Ubungane obuyingozi cishe iyinoveli yemibhalo ehlonishwa kakhulu kwezake zaba khona. Sizonikeza lapha isingeniso salo msebenzi omuhle kakhulu odalula umbhali wawo, isakhiwo kanye nabalingisi.
Umsuka we-Dangerous Liaisons, umdubuli kambayimbayi
Ukuze siqale ngesethulo esifushane salolu cezu oluyisisekelo lwezincwadi zesiFulentshi zekhulu le-XNUMX, kufanele sihlole kancane umlando wegama elinelukuluku eliwusungule. Wayengubani uPierre Ambroise Choderlos de Laclos?
Wazalwa ngo-1741 emndenini wonxiwankulu owawuhlonishwe okungenani ngomsebenzi kahulumeni, umFulentshi uChoderlos de Laclos waqonda kusukela esemncane ukuthi amathuba akhe okuhambela phezulu emphakathini ayelele cishe emkhakheni wezempi kuphela.
Ngakho-ke, wagxila ekwakheni ikusasa lakhe lochwepheshe kusukela kuzikhali, igatsha elijwayelekile labantu elinqoba ithalente lomuntu siqu esikhundleni sozalo kanye nendawo ephelele yokuphromotha kumongo weMpi Yeminyaka Eyisikhombisa. Futhi indawo ekahle yokuthola ulwazi lwe-eclectic kakhulu lwesikhathi salo, ukusuka kwizibalo kuye kwezobunjiniyela kanye nezwe.
Bonke babonakala benza kahle endleleni yabo yokukhuphuka kwezenhlalakahle, bebonisa ubuhlakani babo izikhathi eziningi ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa kwabo futhi kakade belungiselela umkhankaso wezempi obalulekile ngokumelene namaNgisi eNdiya.
Kodwa isenzakalo esizuzisayo senzeke emikhakheni eminingi yaseFrance futhi eyingozi kakhulu emsebenzini wezempi kaLaclos osemusha: isivumelwano sokuthula phakathi kwesiFulentshi nesiNgisi sasayinwa, okwaphetha impi enkulu okwakufanele imnike izivunguvungu zobungcweti.
Igama elingachaza ubukhona bombhali wakusasa liyisicefe. Ukuthula okucishe kube iminyaka engamashumi amathathu kuvalele u-Laclos emisebenzini evamile ezindaweni zamasosha ezingabalulekile ezingeni lempi. Ngisho nokuzimela okwamenyezelwa amakoloni aseNyakatho Melika, okwakuhilela iFrance ekuvikeleni abashokobezi, kwamnika isimo esinenzuzo sokungqubuzana: ngokushesha wamiswa esiqhingini sase-Atlantic okungekho muntu owayezihlupha ngokusihlasela.
Isithukuthezi singavusa isifiso sobukhulu, njengoba kwaziwa kahle. Futhi uLaclos ongasebenzi wathembisa ukuzinikela ngokuphelele emsebenzini wakhe wokubhala ohlulekile, kuze kube yilapho ekhiqiza umsebenzi owawuzoshiya umhlaba uguquguquka ngemva kokuhamba kwakhe ngokomzimba.
Isenzo samvumela ukuba aphunyuke okucebile ekuhlalisaneni okungenanjongo namasosha ase-rustic iminyaka engaphezu kwemihlanu. Ngokushesha yanikeza impumelelo ethandwayo engakaze ibonwe eFrance futhi, le noveli yaba isikhungo seqoqo lokuzijabulisa elihlazisayo.
Imiphumela yesikhungo nayo ayizange ilinde. UNgqongqoshe Wezempi akazange awuthande umsebenzi wobuqili futhi waphoqa uLaclos ukuba abuye eParis, lapho ayeqondise ukunyatheliswa kwencwadi, ukuze ajoyine ibutho lakhe futhi, into efana kakhulu nokuboshwa. Isizathu salokhu kuphikisana sasicacile. U-Laclos wayeyindodana yonxiwankulu owayephethe ukuveza ngonya ukonakala kwesigaba esihloniphekile. Isibindi esinjalo kwakuwukuheha ukunqoba nesijeziso ngokufanayo.
Akunakugwenywa ukucabanga ukuthi kwakukhona okuthile emicabangweni ye-artilleryman uPierre owayefuna impi ngokungazi, impi enjengempi ayeyifuna ngentuthuko yakhe futhi akazange ayithole. Bekukhona kuye umdlandla wokungqubuzana nendawo ephakemeyo phambi kwakhe ngendlela engenakulinganiswa.
Mhlawumbe ngenxa yalokhu, ngenxa yalezi zifiso ezinganelisiwe zempi, ubukhali obunonya be Ubungane obuyingozi kanye nesicelo sakhe esibi ngokumelene noMnu. de Bauvan, inqaba yasenganekwaneni yoMbuso WaseFrance.
U-Laclos ubonise leli qhawe njengomklami ompofu futhi omosha izinsiza, eqondisa ngokunganaki ukuxhumana noNgqongqoshe Wezempi ngokwakhe, owayesesebenzise izinyathelo zokujezisa. Umphumela wawusobala. Umbhali kwadingeka ashiye ibutho futhi abalekele ezindaweni ezisemngceleni. Mhlawumbe yilokho abekufuna.
Kusukela kulo mzuzu kuqhubeke, umFulentshi wazibandakanya ngokugcwele nobuqili bezombangazwe obuyinkimbinkimbi bezikhathi zokuguquguquka. U-Laclos washeshe wasuka ekusekeleni izifiso zoMbusi wase-Orléans, owamnika umsebenzi nendawo yokukhosela, waba, ngo-Danton, ukhomishana wezepolitiki owaya ngokuya edidekile wenguquko esafufusa. U-Laclos wayebika njalo ngokuziphatha kwamadoda ezempi asolisayo, enobuhlakani obunonya obuboniswa ezincwadini zakhe.
Ngemva kokuba yisisulu semishini efanayo yamaphekula ayesebenza ngayo, uLaclos wagcina ekwazile ukuhlangabezana nesiqephu sempi. Wayengagcini nje ngokuhlanganisa imizamo yempi ebalulekile yase-Valmy, wayezophinde ahole ekuhlolweni ekukhiqizeni i-Howitzer yokuqala esindayo ukuze ingene ezinqabeni futhi ijoyine ukuhlasela kwe-Bonapartist ngokumelene neYurophu yonke.
Ngendlela exakayo eyayingeke ishayisane nokukhiqizwa kwakhe kwezincwadi, wayengeke afele empini, kodwa ngenxa yohudo, e-Italy. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi wanikezwa isikhumbuzo somngcwabo, ukubuyiselwa kweBourbon kwakuzowubhubhisa futhi ngeke kube khona insali eyodwa yendoda eyayifuna ukuhamba emhlabeni iduma ngegama lakhe.
Umsebenzi wakhe, owalibaleka isikhathi esingaphezu kwekhulu leminyaka, wawuyovuswa kwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-XNUMX ezincwadini ezibucayi zelukuluku lokubhala.
Inoveli ye-epistolary, uhlobo olungajwayelekile olunomlando omude
Esinye sezizathu zokusinda ngesikhathi kanye nethonya elingenakonakala le Ubungane obuyingozi indlela yakhe yokuphatha kahle i-subgenre ye-epistolary noveli. Yonke inoveli ixoxwa ngale fomethi, ngaphandle komxoxi wendabuko owazi konke noma umxoxi ongumuntu wokuqala onezwi elilodwa. Esikhundleni salokho, sinochungechunge lwezinhlamvu ezingamakhulu abalingiswa abakhuluma ngazo, ngazo abasakhela izenzo zesakhiwo.
Lolu hlobo lwalungelusha ngo-1782. USamuel Richardson waseBrithani wayeluhlole eminyakeni engamashumi amane ngaphambili kumanoveli akhe uPamela noClarissa, zombili izibonelo zenoveli yokuziphatha egcizelela ukuziphatha okuhle kwabesifazane. Eminyakeni eyishumi ngaphambili, u-Goethe wasebenzisa inoveli ye-epistolary ukumela ngaphakathi kwe-Romanticism ukuphelelwa ithemba okuqhubekayo kuka-Werther owayefuna ukuzibulala. Futhi eminyakeni engamashumi amabili ngaphambili, u-Rousseau wabhala izincwadi zokufundisa nezozwela e-La Nouvelle Eloísa, ugqozi olucacile lwe-Laclos, nakuba lwaluhlehlisa isimilo.
Ikhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili empeleni kwakuyikhulu leminyaka elikhulu lenoveli ye-epistolary, enamakhulu ayo abhaliwe, okwakuzovusa ekhulwini elilandelayo imizamo ngaphakathi kobuhle besiGothic, njengoDracula. Kodwa umsebenzi kaChoderlos de Laclos ubonisa ubunkimbinkimbi besakhiwo, ukungena ngokwengqondo, nobuqili bokulingisa okwenze uhlobo lwaso lwaluyisa esigabeni esisha okungenzeka.
Kuvidiyo elandelayo, uhlu oluphelele lwamanoveli e-epistolary adume kakhulu ezikhathini zonke lungabonakala ngendlela elula. Phezulu ohlwini, kunjalo, Ubungane obuyingozi. I-Laclos iyaqhubeka nokuzamazama umhlaba, ngisho nangekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Ukuxhumana Okuyingozi, isakhiwo kanye nabalingiswa
Isakhiwo se-Dangerous Liaisons sisatshalaliswa emakhadini angu-175 asho izenzo nokuguquguquka kwabalingiswa abakhulu abahlanu, i-Marquise de Merteuil, i-Vicomte de Valmont, i-Madame de Tourvel, i-Cécile Volanges kanye ne-Chevalier Danceny.
Ukuze sibe neqiniso, itulo lisekelwe kulokho okwenziwa ngababili bamademoni u-Valmont no-Merteuil kwabanye abalingiswa, izisulu ezingenacala zokuceba nokuyenga kwabo. Ipheya yabahambisanayo igcina ubudlelwano besiyaluyalu esingaxazululiwe esiseduze kakhulu nenzondo efanayo, kodwa sisebenza kuningi lenoveli ukuze kubangele ukulimala kuzisulu zabo ezikhethiwe.
Ngandlela thize, ababi bayaphelelisana. Uma u-Valmont engavela ngokukhululekile emphakathini njengomkhohlisi ongaphenduki, ngaleyo ndlela abe nokuziphatha okuxhamazelayo nokungacabangeli, uMerteuil kufanele avumelane nezidingo zendabuko ezabelwe ubulili bakhe, abe yimfihlo futhi abale ekusebenzelaneni kwakhe nobumnyama. I-Valmont ingumdli omangalisayo, umenzi wemisebenzi emifushane. UMerteuil umhleli obukhali, obandayo futhi onamagqubu esikhathi eside.
Kokubili abalingiswa namathalente afakwa esenzweni ngombono wokuziphindiselela. I-Marquise ibhalela i-Viscount ukuze imkhuthaze ukuba ayenge uCécile, intombazane eneminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu ubudala esanda kushiya ikhaya lezindela futhi isizoshada no-Count of Gercourt. Lona ngumuntu owayekade ethanda uMerteuil, ngokwenguqulo yakhe, owayengamhloniphi.
Umashi usezama ngazo zonke izindlela ukuthi isibalo sigcine sesithola owesifazane ophoxekile njengomkakhe. Njengomvuzo wemizamo yakhe, unikeza uValmont ngomzimba wakhe uma ephumelela.
I-viscount iyenqaba ekuqaleni, hhayi ngenxa yezimiso zokuziphatha, kodwa ngenxa yokuthi inesimiso esiqinile. UValmont usevele ezama ukuyenga uMadame de Tourvel, owesifazane osemusha oshadile olungile olindele ukubuya komyeni wakhe, othathe uhambo olude, enqabeni ka-anti osekhulile we-libertine, uMadame de Rosemonde.
I-Viscount yenza inqubekelaphambili ebalulekile nge-Tourvel, ebonisa ukukhanga okukha phezulu kwezimemezelo ezinhle zothando futhi imkholise ukuthi angayishintsha ukuze aphile ngendlela yokuziphatha. Kodwa kunesithiyo esikhulu ekulethweni kokugcina: UMadame de Volanges uhlezi exwayisa intokazi eshadile enedumela elibi likaValmont.
Ngakho uValmont unquma ukuziphindiselela kumuntu omatasa futhi abambe iqhaza ohlelweni lokuqala oluhlongozwa uMerteuil, ukuyengwa kwendodakazi yakhe uCécile de Volanges. I-Marquise, ngakolunye uhlangothi, isivele isiqalile ukukhohlisa, ukuyenga uthisha womculo uDanny futhi kamuva wamqinisekisa ukuthi alondoloze ubuhlobo nentombazane yaseVolanges.
Ngakho-ke i-Valmont yehliswa okokuqala yaba isithunywa nomsizi wemihlangano yabashadikazi abasebasha, kuyilapho uMerteuil eqinisekisa ukuthi babelana ngezindawo ezifanayo, weluleka uMadame de Volanges ukuthi ahambise u-Cécile emzini kaMadame de Rosemond, lapho behlangana khona. futhi Madame de Tourvel.
Uma uzithola uhefuzela ngokudideka kulokhu kubanjwa, ungakhathazeki, leyo yinhloso kaChoderlos waseLaclos. Ake sikufingqe ngale ndlela: lezi zinhlelo ezimbili ezizimele zokuyenga, ukuzingela okugibele owesifazane oshadile nolungile kanye nehlazo elibaliwe lentombi evela esigodlweni sezindela, sekuyinto eyodwa, endaweni eyodwa. U-Valmont udlala nhlangothi zombili futhi ngokushesha ungena ekamelweni lika-Cécile ezenza sengathi uthumela imilayezo evela ku-Danceny, ukwazile ukulala naye.
Ukunqoba kukaCécile kusontekile ikakhulukazi. Akwanele ukusizakala ngobumsulwa bakhe, kuyadingeka ukuthi izikhulu ezimbili ezinonya zimenze anyamalale. U-Cécile akayona nje ithoyizi elivusa inkanuko, ubuye abe yisihloko semfundiso eningiliziwe ngokuziphatha okuxekethile, ngokusho ukuthi ukuphinga nokuziphatha okuxekethile kuyizinketho ezivamile nezinengqondo zowesifazane oshadile.
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Valmont uyaqhubeka nokuthuthuka noMdame de Tourvel, ebalekela inqaba lapho behlala khona bonke, ukuze aphephele endaweni yakhe yokuhlala. Impilo yakhe iya isiwohloka ngenxa yothando analo nge-viscount. Uphinde enze sengathi uhlushwa ukugula kothando futhi uphoqa ukuthi bahlangane kabusha, lapho esongela ukuzibulala uma engabuyiselwa. Owesifazane oqotho unikela ngokuqiniseka, ewela ezingalweni zakhe.
UValmont uya kocela indebe yakhe ngencwadi, ukulethwa nayo evela kuMarquise de Merteuil. Emanqikanqika ukubusa futhi enomona ngandlela-thile, lo wakamuva ufuna ngonya ukuthi i-Viscount ithathe ikhefu ne-Tourvel futhi ilondoloze ubuhlobo no-Cécile, njengobufakazi bokuthi alukho uthando ngoMadame oshadile. U-Valmont, ecabangela uthando lothando njengehlazo, uvuma ngokuziqhenya isicelo futhi uhlukana ne-Tourvel ngencwadi. Owesifazane ophukile uphephela endlini yezindelakazi.
I-Tourvel akuyena yedwa oqale ukuhlushwa ukulimala okubi kakhulu ngenxa yokukhohlisa okwenziwe kubo. Kwesinye sezikhathi eziningi ahlangana ngazo noValmont, uCécile uphuphunyelwa yisisu. Wonke umuntu kufanele azenze ukugula okudlulayo, mhlawumbe eselaphekayo ngokuvakashelwa yi-Chevalier Danceny. UMerteuil, odabula izifundazwe, unikeza impendulo kuphela yokuthi uValmont uzama futhi ukukhulelisa intombazane yaseVolanges. Umntwana ongekho emthethweni angamenza aziphindiselele ku-Comte de Gercourt.
Ngemva kokuzama, mhlawumbe ngokuzisola okuthile, ukuxhumana neTourvel equlekile esigodlweni ngaphandle kwempumelelo, u-Valmont uvele wafuna ukulethwa kukaMerteuil ngokomzimba ngokushesha. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwalaba ababili, obulokhu buwohloka uhlamvu nencwadi, bufinyelela endaweni yabo ephansi kakhulu futhi esengozini kakhulu. I-Marquise, ngemuva kokubalekela i-Viscount ngothando lwakhe alufundele noDanny, umemezela impi naye.
Laba ababekade behambisana nabo bahlaselana ngentshiseko enolaka, futhi ngokumangalisayo, ukubhujiswa kwenzeka ngokushesha okuphindwe kabili kunabanye abalingiswa. U-Valmont udlala kuqala, ekholisa u-Cécile ukuthi abhalele u-Danceny incwadi yothando ecela ukuba khona kwakhe, ehlukanisa i-knight ku-Merteuil. I-Marquise iphendula ngegalelo eliphansi nelibulalayo: iveza amaqhinga ka-Valmont kuDanceny. I-duel elandelayo ayinakugwenywa.
U-Danceny ubhekana nenselelo ngobuchule abuntule kuyo yonke le noveli, futhi u-Valmont, ukwesaba kwabesifazane abaqotho kulo lonke elaseFrance, uwela enkembeni yakhe. Ngokuphefumula kwakhe okokugcina, i-viscount iphinde yethula umnyakazo wokugcina wokubulala we-chess, ikhomba uDanceny inqwaba yezinhlamvu eziyicala ezishintshaniswa noMerteuil.
Ngakho, nakuba umkhohlisi efa, idumela le-marquise nalo lonakaliswa ngendlela engenakulungiseka, lilahlwa kuzo zonke izindawo zomphakathi, lilahlekelwa ingcebo yakhe emacaleni athile ngemva kwelinye futhi ngobuhle bayo bushabalala ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwengxibongo.
Laba besifazane ababili abayenga nabo banekusasa elimnyama. UMadame de Tourvel ushona ekhathele eyimbangela yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo ngemva kokuthola izindaba zokushona kukaValmont. UCécile de Volanges ubuyela esigodlweni lapho efisa sengathi ngabe akakaze ahambe. Futhi uDanny ushiya yonke into eya esiqhingini saseMalta, kude nezingosi.
Pho sikwazile kanjani ukuthola iqoqo lezincwadi ezakha le noveli? Sibonga uMadame de Rosemond, owalinyazwa ukubulawa komshana wakhe u-Valmont, wamukela izincwadi ezilondolozwe futhi zasatshalaliswa nguDanny njengobufakazi belungelo lakhe lokuphonsela inselelo. U-Rosemond unquma ukuvikela yonke ibhulogi yezincwadi njengemfihlo, ukuze azame ukusula umkhondo wehlazo elibi. Ngakho-ke, konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwethu njengabafundi kuyisenzo esihle se-voyeurism mayelana nekusasa elivuthayo ubungane obuyingozi.
Le noveli ithathwe njenge-artifact yezepolitiki, igciwane lamasiko lenguquko ezobekwa eFrance eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Umdlalo lapho izicukuthwane eziqhoshayo zibukisa ngosizi lwazo kuyilapho onxiwankulu abadelelayo, abanjengoTourvel, behlupheka ngenxa yemiphumela yako.
Kodwa-ke, futhi kuwumsebenzi lapho i-psychology eshintshayo yabalingiswa ingena ngobuciko ezitatimendeni zabo zokuzidla. Lapho imizwa yothando yenza indlela yakho, naphezu kwayo, phakathi kwezingqondo ezigxiliswe ukugxeka kanye nokuyenga okudlalayo kancane kancane kushintshe kube ukuwa okudabukisayo. Lapho kuchazwa indawo evusa inkanuko lapho sonke sizikhaphela khona.
Kuze kube manje indatshana yethu nge Ubungane obuyingozi, nguPierre Choderlos de Laclos. Uma ube nentshisekelo kulo mbhalo ngombhali omkhulu ongumFulentshi, ngokuqinisekile lona ngoStendhal omkhulu, uthonywe kakhulu umsebenzi kaLaclos ukubhala incwadi yakhe yakudala. obomvu nomnyama. Landela isixhumanisi!
