Phakathi kwezinyoni zasemanzini zaseMelika, zimbalwa ezidonsa ukunakwa okukhulu njenge-Neotropic Cormorant, eyaziwa nangokuthi amahansi, ethwala kahle, itshuza ngendlela enembile, nomfanekiso osobala wamaphiko ayo elule elangeni. Emazweni amaningi aseMelika, kusukela eGulf of Mexico kuya eTierra del Fuego, singabonakala emifuleni, emachibini, emifuleni yemilando, nasogwini, ngaso sonke isikhathi siseduze namanzi futhi sidume njengomdobi ovelele. Kulesi sihloko, nginikeza umhlahlandlela ophelele nohehayo wobunikazi bayo, ibhayoloji, kanye nobudlelwano nendawo yethu, oqukethe amaqiniso aqinisekisiwe nezinto ezingaziwa kancane. izinyoni kanye nemvelo yasemanzini.
Lolu hlobo ngokwesiko lwaziwa ngegama lesayensi elithi Phalacrocorax brasilianus, nakuba ngokwandayo, izifundo zofuzo ziye zalubeka kabusha ohlotsheni lweNannopterum. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-biguá, i-mbiguá, i-black cormorant, igwababa lasolwandle, i-corúa yamanzi ahlanzekile, noma i-corúa encane; e-Chile, kuvame ukukuzwa kuthiwa “pato yeco” noma “yeco,” futhi “pato cuervo” noma “patillo.” Kuwo wonke lo mhlahlandlela, sizobuyekeza izici zawo, indawo yokuhlala, ukudla, ukuzala, nokuthi kungani kwesinye isikhathi kudala impikiswano ezindaweni ezithile. ukhiye kuma-ecosystems asemanzini.
Amagama, i-etymology, kanye ne-taxonomy
Le nyoni ihamba ohlwini olude lwamagama avamile eLatin America: i-biguá, i-mbiguá, i-cormorant (noma i-black cormorant), igwababa lasolwandle, i-corúa yamanzi ahlanzekile, i-corúa encane, i-yeco, i-yeco duck, idada, igwababa, noma idada. Ngemuva kwalezi zinhlobonhlobo zamagama adumile kukhona inyoni efanayo: i-Neotropical cormorant, etholakala kuwo wonke amazwe aseMelika futhi ejwayele kakhulu kulabo abahlala eduze kwamanzi. ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo.
Igama layo lesayensi lakudala yi-Phalacrocorax brasilianus. Igama elithi Phalacrocorax livela kumagama esiGreki athi phalacro (ikhanda elingenalutho) kanye ne-corax (igwababa), kuyilapho i-brasilianus ngokwezwi nezwi isho ukuthi "evela eBrazil." Le etymology ihambisana kahle nokubukeka kwayo, okuphambene nezimpaphe zayo ezimnyama, umphimbo ongenalutho, nokubukeka "kwegwababa lasolwandle." I-Etymology: i-phalacro (ikhanda) + i-corax (igwababa).
Ngo-2014, ukuhlaziya okuphelele kwe-phylogenetic kwalandelanisa izinkulungwane zamapheya esisekelo se-DNA kuma-cormorants futhi kwahlongozwa ukuhlukanisa i-clade njengohlobo lwe-Nannopterum, okuyingxenye yalo lolu hlobo. Ngakho-ke, kuya ngokuya kuvame ukukubona kucashunwe njenge-Nannopterum brasilianus (enemithombo ethile esebenzisa ifomu elithi brasilianum). Ngamanye amazwi, kubabhali abaningi, ayiseyona ingxenye ye-Phalacrocorax. ubufakazi bofuzo.
Ukuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo ezincane kunama-nuances. Labo abaqaphela uhlobo olulodwa kuphela bahlukanisa iqembu elisenyakatho. (Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus mexicanus) nomunye waseningizimu (Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus brasilianus). Ngokuphambene, abanye abalobi baphakamisa iqembu elisenyakatho ezinhlobonhlobo zalo, i-Phalacrocorax olivaceus. Phakathi kwemininingwane ethe xaxa, i-subspecies hornensis iphakanyiselwe ngisho nesifunda esiseningizimu kakhulu (i-Tierra del Fuego ne-Cape Horn), enoqhwaku olufushane nobukhulu obuncane ngaphandle komsila, nakuba ensimini akulula neze ukuhlukanisa. ama-subspecies amabili.
Isimo sokusabalalisa nokongiwa
I-egret yaseMelika ivame ukutholakala emazweni aseMelika. Ihlala ezindaweni ezishisayo nezishisayo zezwekazi, kusukela eRio Grande naseGulf of Mexico, okuhlanganisa nogu lwaseCalifornian e-United States, futhi inabela eningizimu idlulele eMexico, eMelika Ephakathi naseNingizimu Melika. Ihlala futhi eziqhingini ezinjengeBahamas, Cuba, kanye neTrinidad neTobago. Ngokwamagama e-ornithogeographic, lokhu kumelela ubukhona obuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezifanele zasemanzini, okunekhono elimangalisayo lokuzivumelanisa nobubanzi obuhlukahlukene. ukusatshalaliswa okubanzi kweMelika.
E-Chile, kwenzeka kuyo yonke indawo yezwekazi, kusukela enyakatho kuya eningizimu, kusukela e-Arica kuya e-Tierra del Fuego. Kuyinto evamile ukuyibona emachwebeni angashoni, osebeni lwemifula, nasezindaweni zemifula, eqhwakele ezigxotsheni noma emagatsheni aqhelelene namanzi. Ngokuvamile, iwuhlobo oluhlala khona, nakuba ezinye izizwe zingafudukela enyakatho phakathi nobusika base-Southern Hemisphere. ekhona eChile ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu.
Uhlu lwereferensi olufana no-Clements (v2024) beka i-subspecies *brasilianus* ukusuka e-Costa Rica kuya eningizimu yonkana Melika eseNingizimu kuya e-Tierra del Fuego, eqondana nokuba khona kwayo okumisiwe e-Southern Cone. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izifundo zendawo zithole ukuthi azivamile ezindaweni ezithile; ngokwesibonelo, yatholwa kanye kuphela ekuvuseleleni amahlathi axubile kwezinye izingxenye zeBrazil, okusikisela ukusatshalaliswa okulinganiselwe kwendawo. inala iyahlukahluka endaweni.
Mayelana nokongiwa kwemvelo, isigaba sayo somhlaba wonke se-IUCN (2025) sithi LC, okusho ukuthi Akukhathazeki Kancane. Lokhu akusho ukuthi izingxabano azikho; ezindaweni ezithile kungase kubhekwe njengezinkinga ngenxa yamakoloni noma ukudla kwayo okudla izinhlanzi, kodwa emhlabeni wonke ayibhekani nezinsongo ezibeka engcupheni uhlobo lwezilwane lulonke. Isigaba se-IUCN: LC.
Indawo yokuhlala kanye nemikhuba yansuku zonke
Indawo yayo yemvelo ihlanganisa kokubili amanzi ahlanzekile nanosawoti, ezindaweni ezipholile nezibandayo, ugu oluhlala abantu, imifula, amachibi, izizalo zemifula kanye nezindawo ezinamaxhaphozi. Nakuba ichuma emanzini asogwini, ngokuvamile ithanda amanzi aphakathi nezwe, lapho ukudla kuyinala futhi ukuncintisana kungase kube kuncane. ukujwayelana namanzi ahlanzekile nanosawoti.
Lena inyoni edla umhlanganiso futhi ehlala emanzini kakhulu, edume ngokutshuza cishe ngokuphelele ngaphansi kwamanzi bese iphumela phezulu ukuze yomise izimpaphe zayo ngezimpiko ezilule. Lesi senzo se-photogenic sibangelwa ukuthi izimpaphe zayo azikwazi ukungena emanzini ngokuphelele, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokutshuza kodwa kudinga zomiswe ngemva kosuku ngalunye lokudoba. ingxenye engangenwa amanzi phansi.
Kuvamile ukuyithola ihlezi phezu kosebe, emadwaleni, ezihlahleni, ezigxotsheni, noma ngisho ezintanjeni, ithanda iziqongo zamagquma ezivumela ukuba ihlale ilindile, futhi, ngokusobala, igcagca elangeni. Emachwebeni angashoni, isebenzisa kalula izigxobo zocingo noma amagatsha aphansi lapho ihlola khona indawo ezungezile futhi ihlole amathuba okudoba angaba khona. uthanda ama-perches aphezulu.
Lapho ihamba ngamaqembu, ingandiza ngendlela evulekile ye-V, umbono ojwayelekile wawo womabili amadada nama-cormorants. Ukuze ihlanganise amabanga, indizela phezulu; kanye nokudla kwendawo, inyakaza maphakathi noma igxaza amanzi. Ukwakheka kwe-V.
Ukuhlonza kanye ne-morphology
I-Neotropical cormorant iyinyoni enobukhulu obuphakathi kuya kobukhulu phakathi kwama-cormorants ezwekazi: ifinyelela cishe ku-70-75 cm ubude, namaphiko acishe abe ngu-100 cm, nesisindo esijwayelekile esingu-1-1,5 kg. Abantu baseNingizimu bavame ukuba nezibonelo ezinkulu kunezihlobo zabo ezisenyakatho. ukuphakama kwamaphiko ~ 100 cm.
I-silhouette yayo ihluke kakhulu: umzimba ozacile, umsila omude, ongenamaphiko, ocijile, kanye nentamo evame ukuyibamba ngendlela engu-S. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-cormorants amakhulu, mncane futhi aminyene, okubalulekile ukukhumbula lapho uwakhomba kude. umsila omude nentamo emise okuka-S.
Izimpaphe zabadala zimnyama kakhulukazi ezinezibazi zomphimbo ezisukela kokuphuzi ukuya ku-chestnut. Ngesikhathi sokuzala, iveza izici ezimbili ezihlukile: umngcele omhlophe omncane ozungeze umphimbo ongenalutho kanye nezigaxa ezimhlophe ngemuva kwendawo yendlebe. Lo "mhlobiso womshado" uwenza uthandeke kakhulu ebangeni eliseduze. umngcele omhlophe ngesikhathi sokuzalanisa.
Izingane zinombala othuntubezelayo, onsundu noma o-sooty, futhi izisu zibonakala zilula uma zingavuthiwe. Ukushintshela ezimpahleni zabantu abadala kuba mnyama ngokufana, ukuze ithoni iyonke ifane nokuvuthwa. izimpaphe zentsha ezinsundu.
Eduze, zihlukaniswa ngoqhwaku olunsundu olunesihloko esishukiwe—ithuluzi elikahle kakhulu lokubamba izinhlanzi—imilenze emnyama, nesikhumba esingenalutho esiphuzi esizungeza uqhwaku. Umbala wamehlo azo, ochazwa ngokuthi "i-calypso" kokunye okuphawulwe eChile, umangalisa kakhulu, wengeza imininingwane eyaziwa kancane yobuhle bazo. iso eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Ukudla kanye namasu okudoba
Ukudla kwayo ngokuyinhloko kuyi-piscivorous: imenyu yayo iqukethe ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezincane, nakuba iphinde ibambe ama-tadpoles, amaxoxo, izinambuzane zasemanzini, nama-crustaceans amancane uma ithuba livela. Kungusomathuba osebenza kahle ogada amanzi ngokuhlelekile aze athole izikole noma isisulu ngasinye. Ukudla okune-piscivorous.
Ukuze izingele, iyatshuza, iziqhubela phambili ngemilenze yayo, futhi ingafinyelela ekujuleni okuphawulekayo—kunamarekhodi okutshuza afinyelela kumamitha angu-20—ehamba ngobunyoninco obukhulu ngaphansi kwamanzi. Ivame ukudla ngamaqembu, okungasiza ukugxilisa izinhlanzi futhi andise izinga layo lokubamba. ukutshuza okujulile namandla angaphansi kwamanzi.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Yakha amapheya e-monogamous futhi izalanisa emakoloni, ngokuvamile ihlangene nezinye izinyoni zasemanzini. Ezindaweni zayo eziningi, igxile ekuzaleleni ezihlahleni—ngokungafani nezinye izimpungushe zaseChile ezithanda izindawo ezinamadwala—zisebenzisa amahlathi agcwele amanzi, imihlanga, kanye nezindwani ezixutshwa ngezikhathi ezithile nezindwandwe. izidleke ezihlahleni.
Isidleke siyindawo eyisisekelo yezinti, amagatsha, kanye nolwelwesi oluncane, olunokucindezeleka okuphakathi nendawo lapho amaqanda abekwa khona. Usayizi we-clutch ngokuvamile amaqanda ama-3 kuya kwangu-4, nakuba ama-clutch angu-2 kuya ku-6 aqoshiwe; lawa maqanda amhlophe, ane-calcareous coating, futhi akala cishe 57 x 36 mm. Lokhu kuhluka kosayizi we-clutch kungenxa yezinto ezifana nokutholakala kokudla kanye nolwazi lwababhangqwana. Usayizi we-clutch ojwayelekile: amaqanda ama-3-4.
Bobabili ubulili bayashintshana ngokufukamela cishe izinsuku ezingama-25-30. Ngemva kokuchanyuselwa, bobabili abazali bondla abancane kakhulu kuze kube yisonto le-11, lapho amatshwele esekulungele ukuzinakekela. Ngeviki le-12, zibhekwa njengezizimele. ukufukamela okwabelwana ngakho ~25-30 izinsuku.
Ngokuvamile ikhiqiza inzalo eyodwa kuphela ngonyaka. Phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, umkhathi ungaba nomsindo kakhulu; ngaphandle kwaleyo nkathi, nokho, iyinyoni ethule, enemisindo ehlabayo nenomsindo ogqamayo lapho iqembu lijabule. ukukhuliswa okunomsindo ekoloni.
Okunye okugqamayo ukuthi amagatsha nezihlahla lapho izalela khona zingoma ngenxa ye-acidity yendle yayo. Emadolobheni asogwini enyakatho yeChileIdada lase-Andean lithathwe njengesihlukumezi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, futhi iziphathimandla ezinekhono (SAG) zize zagunyaza ama-quota okulawula nsuku zonke (nge-oda lezibonelo eziyi-10 kuye kweziyi-15 kuye ngendawo). Lezi zinyathelo ziqondile futhi ziphendula izingxabano ezithile zokuphatha. Indle ithinta izimila.
Ukuziphatha nokundiza
Emanzini, ibhukuda phansi kakhulu, kuvele ikhanda, intamo, nomhlane ongenhla ngaphezu komhlaba, okwenza iphrofayili ehlukile. Ukuze isuke, ngokuvamile idinga "ukugijima" emanzini noma emhlabeni amamitha ambalwa ngaphambi kokuthola i-lift, umbukwane oveza amandla ayo. ukusuka ngokugijima.
Indiza iqondile, inamaphiko asheshayo kanye nokushibilika kwezikhathi ezithile. Ingakwazi ukundiza yodwa noma ngamaqembu, kungaba phansi, ezingeni eliphakathi nendawo, noma indizele phezulu uma umzila ukudinga. Ezifundeni eziningi, ngemva kokudla ogwini, ikhuphuka imifula namachweba iye ezidlekeni ezimaphakathi nezwe lapho ilala khona ezihlahleni eziseceleni komfula. ukudluliswa phakathi kwezindawo zokudoba nezindawo zokulala.
Ukuqina kwazo kuyamangalisa: kukhona amarekhodi ezibalo zabantu ezindaweni eziphakeme zamachibi ase-Andean, njengeLake Junín (ePeru, endaweni engamamitha angu-3.932 ngaphezu kolwandle) noma iLaguna Cotacotani (iTarapacá, eChile, cishe ngamamitha angu-4.800 ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle), okugcizelela amandla abo amangalisayo okuzivumelanisa nezimo. I-Andean altitudes.
Izinhlobo ezingaphansi kanye nokuhlukahluka kwendawo
Esigabeni esisigcina siwuhlobo olulodwa, izinhlobonhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko ziyabonakala: eseningizimu (brasilianus) kanye nenyakatho (mexicanus). Amabanga okuqala asuka eCosta Rica eningizimu adlule eNingizimu Melika aze afike eTierra del Fuego; eyakamuva, enyakatho ye-isthmus, enokuhlukahluka kobukhulu nemibala yezimpaphe. umehluko wosayizi wendawo.
Abanye ababhali bahlongoze i-subspecies *hornensis* eningizimu ekude (i-Tierra del Fuego kanye ne-Cape Horn), enoqhwaku olufushane nobukhulu obuncishisiwe kancane ngaphandle komsila, nakuba ukuhlukana kwayo okusebenzayo ensimini kunzima. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona labo abathi abantu basenyakatho bafanelwe isimo sezinhlobo zezilwane njenge *Phalacrocorax olivaceus*. inkulumo-mpikiswano ngesimo se-taxonomic.
Iphethini echazwe kabanzi ukuthi izakhamuzi zaseningizimu, ngokwesilinganiso, zinkulu kunezasenyakatho. Lo mehluko we-morphological ubonisa ukuhleleka kwemvelo kanye nomlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, futhi awuvimbeli iqembu lilonke ukuthi libonwe njenge-cormorant ezacile, enomsila omude, nengenasizotha. abantu abaningi baseningizimu.
Amanye ama-cormorants kanye nokudideka okungenzeka
Ukugwema izinhlobo ezididayo, kufanelekile ukukhumbula ukuthi eNyakatho Melika kune-Phalacrocorax auritus enkulu futhi esindayo, lapho i-Neotropic Cormorant iqhathaniswa nayo ngezinye izikhathi lapho kuhlolwa usayizi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-Phalacrocorax auritus, i-Neotropic Cormorant incane, inezici ezinhle kanye nomsila onikeza umbono wobude obuningi. qhathanisa usayizi ne-P. auritus.
ENhlonhlweni Yase-Iberia, ubusika buletha izinkulungwane zama-cormorants amakhulu (i-Phalacrocorax carbo), asakazekela emifuleni, emachibini nasezigwini. Lolu hlobo, futhi olunezimpaphe ezimnyama kanye noqhwaku oluboshwe, lumelela abathandi abaningi uphawu lwangempela lobusika futhi, njengesihlobo saso se-Neotropical, ingcweti yokudoba imikhonto. I-Phalacrocorax carbo.
Ukuba khona kwe-Great cormorant ngezinye izikhathi kubangela ukungqubuzana nabadobi nabalimi bezinhlanzi ngenxa yokudla kwayo okucishe kufane ne-piscivorous, futhi izinyathelo zokulawula ziye zasetshenziswa kwezinye izifunda. Noma kunjalo, idlala indima ebalulekile yezemvelo njengokulawula inani lezinhlanzi nanjengenkomba yekhwalithi yemvelo emanzini. ilawula isibalo sezinhlanzi.
Enye i-cormorant evamile ngasogwini lwase-Iberian Atlantic yi-European shag (Gulosus aristotelis), ebonakala kalula phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa nge-crest yayo. Ngokungafani ne-African gypsy kanye ne-Great cormorant, i-shag yaseYurophu igudle ugu futhi izalela emaweni naseziqhingini ezinamatshe. I-Gulosus aristotelis: ugu namadwala.
Enye indlela lawa ma-cormorants ahlanganyela ngayo ukuqhwanda amaphiko awo evulekile ukuze ome izimpaphe zawo; isithombe eseza umlingiswa osebeni lwemifula namachweba, futhi saziswa kakhulu abathwebuli bezithombe nababukeli bezinyoni. ehlezi evule amaphiko.
Vocalization, izinsiza namanothi awusizo
Ngaphandle kwaleli qembu, iyinyoni ethule; phakathi nenkathi yokuzalanisa, nokho, ingaba nomsindo omkhulu, ibe nephimbo elinokhahlo elizwakala kude. Ukurekhodwa okusiza ukuhlonza ucingo lwayo kungatholwa kulabhulali yomsindo efana ne-Xeno-Canto. amazwi e-guttural entsheni.
Uma ungathanda ukwandisa okokusebenza kwakho kwesithombe nobuchwepheshe, amakhosombe afana ne-Wikimedia Commons kanye ne-Wikispecies anikezela ngamagalari nolwazi oluhleliwe mayelana ne-Phalacrocorax/Nannopterum brasilianus. Uzobona nokuthi ezinye izingosi zolwazi (ezifana nezinhla zokuhlola zakamuva) sezivele zibonisa igama elithi Nannopterum, umphumela woshintsho lwe-taxonomic oluhlongozwe ngo-2014. amakhosombe: Wikimedia, Wikispecies.
Amakhathalogi amaningi asacaphuna igunya lika-Gmelin (1789) mayelana nohlobo, egqamisa umlando omude nobuyekeziwe we-nomenclatural phakathi namakhulu eminyaka. Uzobona okuhlukile okufana ne-Phalacrocorax brasilianum noma i-Nannopterum brasilianum kuye ngokuthi umthombo ngamunye ulungisa kanjani i-epithet kuhlobo, kodwa inyoni iyafana. Igunya: Gmelin (1789).
Isithombe esivamile senkundla sibonisa ukuthi ikhonjiswe ezigxotsheni zothango emachibini angashoni, njalo ebangeni elimangalisayo lamanzi, elungele ukutshuza. Ngezinsuku ezinomoya, akuyona into engavamile ukuyithola yomisa izimpaphe ngokumelene nomoya, isisebenzisa ngokugcwele isikhathi sayo kuze kube ukuzingela okulandelayo. okuthunyelwe njenge-perch evamile.
Noma ubani obhekisisa uzothola isilwane esizijwayele ngendlela engavamile: izimpaphe eziba manzi ukuze zitshuze kangcono, imilenze esebenza njengophephela, uqhwaku olugobile ukuze lubambe inyamazane eshelelayo, kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi okuthi, kuye ngesikhathi, esivumela ukuzingela yedwa noma njengeqembu. ukujwayela ukudoba.
Ngokucabanga kwakho konke lokhu okungenhla, akumangazi ukuthi i-Neotropical cormorant iyathakazelisa futhi iphikisana: ngenxa yobuhle bayo obungaphansi, ukuguquguquka kwayo kwemvelo, indima yayo ekugcineni ibhalansi yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, kanye nokungqubuzana kwayo ngezikhathi ezithile nemisebenzi yabantu. Ukuyiqonda kahle kusisiza ukuba sazise ukuba khona kwayo futhi siklame amasu okuphatha wendawo anengqondo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho ibuthana khona ukuze izale noma lapho ukudla kwayo kuyinkulumo-mpikiswano. abahlala namakoloni abo.