Esinye sezehlakalo ezibaluleke kakhulu zomlando kwaba ukutholakala kweMelika, ngo-Okthoba 12, 1492, okwazuzwa ngohambo oluhlukene. Okwakukhona ohambweni lukaChristopher Columbus eMelika, eyenziwe yawela i-Atlantic Ocean ukuzama ukuthola amazwe amasha.
Uhambo lukaChristopher Columbus: isizinda
Indaba yokutholwa kweMelika ibonakala iyiphupho futhi uhambo lukaChristopher columbus lwezingane, kodwa kwakuyiqiniso elashintsha umhlaba futhi konke kwaqala ngesidingo sokwazi ukuthi izici ze-physiognomic ezaqala ukubonwa emifanekisweni yaseMexico zivelaphi, ngoba zakha uzungu ngokumela abantu base-Afro-descendant lapho kwakungenzeka ukuthi kuxhunyanwe nabo, nakuba akwaziwa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi babeyizakhamuzi ezifanayo ngaleso sikhathi.
Ngaphambi kokutholakala kweMelika, kwase kunemikhondo yabantu okungenzeka bakwazi ukuchaza ingxenye yaleloZwe Elisha kudala ngaphambi kukaChristopher Columbus, isibonelo ogwini lwasePacific kunobufakazi bezakhi zofuzo nezinto zokwakha lapho kungaphethwa khona ngokuthi kwafika amaqembu amancane abashayeli bemikhumbi. ogwini lwaseNingizimu Melika. Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kube nomthelela unomphela, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi kwakungekho muntu ozokuqinisekisa futhi akuzange kubhekwe njengokutholakala.
Eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kokutholakala kweMelika, uhambo lwasolwandle lwase luqalile, ikakhulukazi amaPutukezi oluya eNdiya, olwalugudla ugu lwase-Afrika futhi lwaqhubekela empumalanga ludabula i-Indian Ocean, futhi lokhu kwasebenza njengesikhuthazo kulabo ababehamba ngomkhumbi eYurophu bakholelwa ukuthi umqondo wokuthi kwakungenzeka ukufinyelela e-Asia ngokuya entshonalanga
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, esinye sezizathu zokuqalisa uhambo oluya ekutholakaleni kweMelika ukuthi uChristopher Columbus wayenombono wokuthi ububanzi boMhlaba babuncane futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo umbono wokuthi i-Asia ingafinyelelwa ngokuhamba esuka eYurophu; ngakho ngonyaka ka-1492 wathola ukwesekwa amakhosi u-Isabella waseCastile noFernando wase-Aragon futhi bamvumela ukuba ahlele uhambo lokuhlola olwamholela kokunye kokutholwa okukhulu emlandweni, ukutholakala kweMelika.
Isifingqo
Ukukhuluma ngo-a isifinyezo sohambo lukaChristopher Columbus, kufanele kuqale ngombono wokuthi kwakudingeka enze uhambo lokuthola iZwe Elisha, ngakho-ke, wanquma ukuthatha uhambo ngezinjongo zokuhlola kanye nekoloni ukuze athole indlela eya entshonalanga yokuhweba kwemikhiqizo yase-Asia.
UChristopher Columbus uqala uhambo lwemikhumbi olune okufanele aluthathe futhi oluthatha izinyanga ezimbili nezinsuku eziyisishiyagalolunye esuka ePort of Palo futhi ewela i-Atlantic Ocean. Kulezi, wasekelwa amakhosi angamaKhatholika u-Isabella waseCastile noFerdinand wase-Aragon ukuze akwazi ukufinyelela esiqhingini saseGuanahani, icebo lakhe kwakuwukuthola indlela eya eNdiya futhi wakukholelwa lokho, kodwa empeleni wathola amanye amazwe lapho efika esiqhingini saseGuanahani. wayengakwazi ukwaziwa.
Leli yiqiniso elibalulekile emlandweni wendawo yonke njengoba lihambisana nomhlangano wemihlaba emibili, nakuba indlela eya e-Asia yokuhweba imikhiqizo ingatholakalanga, lokhu kutholakala kwanikeza umbuso waseCastile izindawo ezintsha zokunwetshwa kwawo, ngaphezu kwengcebo eningi.
Kwezinye izinkulumo ezasayinwa eSanta Fe, amakhosi avumelana noColumbus ukuthi wayezothola izinzuzo kwezohwebo kanye nasemazweni ayithola endleleni yakhe; emva kwalokhu kwaqala amalungiselelo okuqala kwe izinkambo ezine zikaChristopher Columbus. Uma ungathanda ukwazi nge-biography yababhali abaphambili, sincoma ukuthi uvakashele Biography of Estanislao Zuleta kanye nezincwadi zakhe.
Uhambo lokuqala
Amakhosi angamaKhatholika, efuna ukusiza uChristopher Columbus afike e-Asia, amnika iziqu ezihlukene ezifana ne-Admiral, i-Viceroy kanye noMbusi ngaphezu kwe-10% yomcebo. Ngakho, uColumbus wabutha izisebenzi ezingu-90 nemikhumbi emithathu eyayizosuka echwebeni lase-Oviedo ePalos de la Frontera ngo-August 3, 1492 futhi esikhathini esingangesonto yafika eCanary Islands esiqhingini saseLa Gomera.
Ngo-September 6 wawo lowo nyaka, bakwazi ukuhamba futhi futhi ngo-October 7 bayeka ukulandela umzila balibangisa eBahamas. Ngo-Okthoba 11, uColumbus wacabanga ukuthi amehlo akhe abonisa okuthile, kodwa uRodrigo de Triana nguye owamemeza ethi “Land in sight” ngakusasa ekuseni. Lapho uColumbus efika eGuanahaní, wehla futhi washintshisana ngemikhiqizo nabantu bakhona, nakuba babengenalo igolide, okungenye yezinto abaseSpain ababezifuna kakhulu.
Ngokusebenzisa amamephu ohambo lukaChristopher Columbus, wakwazi ukufika eMelika ohambweni lwakhe lokuqala ngo-October 12, 1492, futhi wafika ngemikhumbi yakhe emithathu i-La Niña, iLa Pinta neLa Santa María; eziqhingini eziningana zaseCaribbean kuhlanganise neGuanahani abayiqamba ngokuthi iSan Salvador, iCuba ebizwa ngokuthi iJuana neSanto Domingo ngokuthi i-Hispaniola; Ekugcineni uColumbus waphahlaza umkhumbi wakhe owawungcono kakhulu okwakuyi-Santa María, kodwa ngezinsalela zokhuni wakha omunye owawubizwa ngokuthi iLa Navidad.
Lezi ziqhingi ezincane, uColumbus afinyelela kuzo ngaphambili, zadideka ne-Asia, kodwa ngokubona ukuthi kwakukhona impucuko encane futhi kwakungekho inani elikhulu labantu, zanquma ukuqhubeka nomkhumbi. Lapho iSanta María iphahlazeka kwesinye seziqhingi, uColumbus wanquma ukushiya izisebenzi zakhe ezingu-40 lapho ukuze zihlole futhi zakhe ubudlelwano bobungani lapho ebuya ohambweni lwesibili, futhi ngaleyo ndlela akhe umkhumbi omncane omusha (La Navidad).
Uhambo lwesibili
Kwathi uChristopher Columbus efika eSpain, wachazela amakhosi konke okwenzeka kulolu hambo futhi wawabonisa izinto aziqoqile njengegolide, amaparele futhi wabethula amaNdiya kuwo, amakhosi, ebona futhi ezwa konke okwashiwo uColumbus. ukuze kugunyazwe lokhu okutholakele ngokusayina kukaPapa Alexander VI owanikeza uCastile lezo zindawo futhi umsebenzi kaColumbus kwakuwukuqala ukulungiselela uhambo lwesibili lokuyokwenza amakoloni lezo zindawo.
Ngale ndlela, kwahlelwa ibutho lamakoloni elalihlanganisa imikhumbi engu-17 nabasebenzi abangu-1500 25 abavela kuzo zonke izinhlobo zemisebenzi, njengoba ithemba lokuthola ingcebo lenza abantu bahlangana futhi ngaleyo ndlela balishiya ngo-September 1493, 5 edolobheni laseCádiz kanye nomgomo walo. kwakuwukuletha ubukhona baseSpain ezindaweni esezitholakele kakade futhi uzame ukuthola indlela eya eNdiya, futhi uqhubeke nokuthola okwengeziwe. Bafika eCanary Islands ngo-October 2, base befika esiqhingini saseDominica e-Lesser Antilles ngo-November XNUMX, futhi besuka lapho bazulazula zonke ezinye iziqhingi.
Isiqhingi sokuqala uChristopher Columbus asithola kwakuyiLa Descada; Kamuva iPuerto Rico yafika futhi yakwazi ukufika e-Hispaniola, lapho yayicekele phansi i-Fort La Navidad, ayeyenze kanye namasosha akhe ohambweni lokuqala. Kamuva, eduze naleso siqhingi, uColumbus wadala idolobha lakhe lokuqala ngoJanuwari 6, 1494 elibizwa ngokuthi i-Villa Isabela.
Wabe eseqhubeka nokuhlola, efika eCuba, wabe esethola iJamaica, ekugcineni wabuyela eSpain ngo-1496. Njengomphumela wohambo lwesibili lukaChristopher Columbus, kwaba nomthelela omkhulu eMelika njengoba amasiko nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zahlanganiswa, njengezinhlobonhlobo zokudla, izithelo, izilwane, kanye nomkhuba wokunqoba, zaziqhubeka njalo, futhi phakathi kweminyaka ye-1499 ne-1519 "uhambo lokuthola nokuhlenga" lwaqala ukwenzeka njalo.
U-Américo Vespucio wabamba iqhaza kweyokuqala yalaba, owayengowokuqala kwabaseYurophu ukusho ukuthi amazwe uChristopher Columbus ayefike kuwo ayengeyona ingxenye ye-Asia, kodwa ayeyizwekazi elingaziwa abantu baseYurophu negama elivela kulo igama. kwe "America".
Ukuhamba kwesithathu
Lapho uChristopher Columbus ebuyela eSpain, wahlangana namakhosi angamaKhatholika, futhi kulokhu ayezohileleka kakhulu ekuhleleni lolu hambo lwesithathu, lapho abeka khona izimo ezithile, okwadingeka ukuba uColumbus aye ngazo ebhange laseGenoese ukuze axhase ngezimali ingxenye yohambo lwesithathu. okufanayo.
Uhambo lwesithathu lukaColumbus lwaqala lapho ehamba ngoMeyi 30, 1498 esuka eSanlúcar de Barrameda enemikhumbi engu-6 nabasebenzi abangu-226 abafika eCanary Islands futhi basuka lapho bahlukaniswa, ama-caravel angu-3 aya esiqhingini sase-Hispaniola kanti enye engu-3 eya eziqhingini. Iziqhingi zaseCape Verde lapho uColumbus ahamba khona ukuze athole ingcebo.
Ngemva kohambo olugcwele ubunzima obuhlukahlukene njengezifo eziwumshayabhuqe phakathi kwamatilosi, afika esiqhingini saseTrinidad ngo-July 31, futhi kamuva eGulf of Paria emlonyeni woMfula i-Orinoco, athinta izwekazi lezwekazi okokuqala ngqa enyakatho. waseVenezuela; Wanquma ukubiza wonke lowo mhlaba ngokuthi “Izwe Lomusa”, ngenxa yobuhle ayebubonile nangenxa yomusa wabantu bomdabu. Ngakho, waphetha ngokuthi usefinyelele ezwenikazi ngenxa yamanzi amaningi ahlanzekile.
Mhla zingama-20 kuNcwaba besedolobheni elasungulwa iSanto Domingo lapho bathola khona isiqhingi esisesimweni sokuhlubuka kwabomdabu kanye nabaseSpain. Kwaba nezingxabano eziningana kodwa okwakubaluleke kakhulu kwakuwukuhlubuka kukaFrancisco Roldán, iMeya yase-Hispaniola, owakwazi ukuthutha futhi wakhulisa abantu baseSpain abangaphezu kuka-300, kodwa ekugcineni uRoldán kwadingeka axoxisane namavukela-mbuso futhi amukele izimo zabo.
Wonke lawa maqiniso afinyelela ezindlebeni zikaCastile futhi amakhosi kwadingeka athumele ijaji esiqhingini ukuze liyophenya ukuthi kwenzekani ngoColumbus, lokhu ngibuyela esiqhingini sase-Hispaniola uColumbus waboshwa ngenxa yezikhalazo abaseSpain ababenazo zokuthi ngaphansi komyalo wakhe, njengoba kwakukhona ukuswelakala kwengcebo ababeyoyithola ngokusho kwabo. Ngonyaka ka-1500, uFrancisco de Bobadilla wathatha izintambo kuhulumeni wesikhulu futhi wavalela uColumbus ejele, owathunyelwa eCastile ngamacala abucayi waphindela eSpain, lapho iNdlovukazi u-Isabel yamkhulula khona kodwa yalahlekelwa udumo eyayinalo.
Eqhubeka, wabe esehlola iziqhingi ezintathu zesifunda samanje saseNueva Esparta, lapho isiqhingi sakhe esikhulu sasibizwa ngokuthi i-Asunción, ezinye ezihloliwe yiCubagua neCoche yamanje. Kamuva, kwasungulwa indawo yokuhlala yamaparele futhi kusukela kulokhu, ngo-1528, idolobha lokuqala elasungulwa amaSpanishi ezwenikazi laseMelika lazalwa, elibizwa ngokuthi iNueva Cádiz.
Uhambo lwesine
Nakuba uColumbus wayenenkinga yokulahlekelwa ukuhlonishwa kwakhe nempahla yakhe, wanquma ukwenza uhambo lwakhe lokugcina, okwakungolwesine, enezithiyo ezihlukahlukene lapho ayengakwazi khona ukufinyelela emazweni ase-Hispaniola ngenxa yezinkinga ezazibangelwe. leso siqhingi. Induna entsha noma umbusi waleli koloni, uNicolás de Ovando, akazange avumele noma yimiphi imikhumbi kaColumbus ukuba yehle, ngisho noma ayeshintsha ezokuthutha azenze ezingcono.
Umgomo walolu hambo lwesine wawuwukuthi uColumbus wayebheke iStrait of Malacca, ngokusho kwakhe eyayifinyelele e-Asia futhi eyayizomvumela ukuba afinyelele e-Indies ekugcineni. Wasuka echwebeni laseCádiz eminyakeni ephakathi kuka-1502 no-1504, lapho ahlola khona ugu olusentshonalanga ye-Central America njengesiqhingi saseGuanaja, namuhla eyaziwa ngokuthi amazwe aseHonduras, eNicaragua, eCosta Rica nasePanama.
Wahamba ngoMeyi 11, 1502, ephethe amakharaveli amabili nemikhumbi emibili ebizwa ngokuthi iLa Capitana, iLa Gallega, iLa Vizcaína neSantiago de Palos; futhi idlula eCanary Islands, yafinyelela e-Indies ngezinsuku ezingu-30. Ngemva kwalolo hambo olune lukaChristopher Columbus, izinkambo ezimbalwa zaqhubeka nohambo lwemikhumbi oluhlukahlukene oluncane, kodwa olwavumela ukuba khona konke kwezwekazi laseMelika kwaziwe futhi kuhlole lonke ugu lwaseVenezuela.
uhambo oluncane
Ukuze bafinyelele ekutholakaleni kwenkaba yeMelika, kwadingeka bahambe ogwini lwaseCaribbean benqamula emazweni manje aseHonduras, eNicaragua, eCosta Rica nasePanama, bafike emfuleni iBelén lapho basungula khona idolobha lokuqala laseSpain ezwenikazi laseMelika ukuyofika emfuleni iBelén. abayibiza ngokuthi iSanta María de Belén. Lapho, balahlekelwa enye yama-caravel, ecekelwe phansi yisimo sezulu nokulimala kwesiphepho.
Ngalo myalelo, balandela inkambo egudle ugu baze bafika emazweni aseVeragua asevele engeka-Alonso de Ojeda futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu abakwazanga ukuhlala lapho balahlekelwa khona enye i-caravel, futhi ngamakharaveli amabili kuphela baqhubeka nomkhumbi bebheke enyakatho. ingxenye yeCuba ifika e-Jamaica ngo-June 25, 1503, lapho bafihla khona ama-caravel amabili asele ukuze angalahleki olwandle.
Bahlala eJamaica unyaka ogcwele, kwaze kwaba yilapho ukuhlubuka okuhlukahlukene kwabaseSpain ababecasulwe uChristopher Columbus kuqala ukwanda; ngenxa yohambo oluncane lwamadoda amabili aya eSanto Domingo eyocela usizo futhi ekugcineni asindiswa, akwazi ukufinyelela esiqhingini sase-Española.
Umqhele waseSpain wanquma ukuqeda uhambo nokuhamba ngemikhumbi e-Indies kaChristopher Columbus ngonyaka we-1499 futhi wavula indlela ukuze abanye abahamba ngemikhumbi namanye amabhizinisi bathole ithuba lokuhlola; lokhu kwavula indlela yalokho okwakubizwa ngokuthi uhambo oluncane noma uhambo lwase-Andalusi noma uhambo lokuhlola nokuhlenga, phakathi kokunye.
Lawa magama anikezwa wona, ngoba bonke labo abanquma ukwenza uhambo bazihlele futhi basuka e-Andalusia futhi iningi labantu abenza kanjalo babengabaseSpain. Phakathi kwalabo abagqama kakhulu kwakungabalingiswa abafana noPedro Alonso Niño, owavumbulula iGulf of Paria eVenezuela, uJuan Ladrillero, owavumbulula iStrait of Magellan, uVicente Yáñez Pinzón, owavumbulula iBrazil, uBartolomé Ruiz, owathola futhi yazulazula oLwandle iPacific, phakathi kokunye. .
Imiphumela yokutholakala kweMelika
- Amazwe angaphandle, ikakhulukazi lawo aseYurophu, aphoqelela ulimi lwawo ezindaweni zawo, okwenza abantu bomdabu bajwayelana nalo, futhi amaPutukezi namaSpanishi abusa ngenxa yokuthi ayengabanqobi ikakhulukazi abavela ePortugal naseSpain. ISpanishi ngezikhathi ezithile sasivumela ezinye izilimi zaseNdiya njengesiGuarani noma isiQuechua.
- Inkolo yamaKatolika yaba inkolo esemthethweni.
- Ukuzulazula nokuhweba kwandiswa, kanye nokusabalala komhlaba wonke kokudla okwakungatholwa futhi kudliwe kuphela amasiko athile aseMelika, futhi abaningi ababengawazi.
- Lapho uChristopher Columbus efika, kwaba ugqozi lokunqotshwa kweMelika, njengoba abanye abantu nabanye abantu ababengebona nje iSpanishi kuphela, kodwa namaPutukezi, amaNgisi, amaDashi namaFulentshi ayehileleke kulo msebenzi.
- Amazinga aphezulu okuhlukana akhiqizwa phakathi kwabantu naphakathi kwamasiko, nabantu bomdabu kanye nabaseYurophu.
- Abakhi bamakoloni bamaNgisi bakha futhi bahlela umqondo omusha womphakathi owasungula, ngokuzibusa, umthethosisekelo kanye nokubusa kombuso, ngaleyo ndlela wabangela lokho manje okwaziwa ngokuthi izwe lase-United States of America, elathatha indawo yeGreat Britain njengombuso wezwe. .
- Umcebo oyinhloko owakhishwa abaseSpain emazweni aseMelika kwakuyigolide nesiliva. Ekuqaleni amanani egolide ayemancane kodwa kamuva bathola impango enkulu ezindaweni zasezwekazini.
- Kwakukhona izifo eziningi zezifo ezifana ne-yellow fever, ingxibongo, phakathi kokunye; njengoba abeLungu bawafaka kubantu bomdabu futhi lokho kwabangela ukuwa kuwo kanye nokwanda kokushona kwawo.
- AbaseSpain nabaseYurophu baletha eMelika izilwane ezizoba usizo njengamahhashi, izimbongolo, izinkomo, izimvu, phakathi kwabanye; kanye nezilwane zasemapulazini njengezinkukhu nonogwaja. Ushintsho luhlanganise izihlahla ezibalulekile ukukhiqiza ukolweni, i-oats, ibhali, ikhofi kanye umoba.
Ifa lohambo lukaChristopher Columbus
UChristopher Columbus washonela eValladolid ngoMeyi 20, 1506, futhi uthathwa njengomvubukuli weMelika, njengoba ahlola izindawo futhi wasungula amadolobha ezindaweni ezahlukene njengeziqhingi zaseCuba naseSanto Domingo. Ngale ndlela, wathatha uhambo olune eMelika futhi wabamba izikhundla ezahlukene ayezinikezwe, njengombusi kanye ne-viceroy, wagcina esolwa ngobudlova lapho alahlekelwa khona wonke amalungelo akhe.
UColumbus ukwazile ukukhuthaza amatilosi amasha, futhi leli zwekazi elisanda kutholwa liqanjwe ngomunye umhloli wamazwe onethonya okuthiwa u-Amerigo Vespucci, naye owenza uhambo oluningi lokuya eMelika ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX. Encwadini yakhe yezenzakalo zezenzakalo, Vespucci kakade wabhala ukuthi la mazwe kwakungewona Indies, kodwa babeyingxenye yezwekazi elisha, eyayiphakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia. Ngokunjalo, uColumbus uphinde wanikeza amagama amadolobha, izifunda kanye nezwe iColombia.
Ukweqa okushiywe yifa likaColumbus kube nomthelela omkhulu emhlabeni wonke, njengoba uChristopher Columbus efanelwe ukuqashelwa ngokukhethekile ngokuvula iminyango ukuze wonke umuntu akwazi ukuthola izindawo ezintsha ezikhona emhlabeni. Lokhu kwashiwo uBartolomé de las Casas endabeni ayibhala ngohambo lwasolwandle, ethi uColumbus wayengowokuqala ukucabanga ngokuvula leyo minyango eyayivalwe isikhathi eside ngaphambili.
Bartolomé de las Casas, kuze kube namuhla usewumthombo obalulekile wolwazi ngoColumbus, njengoba imibhalo yakhe kuwukuphela kwekhophi ekhona yencwadi yezenzakalo zezenzakalo zikaColumbus, futhi ubhala ukuthi: “NguColumbus owanikeza ukukhanya okwavumela abanye ukuba babone ukuthola.”, Ngokulandelayo, akagxeki lapho imibhalo ichaza ukubhujiswa kwabomdabu ababhekana nakho ngenxa kaColumbus neqembu lakhe lamadoda, uqinisekisa ukuthi uMkhuzi Womkhosi kwakufanele aqhubeke kangcono.
Nakuba kuyiqiniso ukuthi eziningi ziye zabhalwa mayelana ne-Columbian Exchange eyalandela, okungukuthi, kuyiqiniso futhi ukuthi ukushintshaniswa kwezitshalo, izilwane, izifo, ukufuduka kwabantu nokushintshana kwamasiko; kwasiza abafundi bomlando ukuthi bangalokothi bakhohlwe ukuthi ukutholwa Kwezwe Elisha nakho kwaba nomthelela wobuhlakani futhi lelo yifa elihle kakhulu ebelingashiywa.
Ngaleso sikhathi sokutholwa, abantu baseNtshonalanga Yurophu bafunda ukuba nekhono lokushintshana ngolwazi nawo wonke umuntu obazungezile ngakho konke abakwaziyo. Ngakho, ithonya eliqondile likaChristopher Columbus lifakazelwa njengomunye wezihlakaniphi ezinkulu ezazibaluleke kakhulu zangaleso sikhathi futhi eyindoda eyahola indlela, efanelwe ukuhlonishwa ngokukhiqiza uguquko lobuhlakani olwaphawula ukuqala kweNkathi Yesimanje, futhi uma ukube bekungokukaColumbus, izwe belingeke libe yilokho eliyikho namuhla, kanjalo nesintu.
Amaqiniso anelukuluku mayelana nohambo lukaChristopher Columbus
- Uhambo lokugcina lukaChristopher Columbus lwalungo-1508, nakuba kakade ayenqatshelwe ukubeka unyawo e-Hispaniola, kulokhu walibangisa ogwini lwaseHonduras.
- UColumbus waboshwa futhi walahlekelwa amalungelo akhe e-Hispaniola.
- Kuze kube ngu-1513, amadoda abamba iqhaza ohambweni lokuqala lukaChristopher Columbus athola inkokhelo ngokuba kulolu hambo.
- Imibhalo uColumbus abhala kuyo yembula ukuthi wayeyindoda enamathele enkolweni nokuthi wayenomuzwa wokuthi wayenobizo lokufeza umsebenzi ayewuthunywe uNkulunkulu.
- Ngo-1500, iziNgonyama zamaKhatholika zanquma ukuthumela uFrancisco Bobadilla ukuba abeke ukuhleleka esiqhingini, njengoba kwakunokunganeliseki okuningi kumalungu eqembu likaChristopher Columbus ngenxa yendlela ayesingatha ngayo yonke into, njengoba ayezigcinele inzuzo. nomndeni wakhe.
- Ngemva kohambo lokuqala, uColumbus wabuyela eSpain futhi wabonisa u-Isabella waseCastile noFerdinand wase-Aragon izipho ezihlukahlukene. Kwabhapathizwa amaNdiya ayisithupha esontweni lombhishobhi laseBarcelona, futhi weza nopholi abanemibala eminingi, amabhande egolide, ubucwebe obakhiwe ngamatshe ayigugu abuthola, phakathi kokunye.
- UCristóbal Quintero wayengumnikazi we-"La Pinta" kanti uMartín Alonso Pinzón wayephethe. UJuan Niño naye wayengumnikazi we "La Niña", ogama lakhe langempela kwakungu "Santa Clara".
- Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1492, ngemva kwamahora amabili phakathi kwamabili, u-Rodrigo de Triana wayeyilungu leqembu elamemeza lithi "umhlaba emehlweni", wayesemkhunjini i-La Pinta.
- Lapho kutholakala iMelika, amaNdiya angamaTaino ayengabantu bomdabu bokuqala ababekwazi ukuxhumana noChristopher Columbus neqembu lakhe.
- UColumbus, ngaphambi kokufa, washo kwenye yezinhlamvu zakhe zokugcina ukuthi Umhlaba wawumise okwepheya, kanti umjikelezo woMhlaba ube mncane ezigxotsheni.
- NgoSeptemba 14, uColumbus waphawula encwadini yakhe ukuthi amatilosi "La Niña" athi abone izinyoni nama-parakeet anomsila womhlanga.
- Ngemva kohambo lwezinsuku ezingu-70, uChristopher Columbus nethimba lakhe bafika ogwini lwesiQhingi saseGuanahani esiseqenjini leziqhingi zaseBahamas, ngaleyondlela bakha ubuhlobo phakathi kweZwe Elidala Nelisha.
- IMelika yaqanjwa ngo-Amerigo Vespucci, utilosi owaba ngowokuqala ukwenza imephu yezwekazi elisha okucatshangwa ukuthi yiNdiya.
- Kwaze kwaba ngo-1547 lapho uMbuso WaseSpain wavumela abesifazane ukuba bavakashele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iZwe Elisha.
- Iqembu eliya eMelika lalinamadoda angu-90, cishe wonke amaPutukezi, amanye amaBasque, ayishumi avela eCantabria neziboshwa ezinhlanu ezashintsha isigwebo sazo sohambo lwezinyanga ezingaphezu kwezimbili.
- Amakharaveli amabili kuphela abambe iqhaza ekutholakaleni kweMelika, imisila kwakuyiLa Pinta neLa Niña, njengoba iSanta María empeleni yayiyi- nao, okungesinye isitayela somkhumbi omkhulu futhi ngaphambili yayibizwa ngokuthi i-María Galante.
- Alikho ilungu lanoma iyiphi inhlangano yezenkolo elahamba noChristopher Columbus.
- Usuku Lomjaho, luhlose ukukhumbuza ukubaluleka kolwazi lobuzwe namasiko futhi ludonsela ukunaka ekuzicabangeni komlando.
- Kwakwenqatshelwe ukuthi abesifazane abavela ezwenikazi elidala baye eMelika kuze kube ngu-1547.
- AbakwaSanta María abazange babuyele eSpain. njengoba yashayisa ulwandle futhi ngezinsalela zayo kwakhiwa inqaba. Ngakho-ke, uColumbus wabuya kuphela nemikhumbi emi-2 nengxenye yabasebenzi.
- Izazi-mlando ezihlukahlukene zithi abantu base-Asia bawelela kuleli zwekazi ngesikhathi seqhwa. AmaViking kukholakala ukuthi afika eCanada kudala ngaphambi kohambo lukaChristopher Columbus.
- Ngenxa yengcebo etholwe ohambweni lokuhlola, kwaba nokuguquguquka kwentengo eYurophu okwavumela uMbuso WaseSpain ukuba uxhase ngezimpi eziningi owawuhileleke kuzo.
- Kwanikezwa ukudla okubalulekile okunjengommbila, amazambane, utamatisi, ushokoledi, ubhatata, ukwatapheya, ithanga, phakathi kokunye okuvela kubantu bomdabu base-Andes. Kanye nemikhiqizo yokubaluleka okulinganayo evela eMelika njengenjoloba nogwayi.
- Iningi lesiliva negolide, cishe u-80%, lahlala eSpain America ngaleso sikhathi.
