Kule nkathi entsha yokusimama, Ukugaywa Kabusha Kwephepha kanye Nekhadibhodi kungenye yezenzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zokulondoloza kanye nokulingana kwemvelo okudingwa kakhulu yiplanethi. Sonke sisebenzisa lezi zakhi ezimbili nsuku zonke, ngokuvamile ngaphandle kokwazi ukuthi kwenzekani ukuze zifinyelele ezandleni zethu. Qhubeka ufunda, thola ngayo yonke inqubo nokuthi singasiza kanjani, iplanethi izokubonga!
Ukugaywa kabusha kwephepha kanye nekhadibhodi
Ukunyamalala kwezandiso ezinkulu zezihlahla kanye nazo ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yonke, kuwumphumela ophawuleka kakhulu wokusetshenziswa kwephepha namakhadibhodi. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, umuntu uye wabona isidingo esiphuthumayo sokuthola izindlela zokuhlehlisa lo monakalo. Ngakho-ke isidingo sokuqalisa amasistimu avumela ukugaywa kabusha kwalezi zinto. Ngale ndlela, kungaba nomthelela ekwakhiweni kwesimiso esimeme ngempela esidinga kakhulu iplanethi.
Uma lezi zenzo zamukelwa njengengxenye yempilo yansuku zonke, usuke usiza ekunciphiseni umthelela wendawo. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukwanda kwamagesi abamba ukushisa okuvela ekucekeleni phansi kwamaphaphu emvelo aleplanethi. Ngesikhathi senqubo yoguquko, imboni yephepha ingenye yalezo ezithathwa njengengcolisa kakhulu. Isebenzisa amanzi amaningi namandla, kanye nama-chemical agents avumela ukucaciswa komkhiqizo wokugcina.
Ngakho-ke, isidingo sokusungula izinhlelo zokugaywa kabusha kwephepha namakhadibhodi ukuze kuncishiswe umonakalo odalwe emvelweni siyabonakala. Lezi zenzo ezilula zisivumela ukuba sinciphise amakati futhi zisiholele ekuphileni okuzinzile.
Imithombo Yephepha
Njengoba kwaziwa kahle, iphepha lakhiwe ungqimba oluncane lwe-cellulose, olutholakala ezintweni zezitshalo ezine-fibrous. Le nhlanganisela ye-hygroscopic, okungukuthi, iyimpahla enezimbotshana ekwazi ukumunca umswakama ovela endaweni futhi ngenxa yalokho umbala noyinki. Kuye ngokusebenziseka kwayo, izithasiselo ezahlukene zengezwa ukuze zisetshenziswe. I-pulp yephepha ingavela emithonjeni emithathu. Okokuqala, ezihlahleni, lezi zinikeza impahla eluhlaza edingekayo ukuze uthole i-cellulose.
Lokhu kungaba ngamagxolo athambile okwenza iphepha lokugoqa noma amakhadibhodi kanye namagxolo aqinile ukwenza iphepha ozobhala kulo. Ngakho-ke, okwesibili, kukhona okusele, okungukuthi, ukusebenzisa kabusha imfucuza, kulokhu sawdust, lapho amakhadibhodi agaywe kabusha, ama-wrappers noma imikhiqizo elahlayo yenziwa. Okokugcina, okwesithathu, i-pulp evela ephepheni elisetshenziswe kabusha, lapha i-pulp yenziwe ngephepha elisetshenzisiwe nelilahliwe, lingafaki ama-napkins, amakhadibhodi e-pizza noma iphepha lasendlini yangasese.
Iphephabhodi
Endabeni yokwenziwa kwekhadibhodi, lokhu kwenziwa ngenqubo efanayo, kodwa ekukhiqizeni kwayo kudinga inani elikhulu le-cellulose, ngoba ukuhambisana kwayo kufanele kube namandla futhi kukhulu. Ezimweni eziningi i-bleaching system ayisetshenziswa. Ngalesi sizathu kubalulekile ukuthi amakhadibhodi abe sohlwini lwezinto ezigaywa kabusha.
Ikhadibhodi lingasetshenziswa kabusha kalula, okungukuthi, linikeze impilo yesibili engeyona isitsha esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngayo ungakha izinto ezihlukahlukene eziwusizo ekhaya, ehhovisi nasesikoleni. Ukugaywa kabusha kwamakhadibhodi kudinga inqubo efana neyephepha. Kulokhu, insipho kufanele yengezwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukumelana okukhulu, bese iphathwa ngokuvumelana nobunzima, ukushuba kanye nokusebenziseka.
Imboni Yephepha
Inhloso yodwa yale mboni ukuguqulwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, kulokhu kuyizinkuni, ikakhulukazi i-pulp cellulose ibe yiphepha. Izinkuni ezisetshenziswa kakhulu yilezo ezaziwa kangcono njengokhuni oluqothukayo oluvela kumaconifers kanye nezinhlobo zezihlahla eziphukayo. Lezi zihlahla zingaba fir, pine kanye nespruce okuyizinkuni ezithambile, kodwa futhi zingakhishwa emahlathini aqinile afana ne-birch kanye ne-eucalyptus. Amasimu amakhulu ayalinywa emazweni amaningi futhi ahlala etshalwa kabusha ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo.
Ukuguqulwa Kwezinto Eziluhlaza
Izimboni zamaphepha, esigabeni sazo sokuqala, zisebenzisa u-95% wezinkuni kanye no-5% welineni kanye namanikiniki akotini. Lezi zinqubo zingahlukaniswa ngezindlela ezintathu, lezo ezisebenza ngokukhethekile ekwenzeni i-pulp yephepha, kulokhu, okokuqala, iziqu zikhishwa ngemishini ekhethekile, eminye esebenza yomile kanti enye ngamanzi amaningi. Khona-ke lezi ziqu ziyaqotshwa futhi zichotshozwe, kukhona unamathisele wokuqala ovelayo, owakhiwa i-lignin ne-cellulose. Kamuva, i-lignin ikhishwa ngenqubo ebizwa ngokuthi i-bleaching.
Lezi zinqubo zizonqunywa ukusebenza kanye nekhwalithi yomkhiqizo ofisayo, ngenxa yalokhu kuhileleka izindlela ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, njenge-pulp yemishini, le ndlela isekelwe ekugayweni kwe-pulp ukuze kuhlukaniswe imicu, kokunye. amacala engeza amakhemikhali ukuze kube lula ukususwa kwezinto ezingadingekile. Enye indlela i-pulp yamakhemikhali kanye nokululama, okuhlanganisa ukuchithwa ngamakhemikhali i-lignin, kodwa lokhu kugcina kunciphisa isivuno sokukhiqiza ngama-40%.
Inqubo
Kulokhu, izinkuni zidlula ocezu lwemishini ebizwa ngokuthi i-digester enezithako zamakhemikhali, lapho kuphekwa khona emazingeni okushisa aphezulu bese umkhiqizo owumphumela ube usufakwa. Kubalulekile ukugqamisa ukuthi, ngale nqubo, ukubuyiswa kwezinsalela kuma-digesters asetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza ugesi ovela ku-steam ephumayo kungenziwa.
Ezinye izimboni azigxile ekwakhiweni kwe-cellulose noma i-pulp kuphela kodwa nasekwakheni iphepha ngokwalo. Lezi zinkampani zenza inqubo yokuhlukanisa i-cellulose kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye, ukuze zithole i-pulp yephepha. Bengeza amakhemikhali athile ukuze bathole inhlanganisela yamakhemikhali ezinzile, emhlophe futhi eguquguqukayo.
Ukuze i-bleach pulp yephepha, kuyadingeka ukuhlakaza noma ukuguqula i-lignin esele ngenxa yezinqubo zangaphambilini. Lapha kungenelela abamhlophe, izinga lokushisa nesikhathi. Unamathisele ube esegezwa ngama-caustic agents ukuze ashise futhi acekele phansi izicubu eziphilayo futhi ancibilikise i-lignin. Unamathisele ube esedlula ezisefweni nasezihlanzini ezisusa noma yimuphi udoti, ipulasitiki, noma okunye ukungcola.
Imiphumela Yezemvelo Yokwenziwa Kwephepha
Ngokwenza ithani lephepha, kugawulwa okungenani izihlahla ezingama-20, okungasho nje ukufa kwalezi zitshalo ezisebenza njengamaphaphu eplanethi, ngoba ngenxa yazo, i-carbon dioxide ingashintshwa ibe umoya-mpilo, okubalulekile. okwempilo. Lokhu kugawulwa kwemithi ngokweqile ngenxa yesifiso sokwanelisa imakethe kubangela amagesi abamba ukushisa ande nsuku zonke, okunomthelela ngokuqondile ekufudumaleni kwembulunga yonke futhi ngenxa yalokho ekushintsheni kungazelelwe kwesimo sezulu.
Lesi senzo esingalawuleki ngisho nokuba kunjalo, sithinta ngokuqondile izitshalo nezilwane njengoba zibhubhisa indawo yokuhlala yezinhlobo ezithile, kokubili izilwane nezitshalo. Ukwakheka kwezwe kuyathinteka futhi inhlabathi yonakaliswa. Amahlathi amaningi abe izisulu zalo msebenzi ozothatha iminyaka eminingi ukuhlehla futhi ufinyelele ukulingana kwawo kokuqala.
Nokho, omunye umphumela wokukhiqizwa kwephepha ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali athinta inhlabathi, umoya namanzi. Ukusetshenziswa nokulahlwa kwazo kungacekela phansi imvelo yonke. Ukuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwezinsiza ezinjengamanzi kubonisa usongo lwangempela ezintweni eziphilayo, kanye namandla avela kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansi. Ngemuva kwephepha ngalinye kukhona izimpilo ezifayo, izihlahla eziwayo namanzi angcolile, yingakho kufanele sigaywe kabusha.
Izinzuzo Zephepha Lokugaywa Kabusha Nekhadibhodi
Uma uthola umkhuba wokusimama, uhlale ufuna ukulingana phakathi kwalokho okudingekayo kanye nezinsiza endaweni yakho. Ngale ndlela, ukugaywa kabusha kuyafana nokugcina nokugcina indawo ezungezile kusuka ezinhlangothini ezahlukene, ngoba uma iphepha nekhadibhodi kuqoqwa ukuze kubekwe ezitsheni zazo, izinto ezilahlwayo ezindaweni zokulahla imfucumfucu nakwezinye izindawo ezingafanele noma izinqubo zokushiswa ziyancishiswa.
Enye yezinzuzo ezinkulu zokugaywa kabusha ukuthi kunomthelela ekulondolozweni kwamahlathi kanye nezinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala lapho. Amagesi abamba ukushisa ayancishiswa. Amanzi amaningi namandla ayalondolozwa. Okokugcina, ukonga kwezomnotho, njengoba ukutholwa kwephepha eligaywe kabusha ishibhile kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwephepha Okugaywe Kabusha
Iphepha liwumkhiqizo wefiber yemifino, uma kwenzeka iphepha elenziwe ngezinto ezigaywe kabusha, okusho ukuthi impahla yalo eluhlaza ayihlanzekile, kuyadingeka ukuthi uqale ngokwazi umsuka kanye nezingxenye zayo, bese ususa yonke iminonjana kayinki. noma ezinye izinto ezingcolisayo. Ngemva kokwenza le nqubo, inqunywa ibe yizicucu ezincane kakhulu ezizohlanganiswa namanzi kuze kutholakale ingxube ehlangene. Kaningi ngangokunokwenzeka kufanele kwenziwe mhlophe kusetshenziswa ama-agent amakhemikhali akhethekile, isibonelo i-carbon peroxide.
Lapho le nhlama isimhlophe qwa futhi ingenakho konke ukungcola, ifakwa ezingcwecweni ezizonikeza ukujiya nokuma emaphepheni azayo, abe esesikwa ngokwesidingo, apakishwe futhi abuyiselwe emsebenzini wanoma ubani owadingayo. I-fiber yaleli phepha ingasetshenziswa kabusha okungenani izikhathi eziyisi-6. Lokhu kungaqinisekisa impilo yezihlahla okungenani ezingama-20 ngethani ngalinye lephepha. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, lapho iphepha nekhadibhodi kuvuselelwa kabusha, unciphisa ukuxhashazwa kwezinye izinsiza ezifana namandla ezinto ezimbiwa phansi namanzi, okuzuzisa iplanethi.
Umehluko phakathi kwePhepha Eligaywe Kabusha Nephepha Lemvelo
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwephepha le-ecology kanye nelinye eligaywe kabusha. Endabeni yephepha le-ecology, lidlula ezinqubweni zokukhiqiza lapho imibandela yokusimama ibusa, okungukuthi, lapho umthelela wendawo uncishiswa kakhulu ngangokunokwenzeka. Ukuze wenze lokhu, isimiso sokuhlanza esinobungane nemvelo sisetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko, njenge-oxygen, i-ozone noma i-chlorine dioxide. Ngokufanayo, izinqubo ezihilela ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwamanzi namandla ziyancipha kakhulu, esikhundleni salokhu kwamuva ngamandla ahlanzekile.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphepha eligaywe kabusha liye ladlula ezinqubweni ezithile ukuze likwazi ukulisebenzisa futhi.Ngokuqinisekile liyanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-fiber, kodwa kufanele kwengezwe okuningi, ngamanani amancane, ukuze kutholwe ikhwalithi edingekayo.
Izinyathelo Zokusebenzisa Kabusha Iphepha Nekhadibhodi
Ukuze uhlelo lokugaywa kabusha kwephepha namakhadibhodi lube yimpumelelo, ezinye izinyathelo kufanele zilandelwe ngokuqinile. Into eyinhloko ukwazi ukuthi eqenjini lezitsha, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kuhambisana nakho konke okuhlobene nephepha nekhadibhodi, lapho ungafaka khona iphepha lokunyathelisa nokubhala, izinkomba zocingo, izimvilophu, ukukhangisa, iziqukathi zephepha noma amakhadibhodi kanye nokupakisha, izinhlu, izincwajana zamaphephandaba. , omagazini, izincwadi, amafolda ephepha noma amakhadibhodi.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi amalebula okunamathelayo, izithombe, ama-x-ray, i-carbon paper, upharafini, i-aluminium, iphepha lenhlanzeko noma elishisayo lefeksi akufanele lifakwe kulezi zitsha. Ukwazi lokhu, kufanele uqhubeke nokukhipha okuyisisekelo, i-adhesive tape, izimpawu noma ipulasitiki, okuhle kakhulu ukuthi ayigoqiwe noma ishwabene. Kodwa esimweni esithile sekhadibhodi, lingagoqwa ukuze lithathe indawo encane.
Ngenxa yalesi simiso, kungenzeka ukuthola iphepha lokupakisha, i-newsprint, izicubu, iphepha lasendlini yangasese, iphepha lokuhlobisa noma lesipho, ngisho nokuphrinta nokubhala, kanye nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamakhadibhodi.
Sebenzisa kabusha futhi usebenzise kabusha
Kwabaningi igama elithi recycle liyafana nokulisebenzisa futhi alifani. Uma igama elithi ukugaywa kabusha lisetshenziswa, lisho into engaba ngaphansi kwenqubo yenguquko futhi iphinde yethulwe emjikelezweni wokusetshenziswa. Lena indlela yokunciphisa kakhulu inani lemfucuza efaka isandla ekunakekeleni nasekulondolozweni kwemvelo. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho iphepha nekhadibhodi zigaywa kabusha, zombili izinto zokwakha zicutshungulwa izikhathi ezimbalwa, ukuthola umkhiqizo ofanele ukusetshenziswa okusha.
Manje, igama elithi ukusetshenziswa kabusha lisetshenziswa lapho impahla inikezwa ukusetshenziswa okuhlukile eyadalelwa yona. Kulokhu, izinqubo zamakhemikhali azidingeki, kodwa ngokomzimba kuphela. Le miqondo emibili ifana kakhulu futhi umehluko wayo uzoncika esimweni lapho isetshenziswa khona. Isibonelo salokhu yilapho amakhadibhodi ephinda esetshenziswa ukwenza amathoyizi ahlukene. Kulokhu inqubo ingokomzimba kuphela. Kodwa endabeni yengilazi, icutshungulwa ukuze kwakhiwe ucezu olusha oluvela ezingxenyeni eziningi, lapha uma inqubo yamakhemikhali engokwenyama ingenelela.
Ukusebenzisa kabusha kubalulekile ngempela uma ufuna ukuphila okusimeme, ngoba izinto eziningi ezifana nephepha nekhadibhodi zingathiwa ziwusizo olusha, okunomthelela ekuncishisweni kwemfucuza nemfucuza okonakalisa imvelo, ngaphezu kokonga amandla futhi ezimweni eziningi amanzi. .
Izibonelo Zokugaywa Kabusha Nokuphinda Kusetshenziswe Iphepha noma Ikhadibhodi
Ukucaca mayelana nomqondo wokugaywa kabusha nokusetshenziswa kabusha, kufanelekile ukwazi izibonelo ezithile zokuthi singakusebenzisa kanjani. Endabeni yokugaywa kabusha kwephepha namakhadibhodi, kuyadingeka ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi ezicutshungulwa ngempela. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu kubalulekile ukubheka ukuthi yiziphi ezifanele futhi ukwazi ukuzifaka esitsheni esihlinzekwe sona. Lezi zinsiza zingayiswa ezikhungweni ezikhethekile ukuze zicutshungulwe futhi zibuyiselwe ohlelweni lwemakethe ukuze zithengwe.
Manje, uma inhloso iwukuyisebenzisa kabusha, amaqabunga angasetshenziswa ku-reverse yawo, lapho isivele isetshenziswe ezinhlangothini zombili ingasetshenziswa ekudalweni kwemisebenzi yezandla, kwenzeka okufanayo ngekhadibhodi.
Ukwehliswa Kanjani Ukusetshenziswa Kwephepha Nekhadibhodi
Kunesenzo esibaluleke kakhulu kunokusebenzisa kabusha noma ukusebenzisa kabusha futhi simayelana nokunciphisa. Isintu njengamanje siphendulela amehlo aso futhi sigxile kukho konke ukunaka kwawo ekufuneni izindlela zokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto ezifunwa kakhulu njengephepha namakhadibhodi. Ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zinto kungaphezu kwesenzo esidingekayo, kuyaphuthuma, njengoba iplanethi inyakaza ngenxa yokuxhashazwa kwezinsiza zayo kanye nokwanda ngokweqile kwemfucuza.
Ukunciphisa kuwumsebenzi womuntu ngamunye, njengoba ukusetshenziswa kwephepha kufinyelela emikhawulweni engalawuleki, ngakho-ke ukuqwashisa kufanele kuphakanyiswe futhi isinyathelo kufanele siqale. Gwema okuvelayo ngokukufaka esikhundleni sokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe futhi uma kudingekile, zama ukukwenza endaweni eyodwa nangemodi yokusalungiswa. Funda ukusebenzisa izinhlangothi zombili ze-blade. Encwadini yokubhalela zama ukusebenzisa amaphepha agcwele. Yenza imisebenzi yezandla ngamaphepha omagazini noma amaphephandaba. Khuthaza abancane ukuthi benze iphepha lemvelo elizenzelayo.
Imibono Yokusebenzisa Kabusha Iphepha Nekhadibhodi
Njengendlela yokufaka isandla ekongiweni kwemvelo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi kwenziwe ezinye izinto ngokugaywa kabusha kwephepha namakhadibhodi. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo kunganikeza ukuthinta kwe-chic ekuhlobiseni kwekhaya lethu, ihhovisi, ikilasi nanoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lwendawo. Nansi eminye imibono ongayisebenzisa.
Izibambi zamapeni ephepha lezindlu zangasese kanye nabahleli beze, abahleli bezindonga namakhabethe okufaka amaphepha. Ngebhokisi lamaqanda ungenza ibhokisi lokuthunga elihle. Kunamakhadibhodi aqinile ongenza ngawo izindlu zonodoli, abahleli bobukhulu obuhlukahlukene kanye nokuma, namabhokisi ama-wicker amanga, phakathi kweminye imibono eminingi. Endabeni yephepha, izibalo ezinhle ze-origami zingenziwa, ngaphezu kokuhlanzeka kwengqondo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphephandaba lingasetshenziswa ukugoqa imifino engena efrijini. Lena indlela yokuzigcina isikhathi eside.
Ungakwazi futhi ukugoqa izipho kanye nezincwadi, wenze izibani zephepha, wenze izinto usebenzisa i-Quilling technique. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isisekelo setafula singenziwa ngomagazini, kuyoba ukukhanga, amafreyimu wesithombe noma izibuko ezinamaphepha aqoshiwe. Lezi ngezinye zezibonelo phakathi kwezinye eziningi lapho kungasetshenziswa khona iphepha nekhadibhodi. Qhubeka, yehlela emsebenzini futhi usize iplanethi. Izihlahla zizokubonga!
Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo Ngokusetshenziswa Kwephepha Nokugaywa kabusha
Ubuwazi ukuthi ukusebenzisa ithani lephepha eligaywe kabusha konga okungenani izihlahla eziyi-17? Ukuze kwenziwe iphepha elingasenalutho, isilinganiso samahektha ayizigidi eziyisi-6.5 ngonyaka siyagawulwa. Iphepha lingasetshenziswa kabusha izikhathi ezifika kweziyi-11 ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zekhadibhodi. Izigayo zamaphepha ziyimboni yesine enemiphumela engcolisa kakhulu, okuhlanganisa namagesi abamba ukushisa. Ukusebenzisa ithani lephepha eligaywe kabusha kulingana nokonga amandla ukuze unakekele ikhaya izinyanga eziyisithupha.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana Nephepha Lokugaywa Kabusha Nekhadibhodi, bukela ividiyo elandelayo:
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi ngeMvelo landela lezi zixhumanisi. Uzobathanda!
Imisebenzi Yokunakekela Imvelo
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