezo ezenziwa yiqembu lochwepheshe base-Austria, zisikisela ngokunembile ukuthi: Indlela uMona Lisa abuka ngayo ukumamatheka kwakhe iyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi sibheka kuphi esithombeni.Izingqondo zethu zichaza imiqondo yokukhanya nesithunzi ngendlela ehlukile, futhi lokho kwenza lokho esikubonayo kushintshe njalo.
Ukuze kuqiniswe lokho kungaqondakali, uLeonardo udlala ngokukhanya okuthambile kakhulu emlonyeni nasezihlathini. Ukuntuleka kwemidwebo eqinile kanye nokushintsha kancane kancane phakathi kokukhanya nethunzi kudala ukubonakaliswa okungazinzile kakhuluAsiqiniseki ukuthi uLisa Gherardini uyamomotheka ngempela, ucindezela ukuhleka, noma umane nje ugcina isimo sakhe singathathi hlangothi.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuye kwavela zonke izinhlobo zezinkolelo-mbono ezichaza lesi senzo. Ezinye zikhomba ezinkingeni zezokwelapha, njengezinkinga ze-thyroid ezingase zithinte imisipha yobuso; ezinye zikhuluma ngemizwa, ukuba ngumama, usizi, noma ngisho nemiyalezo engokomfanekiso efihliwe. Akukho mbono oye wakwazi ukuxazulula le mfihlakalo ngokuphelele, futhi mhlawumbe lokho kuyingxenye yobuhle bayo..
Kunoma ikuphi, i-Mona Lisa ihlanganisa kahle umqondo oyinhloko: Ukumamatheka okupendiwe akuyona nje isenzo esimnandi, kodwa kuyimbangela yemibuzo mayelana nobunikazi, isikhathi, ukubukeka, kanye nohlobo lomfanekiso.Yingakho udumo lwayo luye lwakhula kusukela ngekhulu le-19, okwenza kube ukumamatheka okudumile kakhulu kwezobuciko baseNtshonalanga.
Ubuso bokuqala obumomothekayo: kusukela ezithombeni zasendulo kuya “emomotheka wakudala”
Uma sibuyela emuva kakhulu esikhathini, sithola okuthile okumangalisayo: Ubuso bokuqala obuchazwe ngokucacile obuvela emlandweni wobuciko buvame ukukhombisa ukumamathekaEsikhathini sePaleolithic, izithombe eziningi zabesifazane—izithombe zeVenus ezaziwayo—azinazo izici zobuso; emidwebweni yemihume noma eziqoshwe ngeCycladic, isici esivame kakhulu yikhala elinomfanekiso kanye nokunye okuncane.
Isazi-mlando sezobuciko u-Ernst Gombrich, ecaphuna lokho okubizwa ngokuthi uMthetho we-Toepffer, ukhumbule lokho Noma iyiphi inhlanganisela encane yemivimbo efana nobuso iba ngokushesha nokuvezwa.Uma sidweba amachashazi amabili nomugqa ogobile ephepheni, akunakwenzeka ukuthi singazizwa sengathi uhlobo oluthile lobuso, noma ngabe lungcolile kangakanani, "luyasibheka". Eqinisweni, abantu abaningi bayanqikaza ukusula noma ukubhubhisa lobo buso obuqanjiwe, njengokungathi sebuvele bunokukhanya kokuphila.
Esikhathini esiningi sangaphambi komlando, abaculi bayigwema leyo ngozi: Kwadlula izinkulungwane zeminyaka bebonisa imizimba, izigcawu zokuzingela, noma izimpawu ngaphandle kokuthatha inkululeko yokuchaza amehlo nemilomo.Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu sebebe khona iminyaka engaba yizigidi ezimbili, ukuthi izinkulumo zokuqala zobuciko zineminyaka engaba ngu-25.000 ubudala, kodwa lokho kubukeka—okunezici eziphelele—akuzange kuvele kwaze kwaba seminyakeni engaba ngu-5.000 edlule.
Futhi lapho lobo buso bufika, ezindaweni ezifana neSumer, Akkad, Egypt, Crete, Mycenae, Greece yasendulo, izwe lase-Iberia noma izwe lase-Etruscan, Imifanekiso enokumamatheka okuncane igcweleAkukhona ngempela injabulo ngomqondo wesimanje, kodwa kunalokho kuyindlela ebonakalayo yokukhanyisa ubuso nokuvimbela ukuthi bungabonakali buthukuthele noma busongela.
Emlandweni wobuciko, lesi senzo saziwa ngokuthi "ukumamatheka kwakudala". Akuyona i-natural grimace, kodwa i-convention eletha impilo kanye nobuntu ekubunjweni noma ekupendweni.UGombrich ukhombe ukuthi lokhu kumamatheka okuqinile, okuqandisiwe kuyisibonakaliso esingacacile, esinezici eziningi, kodwa esisebenza kahle kakhulu ekusikiseleni ukuthi lesi sibalo "siyaphila".
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lapho izingane ezincane ziqala ukudweba, zivame ukuphinda ifomula efanayo: Zonke izithombe zabo zibonakala zimomotheka, sengathi isimo sokujabula kwakuyindlela ezenzakalelayo.Mhlawumbe yingakho lawo ma-momotheka asendulo, noma ngabe angahle abe nomklamo onjani, esijabulisa kakhulu namuhla: afana nokubingelela kusukela ekuqaleni kwesintu, lapho umhlaba usadalwa.
Kusukela ekumomothekeni kuya ekuhlonipheni: IGrisi yakudala, iRoma, kanye nezwe lobuKristu
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leyo ntshiseko yokuqala ebonakalayo ithatha indawo yobuciko obungathi sína nobunomqondo. EGrisi lasendulo, ukumamatheka kwakudala kwaphela kwathanda ubuso obuthule, obuzithibile, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, obubukeka kahle.Izithombe eziqoshiwe azisazami ukumela umuntu othize, kodwa kunalokho zimelela uhlu lwezincwadi, umqondo wokuphelela.
El Ama-Doryphoros I-Polyclitus iyisibonelo esihle: Asiboni umuntu ngamunye, kodwa sibona imodeli yezibalo yomzimba womuntu.uhlobo lokubonakaliswa kwepulasitiki kwezilinganiso nezilinganiso. Lolu bizo lokuphelela luhlukanisa isibalo nemizwa yansuku zonke; injabulo, isibonelo, ibhekwa njengento encane kakhulu kumaqhawe nabadlali abaphakanyiselwe esikhundleni sokuba onkulunkulu abangabantu.
Okufanayo kusebenza emisebenzini efana ne- I-Auriga yaseDelphi noma I-Discobolus nguMyron: Ubuso babo buqinile, bugxile, cishe buqhelelene.Lesi sithombe sigubha ukunqoba, amandla, kanye nesithunzi, hhayi injabulo ezenzakalelayo. Kulesi simo, ukumamatheka kubhekwa njengesenzo esingafanele sokuveza ubukhulu.
Lapho ukuzethemba esintwini njengesikali sazo zonke izinto kuqala ukuwohloka—ngenxa yezimpi zombango, izinkinga zezombusazwe, kanye nokwehluleka kwefilosofi—ubuciko bamaGreki buzoqala ukufaka isintu esibuthakathaka futhi; kodwa ukuthambekela okuvamile kokubheka izinto ngokungathi sína sekuvele kusungulwe kahle.
AmaRoma azuza lokhu kuthanda imikhosi, enezela ukunambitheka kwawo kokubukisa nobuhle. Ezithombeni zobukhosi noma zezikhulu, okubusayo yigunya, amandla, nobukhosi.Nakuba izinto zansuku zonke nezihlekisayo zingase zivele emifanekisweni, emifanekisweni yobuciko, nasezigcawini zohlobo, ubuso bokumelwa okusemthethweni buhlala bungelula.
Ngokukhula kobuKristu, lelo fa lakudala alinyamalali, liyaguqulwa. Kwaphela amakhulu eminyaka, imodeli yokubhekisela ebonakalayo yahlala iyimodeli yamaRoma.Abantu abangamaqaba noma amaSulumane, ezigabeni zawo zokuqala, abazange banikele ohlelweni lokumelwa okuqoshiwe noma okunemifanekiso oluthathe indawo yalezo zinhlelo ngokuphelele; ngakho-ke, ukungathí sina ebusweni kwaqhubeka.
Ngisho nobuciko bamaRoma, nawo wonke amandla abo okuveza, abuyiqedi ngokuphelele le nqubo. OKristu ebukhosini, izintombi, kanye nabangcwele bamaRoma bagcina isenzo esibucayi, sangaphambili, nesihlelekileEzingeni lefilosofi, ithonya likaPlato nalo liqhubekela phambili kuleyo ndlela: okubalulekile yizwe elihle neliphelele, elingaphezu kweqiniso lethu elinengqondo, elincishisiwe laba uhlobo lomthunzi.
Ngalo mqondo, kungashiwo ukuthi, kwezobuciko, UbuPlato buvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokuthatha izinto ngokungathi sína, kuyilapho imimoya engokoqobo nebalulekile isondelene nomoya ka-Aristotle.Uma ukunaka kuphendukela kokuhlangenwe nakho okuqondile, emvelweni nasemizweni yabantu, ukumamatheka kuthola indawo eyengeziwe yokubuyela.
I-Gothic kanye nokubuya okufushane kokumamatheka
Enhliziyweni yeNkathi Ephakathi, ukutholakala kabusha kuka-Aristotle kwahambisana noshintsho olukhulu emphakathini waseYurophu. Amadolobha ayavuka, imigwaqo igcwele abahambi, umnotho uyavuselelwa, futhi kuvela izinhlobo ezintsha zokomoya eziseduze nomhlaba wansuku zonke.AmaFranciscan afana noFrancis wase-Assisi akhuluma ngelanga, inyanga, izilwane, kanye nemvelo njengabazalwane ababonakalisa ubuso bukaNkulunkulu.
Kulesi simo sokuvuselelwa kwesithakazelo empilweni yasemhlabeni, ubuciko beGothic baletha ushintsho oluphawulekayo ekumelweni kobuso. Imifanekiso iqala ukudweba ukumamatheka okuthambile, kwabantu, isuka ekuqineni kobuciko bamaRoma.Izintombi ezinezingane, izingelosi kanye nezithombe ezisemasangweni nasezinhlakeni ezinkulu zibonisa izinkulumo eziseduze, ezinomusa futhi ezidlalayo.
Ukwakhiwa kwe-Gothic, ngokuma kwayo okungokwemvelo kanye nokuxhumana kwayo kokungezwani nokulinganisela, nakho kusikisela umhlaba oguquguqukayo nophilayo. Kunjengokungathi isakhiwo samasonto amakhulu sasihambisana nalokhu kuvuka kwenjabulo ebonakalayo.Ukumamatheka kwenkathi yamaGothic akunamsindo, kodwa kubonisa umehluko ocacile ezikhathini zangaphambilini.
Nokho, lesi sikhathi esikhanyayo ngeke sithathe isikhathi eside. Izinkinga ezinkulu zekhulu le-14—izimpi, izifo eziwumshayabhuqe, indlala—zenza kube mnyama umkhathi Futhi bashiya uphawu lwabo kwezobuciko, oluthatha isimo esidabukisayo nesikhathazayo. Ukumamatheka kuba yinto engavamile futhi.
Ukuvuselelwa: ubumnandi, imfihlakalo kanye nokubuyela emandleni adonsela phansi
I-Renaissance yayigcwele izifiso: Abantu bafuna ukubuyisa indima yabo ebalulekile njengokulinganisa zonke izinto.sithola ugqozi futhi ezikhathini zasendulo. Ezikhathini zakuqala zeQuattrocento, sisathola ukumamatheka okuningi okuthambile, ikakhulukazi ngesitayela esimnandi sabaculi abanjengoFilippo Lippi noma uSandro Botticelli.
Kule misebenzi, izintombi, izingelosi kanye nabantu abadumile abasebasha babonisa izenzo ezimnene, phakathi kokuthula nenjabulo eyimfihlo. Kuyinjabulo evinjiwe nenhle egwema ukuhleka okukhulu kodwa engayeki ukufudumala okuthile.Nokho, lo mkhuba uyanyamalala kancane kancane.
ULeonardo da Vinci uyicala elikhethekile: Lapho eshiya ukuqonda kwe-geometric kwezifundo zakhe ze-anatomy kanye ne-proportion, usinika okunye kokumamatheka okudumile emlandweni.Ngaphandle kweMona Lisa, kukhona nokubonakaliswa kukaCecilia Gallerani ku- Owesifazane one-Ermine noma ukumamatheka okuthakazelisayo kukaMadonna Benois.
URafael, yena, wagcina lokho kumamatheka okukhanyayo kuphila ezithombeni zakhe eziningi kanye nakumaMadonna, naphezu kokugxekwa kamuva yi-Pre-Raphaelites. Imifanekiso yakhe iveza umusa, ukungeneka, kanye nenjabulo ethule. lokho kuxhumanisa nesiko elihle kakhulu le-Renaissance.
Uma ukhuluma noMichelangelo, ithoni ishintsha kakhulu. Imibono yakhe emihle, egxile emasikweni kaPlato, iholela kubalingiswa abakhungathekile nabakhulu, ababanjwe imibono emikhulu kunemizwa esheshayo.Izintombi zakhe, abaprofethi, namaqhawe akhe abavamile ukumamatheka; babanjwe uhlobo lwedrama yangaphakathi engashiyi ndawo yesenzo sokukhululeka.
Ama-Mannerist alandela ezinyathelweni zakhe athatha leso sibopho saya endaweni eyimfihlakalo nakakhulu. Emisebenzini efana ne- UMadonna wentamo ende Emsebenzini kaParmigianino, ukumamatheka okubonakala kungaphazamisa., cishe kungafanele, phakathi kwezingoma ezinde nezokwenziwa lapho ubuso obuhle buhlangana khona nokubonakaliswa kokwesaba noma intukuthelo.
Kusukela kuBaroque kuya ekhulwini le-19: inhlonipho, okuhlukile kanye nezinguquko endleleni yokucabanga
Ukuthuthela kwisitayela seBaroque akuzange kuxazulule "inkinga" yokumamatheka ezithombeni ezisemthethweni. Inkolo yamaBaroque inamandla futhi ithinta imizwa, kodwa ivame ukugcizelela ukuhlupheka, injabulo engaqondakali, noma ubukhulu bukaNkulunkulu.Esikhundleni senjabulo elula neqondile, ukumamatheka kuyavela—futhi uMurillo uyisibonelo esihle—kodwa kucace kakhulu ezigcawini zokuphila kwansuku zonke nezingane zasemgwaqweni kunasezithombeni zabangcwele nezintombi.
Ekhulwini le-17, phakathi kwabantu abaphezulu baseYurophu, Ukumamatheka okukhulu okwakubonisa amazinyo kwakuvame ukuhlotshaniswa nabantu abaphansi, abahlekisi, abadlali, noma izidakwa.Lo mbono ubonakala emisebenzini efana ne- Ukunqoba kukaBacchus yaseVelázquez, lapho ukuhleka kuhlobene nabalingiswa abadumile kanye nezimo zomkhosi ongacwengekile.
Ku-Dutch Baroque, isithakazelo empilweni yansuku zonke sivula isikhala esengeziwe sokuhleka. Abapendi abafana noGerrit van Honthorst emisebenzini efana ne Indodana yolahleko...noma ngisho noRembrandt kwezinye zezithombe zakhe "ezihlekisayo", onesibindi sokubonisa ukuhleka kwangempelaLe midwebo iqhathaniswe nezithombe zethu zamanje ze-selfie ngenxa yokunyakaza kwazo okuzenzakalelayo.
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo inhlanzeko yomlomo. Kuze kube yikhulu le-18, amazinyo alimele ayeyinto evamile.Ikakhulukazi kulabo ababengakwazi ukuthenga isithombe, ukukhombisa amazinyo kwakubhekwa njengokungafaneleki. Isazi-mlando uColin Jones sithi, ngokuthuthuka kancane kancane ekunakekelweni kwamazinyo, ukuveza amazinyo kwaqala ukubonakala njengendlela entsha yokuveza ukuzwela kanye nokucwengwa.
Kulesi simo, imidwebo efana ne- Isithombe sakhe nendodakazi yakhe nguMarie Louise Élisabeth Vigée-Lebrun, owadwetshwa ngo-1786, cishe uyinto entsha. Umdwebi uboniswa emomotheka kancane, amazinyo akhe engabonakali kahle, esesimweni esithambile nesingumama. okuhlukana namakhulu eminyaka okubonakaliswa kwezimpawu ezivinjelwe ezithombeni zobungcweti.
Noma kunjalo, uma sibheka i-Neoclassicism iyonke, Ukuthandana kanye nengxenye enkulu ye-Realism yekhulu le-19, Siyaqhubeka nokuthola iningi elikhulu lobuso obungathi sínaUbukhulu bokumelwa okuhloniphekile, okunobuqhawe, noma okuzicabangela kuyaqhubeka nokubusa indawo, kuyilapho ukuhleka okuqotho kugcinelwe izigcawu zohlobo, izithombe ezihlekisayo, noma imifanekiso ehlekisayo.
I-Rococo, i-Impressionism kanye nezinkomba zokuqala zokukhanya
Kunezikhathi ezimbili ezibalulekile lapho ukumamatheka kuphinda kuvele khona: i-Rococo kanye ne-Impressionism. Ngesikhathi seRococo, izikhulu zazivezwa ezindaweni eziseduze, ezinesibindi, nezingenamsebenzi.Futhi ukumamatheka okulula kuba yingxenye yomdlalo wokuyenga obonakalayo. Akuzona ukuhleka okujulile, kodwa kunalokho kukhazimula, cishe kugcwele amakhaza.
I-Impressionism, ngakolunye uhlangothi, ibheka impilo yesimanje, ama-cafe, ukuhamba ngezinyawo, imidanso kanye nesikhathi sokuphumula. Kwezinye izigcawu, kuvela ukuhleka okuzenzekelayo kanye nokumamatheka, okuthwetshulwa ngokuxubha ngokushesha.Nokho, injabulo ivame ukuba yesikhashana, yesikhashana, uma ihambisana nomphakathi oqala ukuzwa impilo yasemadolobheni edlula ngokushesha.
Ebuciko besimanje bekhulu lama-20, ukumamatheka kuba yinkinga enkulu. Ngokwesibonelo, uPicasso akalokothi asebenzise ukumamatheka okuvulekile, ngisho nasemidwebo yakhe egqamile kakhulu.Imizwa iyahlukana, iphendukezelwe, futhi ihlaziywe ngemibono eminingi, kodwa ayivamile ukuhumusha ibe isenzo esicacile nesikhanyayo njengokumamatheka kwangempela.
Ku-Pop Art, ukumamatheka kuyanda, kodwa bakwenza njengengxenye yolimi lokukhangisa. Ubuso besifazane obunezimomotheka ezinhle bubukeka sengathi buyipulasitiki.ziphindaphindwa njengokungathi ziyiphakheji yesitolo esikhulu. Injabulo iguqulwa ibe umkhiqizo, ibe yinto efanayo ngendlela exakile.
Abanye abaculi, njengoWillem de Kooning kanye nomculi wakhe Owesifazane IBasebenzisa ukumamatheka ngenhloso ephambene nalokho: kuguqule kube ubuso obunolaka, obucishe bube yidimoniokuphazamisa umqondo wakudala weVenus emnene. Emidwebweni yakhe, ukumamatheka akulona uphawu lobumnandi, kodwa ukubonakaliswa okuphazamisayo kwamandla akhululiwe.
Izithombe: kusukela ekuthatheni izinto ngokungathi sína kokuqala kuya ekumomothekeni okukhona yonke indawo
Ukufika kwezithombe kwaletha uguquko endleleni ubuso obabumelelwa ngayo, kodwa Ubuhlobo nokumamatheka abuzange bushintshe ngokushesha.Izithombe zokuqala zekhulu le-19 cishe zihlala zibonisa ubuso obungathi sína, zizama ukuhlonipha okufanayo nezithombe ezidwetshiwe.
Ngokuvamile kuthiwa icala libangelwa izikhathi ezinde zokuvezwa, okwenza kwaba nzima ukugcina ukumamatheka okuzinzile ngaphandle kokuthi kuphendukezelwe. Nakuba leso sici sobuchwepheshe sadlala indima, iqiniso liwukuthi, ngisho nalapho amakhamera ethuthuka, abantu baqhubeka nokuma ngezindlela ezingathi sína.Ukulinganisa kwahlala kuyisithombe samafutha: isithombe esenzelwe izizukulwane ezizayo, hhayi ukwenza umzuzu wokuzijabulisa ungapheli.
Kulowo mongo, abantu abamomothekayo abafana nomlingiswa oyinhloko wesithombe Ukudla ilayisi, eShayinaIzithombe, ezathathwa ngo-1904 ngesikhathi sohambo lukaBerthold Laufer, ziyizinto ezingavamile ngempela. Lapho sibona indoda yaseShayina imomotheka ngaphandle kokungabaza, mhlawumbe ngoba umgomo womthwebuli wezithombe kwakuwukuthwebula impilo yansuku zonke. futhi hhayi ukwakha isithombe esihloniphekile ngawe.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuthwebula izithombe kwaba okushibhile, okusebenzisa intando yeningi, futhi kwahlanganiswa nokukhangisa. Izinkampani zithola amandla okumamatheka okuthengisa injabulo, ukwethembana, kanye nenhlalakahleFuthi izithombe zabantu abamomothekayo ziba yindinganiso ekukhulumisaneni kwabantu abaningi.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izinkundla zokuxhumana ziqhubekisele phambili lesi simo. Sabelana ngezithombe ngokulandelana, cishe njalo simamatheka, sengathi ukumamatheka sekuyinto edingekayo ukukhombisa ukuthi "konke kuhamba kahle"Ukumamatheka akuseyona nje into eyenzeka ngokuzenzakalelayo: futhi kuyithuluzi lokuzethula kanye nokumaketha komuntu siqu.
Ukumamatheka okuphoqelelwe, ukububula, kanye nobunzima bokumamatheka "ngempela"
Ngokuthakazelisayo, lokhu kumamatheka okuningi kwedijithali kuhambisana nobunzima obukhulu ekuboniseni ukumamatheka kwangempela phambi kwekhamera. Uma othile esitshela ukuthi "simamatheke" uma sithatha isithombe, akulula ngaso sonke isikhathi.Amaqhinga afana ne-"say potato" yakudala noma i-"look at the birdie" edumile evela ezithombeni ze-analog avele, ahloselwe ukuveza isenzo esiqinile kancane.
Namuhla, abantu abaningi bakhetha ukwenza ubuso obuhlekisayo, bakhiphe ulimi lwabo, noma benze isenzo sokubeka iminwe emibili eduze kwamehlo abo. Ziyimaski yokugwema isizungu sokumomotheka okuqotho, okusidalula ngendlela ejulile kakhulu kunalokho okubonakala sengathi.
Ngokomlando, into efanayo yenzekile ngobuciko. Ukuveza ukumamatheka okukholisayo kudinga ikhono elikhulu lobuchwepheshe kanye nozwela olukhulu lwengqondo.Ukucasuka okuncane emakhoneni omlomo, emisipheni ezungeze amehlo, noma ekucindezelekeni kwentamo kungashintsha ukubukeka okufudumele kube ubuso obungavamile.
Yingakho abaculi abaningi bekhethe ukudlala ngokuphephile futhi bakhethe ukugxila ezintweni ezibalulekile. Ubuso obuqinile bungachazwa njengokuthula, isithunzi, ukugxila; ukumamatheka okungakahlelwanga kahle, ngakolunye uhlangothi, kungabonakala kuhlekisa, kuhlekisa, noma kukhathaza kakhulu.Futhi-ke, akusona isithombe sokuthi umuntu ocebile angathanda ukusidlulisela esizukulwaneni esizayo kukhanvasi.
Ezobuciko besimanje, abanye abadali baye bathatha lokhu kungakhululeki futhi bakuthathela phezulu kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, umdwebi waseShayina uYue Minjun, uhlala eziveza ngokumomotheka okweqile, okucishe kube okwesabekayo.Izibalo zakhe, ezibonakala zihleka kakhulu, empeleni zifihla ukugxekwa okukhulu kwesimo sezepolitiki nesenhlalo sezwe lakubo.
Kubonwe phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, Ukumamatheka kwezobuciko kuvame ukuba yindawo engakhululekile, umthombo oyingozi abantu abambalwa abaye baba nesibindi sokuwuhlola ngokujulile.Kusukela ekumomothekeni kwakudala kuya ku-Mona Lisa, ukudlula ekukhanyeni kwe-Rococo noma ubuso be-Pop Art kanye ne-Chinese Cynical Realism, lesi senzo esibonakala silula siye sasebenza ekuvezeni impilo, imfihlakalo, amandla, ihlaya noma ukugxeka.
Konke kusikisela ukuthi ukumamatheka, kokubili kwezobuciko nasempilweni yansuku zonke, kuhlala kungenye yezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu zokubonisa ukuthi singobani. Mhlawumbe yingakho ukumamatheka okumbalwa okukhumbuleka ngempela esikutholayo eminyuziyamu kuqhubeka kusithakazelisa kakhulu: ngoba kuhlanganisa, ngokunyakaza okuncane kwezindebe, bonke ubunzima bokuba semhlabeni ngenjabulo, ubulula, kanye nobuntu..
