Abantu, njengoba besebenzisa izinsiza zemvelo, baziguqule ukuze bazifake emihlotsheni yabo yokuphila, njengokusetshenziswa kwezinkuni zezihlahla ukwakha isondo, izindlu, izikebhe, phakathi kokunye. Kanye nalo mthombo wemvelo, umuntu uye waguqula imvelo ukuze azondle, akhe izindawo zokukhosela, ezokuthutha, amandla namanzi, eqe imingcele yokuvuselelwa kwemvelo. Sikumema ukuthi ufunde kulesi sihloko ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwemvelo kube kanjani.
Ukuguqulwa Kwemvelo
Uguquko Lwemvelo lubonwa umthelela wezinto zemvelo, kukho konke ukuvela kwayo futhi lokhu kuye kwenziwa ezigidini zeminyaka ukuze kugcinwe ibhalansi yemvelo. Nakuba Ukuguqulwa Kwemvelo nakho kuye kwenziwa abantu kuwo wonke umlando wabo ngokusebenzisa imithombo yabo yemvelo ukuthuthukisa izinga lempilo yabo, ukuthuthukisa izikhungo zabantu, amaphrojekthi wezobuchwepheshe kanye nama-hydraulic. Ukuba nomthelela omubi ekhonweni layo lokuzivuselela okubangela ukungalingani kwemvelo.
Umuntu Uguqula Imvelo, lapho esebenzisa imithombo yemvelo ukuze anelise izimfuneko zamanje futhi lokhu kuhlanganisa ukushintsha indawo yemvelo kwenye indawo yamasiko noma yokwenziwa, ngesilinganiso esincane noma esikhulu. Ngenxa yalokhu, indawo yemvelo eguquliwe ngesilinganiso esincane sokungenelela kwendawo yemvelo iyabonwa, njengendawo yasemaphandleni. Njengoba nje indawo yemvelo ingaguqulwa ngezinga elikhulu lapho ibheka intuthuko yezimboni, yasemadolobheni, yezolimo noma enye, lapho kungekho lutho lwendawo yemvelo eyayikhona ngaphambi kokuguqulwa kwayo okungabonwa.
Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi iNguquko Yendalo inemithelela emihle nemibi. Njengemithelela emihle, amaphrojekthi azuzwe abantu ukuthola izindlu, ukudla, ukuxhumana, amanzi okuphuza nezinye izinguquko emithonjeni yemvelo. Nakuba imithelela engemihle iwukuguguleka kwemithombo yemvelo yomhlaba ngesivinini esikhulu, okubangela amazinga aphezulu okungcola, ukulahlekelwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, okuholela ekwehleni kwemithombo yemvelo. Lokhu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungase kuthinte izimpilo zabantu, ngaphandle uma isimo sengqondo siguqulwa futhi indawo yemvelo ihlonishwa.
Ukuguqulwa kwezwe ngumuntu
Imvelo yemvelo kanye nesimo sayo siguqulwa ngokwemvelo kancane kakhulu. Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-abiotic ngezinga elikhulu noma elincane kushintsha imvelo. Kodwa-ke, abantu sebechwepheshile ukuze bakhiphe ingxenye yemithombo yemvelo ebavumela ukuba bazuze ngokushesha nangenani elikhulu, okushintsha ibhalansi yemvelo yemvelo.
Ngeshwa, njengoba iMvelo Iguqulwa ngendlela yokuthi indawo ezungezile ibe nomthelela omubi ngokuxhashazwa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo neyabantu, okubangela ukungcoliswa kwazo zombili izinsiza emazingeni ahlukene. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukuzinza nokusinda kwezinsiza zeplanethi kuya ngokuya kuba nzima, kanye nazo zonke izici ze-biotic kuhlanganisa nabantu.
Zombili izici ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic zihlala ziguqula imvelo. Izici ze-Abiotic zibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekuguqulweni kweNdalo, lapho izikhathi zeqhwa zenzeke, okwenzeka ngenxa yokushisa okuphezulu nokudala izindawo ezintsha, imizimba yamanzi njengamachibi amasha, imifula kanye nokuvela kwezintaba, izigodi, ama-savannah kanye namachibi amasha. abanye, ngokwemvelo nangezinqubo ezihamba kancane.
Njengoba nje imvelo ishintsha kancane. Kodwa-ke, kunezimo zemvelo ezisebenza njengezisusa futhi ziguqule imvelo ngokuzumayo, lapho ukuzamazama komhlaba, iziphepho, ama-tsunami, noma ezinye zenzeka, ezigcina zenzeka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isici se-biotic esinjengabantu, sinamandla Okuguqula Imvelo ngendlela eqhubekayo nesheshayo ukuze yenze amaphrojekthi ayo futhi iguqule isimo semvelo sendawo yasemadolobheni. Ezinye izibonelo.
- Imizana namadolobhana
- amadolobhana amancane
- Amadolobha amakhulu afana neParis, New York, Tokyo, amadolobha lapho indawo yemvelo iguqulwe ngokuphelele
- Ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo zokuphehla ugesi, izindawo ezihluza uwoyela, izizinda eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, izigayo zomoya, izikhungo zokuphehla amandla enuzi nokunye
- Amadamu noma amadamu
- izindawo zezimboni nezimboni
- Vula imigodi yezimayini, okubangela ukugawulwa kwamahlathi nezihlahla, ukucekelwa phansi kwemifula, inhlabathi, izindawo
- Ukwakhiwa kwamabhuloho, imigwaqo emikhulu, imigwaqo, neminye imizila yokuxhumana
- Amanethiwekhi ezokuxhumana, kusukela ngocingo kuya ku-inthanethi nokunye ukuthuthukiswa
- Ingaphezulu lezolimo, imfuyo, amahlathi, ukulima emadolobheni
- ukuhamba kwezindiza zezindiza
- Uxhaxha lwemikhumbi olwandle nezilwandle
- Iziqhingi zokufakelwa
- Kwenziwa kanjani lokhu kuGuqulwa Kwemvelo?
Umuntu waqala inqubo yakhe yoKuguquguquka Kwemvelo ngokuyeka ukuba uzulane futhi ezinza ezindaweni, eshintsha indlela yakhe yokuzihlinzeka ngokudla kuphela ngokuzingela izilwane ezinkulu nokudoba, ehlanganisa ukutshalwa kwezitshalo ukudla kwakhe. Ngenxa yalokhu, kwadingeka ahlale isikhathi eside endaweni ukuze avune izithelo, lapha kuqala ukuhlukaniswa kwemisebenzi phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane. Indoda izinikele ekuzingeleni kanti owesifazane uzinikele kwezolimo nokunakekela izingane.
Indawo iqala ukushintsha ukusungula izindawo zokutshala nokuzivikela, baqala ukwakha izindlu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izindlu namafektri ahlanganiswa futhi kwakhiwa idolobha, nezindlu ezithile nezakhiwo ezincane kanye nemizila yokuxhumana. Njengoba inabantu abaningi futhi kwakhiwa nemithombo yomsebenzi, iyashintsha isuka endaweni yasemakhaya, ize ibe indawo yasemadolobheni.
Lokhu Kuguquguquka Kwemvelo, kwashintsha indawo yemvelo, kwaba indawo yasemakhaya, kwaze kwafinyelela endaweni yedolobha ukusuka esikalini kuya emadolobheni amakhulu, ngenxa yalesi sizathu, indawo eyayiyindawo yemvelo ngaphambili, abantu bashintsha besuka endaweni egcwele umhlaba. izakhi nezakhiwo zabantu ngokugcwele, njengezakhiwo ezinkulu kanye nemisebenzi yengqalasizinda yezinsiza zasemadolobheni.
Ukushintshela emvelweni, kuqala ngokuqedwa kwezinto zemvelo, njengezimila, indawo, ukuphambukisa kwemifula, ukuguqulwa kwenhlabathi. Lapho indawo isilungisiwe, ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kuqala ukuze kuzuze, futhi ngale ndlela isimo semvelo semvelo siyashintsha endaweni eyenziwe ngabantu.
Isibonelo Sokuguqulwa Kwemvelo
Ekunqotshweni kwezwekazi laseMelika, umehluko phakathi kwemibuso yaseSpain, isiPutukezi kanye nesiNgisi ibonakala ezindaweni lapho yasungulwa khona. Kungabonakala ekukhuleni kwamadolobha emadolobheni aseColombia, akhule ngaphandle kokulandela inqubo yentuthuko ehleliwe futhi okwamanje ebangela imithelela emikhulu yemvelo njengokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Lokhu mhlawumbe kungenxa yokuthi umbuso waseSpain wawungumbuso wasemadolobheni, owasungula amadolobha lapho wathola khona izinsiza, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi izimayini noma ezolimo, okwabe sekuxhunywa namachweba.
Ngokubheka ngobuqotho le ndlela yokudala amadolobha abantu baseSpain, kungenzeka ukugqamisa umehluko phakathi komsebenzi wamaSpanishi ngokuphathelene nomsebenzi owenziwa amaPutukezi. AmaPutukezi asungula izwe elinomthombo wawo omkhulu wezinsiza ongasogwini, futhi esikhundleni salokho abaseSpain babephethe ukuhlaziya izinsiza ezahlukene zezindawo bese besungula amadolobha.
Ngokwalesi simiso, idolobha ngalinye lalilawula indawo ethile futhi liphathwa ehholo ledolobha. Lena kwakuyiyona eyayibusa kuleyo ndawo imithombo yezimayini, amanzi, umhlaba, kanye nabasebenzi ababehlala kulezi zindawo. Ukuguqulwa okukhulu noma okuncane emadolobheni amakhulu kwakuncike engcebweni yemvelo etholakala ezindaweni ezinqotshiwe, futhi lezi zazilawulwa iziphathimandla zasemadolobheni.
Endabeni yaseColombia, abanqobi baseSpain bahlala ezindaweni eziningi zasemadolobheni lapho babebusa khona. Ngonyaka ka-1550, lezi zikhungo ezintsha zasemadolobheni zahlanganiswa futhi ngalolo suku kwase kunezikhungo zasemadolobheni ezihlanganisiwe ezingama-93. Yakhelwe emadolobheni, emadolobheni, ezifundeni nasemadolobheni endabuko.
Lezi zakhamuzi zokuqala zasemadolobheni zalelozwe, ezingama-28 zasungulwa endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha angaphezu kuka-2.000 ngaphezu kogu lolwandle; abantu abangu-24 endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-1.000 kuya ku-2.000, emithambekeni; kanye nezinye ezingama-41 ezindaweni eziphakeme ezingaphansi kwamamitha ayi-1.000 esifundeni sase-Tierra Caliente. Ngonyaka ka-1600 kwase kusungulwe amadolobha angaba ngu-150, anezakhiwo zamadolobha, amadolobhana nezigodi.
Indawo ibinamandla noma kancane kuye ngezinsiza enazo futhi beziphethe, ngenxa yalesi sizathu izindawo eziningi zokuhlaliswa kwabantu zathuthukiswa futhi zashintsha kuye ngesigqi lapho izinsiza ezaxhashazwa ngaso, njengoba kubonakala emadolobheni ezinsizakusebenza ezivela ezimayini, okuwumphumela wokuhlaliswa kwabantu. yakhula kuye ngokukhula kwengcebo yezimayini zabo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, lapho imithombo yeminikelo yabo yegolide isiphelile, amadolobha ayephelelwa amandla futhi kancane kancane ayeshiywa.
Ngekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili ijubane lokusungulwa kanye nesisekelo sezindawo ezintsha zokuhlaliswa kwabantu liphuthuma esigqini sokufuduka okuningi okuvela ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme kuya emithambekeni, okwadala ukuhlaliswa kwabantu kusukela e-Antioquia, Santander, Boyacá kanye nokunye okwakuhlala ezindaweni ezihlala ezindaweni eziphakeme. I-Caribbean.. Kusukela kulokhu kuhlanganiswa okusha kwamadolobha, kuvela lapho cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yomasipala bamanje baseColombia futhi, ukuguqulwa kwendawo yemvelo ibe indawo yokwenziwa elawulwa amadolobha ayimithambeka, aqala ukukhula ekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalombili. ngekhulu XIX.
Iningi lalezi zindawo zokuhlala lihlanganiswe emithambekeni yezintaba. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo ezisetshenziswa endaweni epholile futhi efudumele eshisayo futhi, ngenxa yokudalwa kohwebo ngemikhiqizo yokuthekelisa. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindawo zokuhlala zasungulwa emithambekeni yase-Andean etholakala ngaseLlanos nasezindaweni eziseduze nomfula iMagdalena.
Kulezi zindawo eziphansi ngokomlando, ama-hacienda asungulwa uhlobo olukhona lomnotho lokuxhashazwa kwezinkomo. Ngokuhlala kwedolobha elincane lamadolobha okuphatha angawodwa, angazange avumele inethiwekhi yasemadolobheni edidiyelwe, okuholela ebuthakathakeni obukhulu bomphakathi. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngesikhathi sekoloni izindawo zokuhlala zazigxile emathafeni nasezigodini zoMfula iMagdalena, zishiya izikhala ezinkulu zemithambeka yase-Andean, izindawo ezimaphakathi, ngaphandle kokungenelela, ngenxa yokuthi kwakunezikhala ezinkulu ezinamahlathi ukuguqulwa kwazo kusho umsebenzi. , ayeyindlala ngaleso sikhathi.
Ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zeMvelo kwenziwa ukuze kusungulwe ukulima kwamanye amazwe, i-quinas, amahlathi ayo asezintabeni, nokukhiqizwa kwamasimu ekhofi, okusho ukuthi le mikhiqizo iyona eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa umsebenzi, ukwandisa ezolimo. umngcele wezintaba. . Amasimu ekhofi okuqala eCundinamarca asungulwa eduze kwaseLa Mesa naseViotá ngo-1867. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe la masimu ekhofi, ukugawulwa kwamahlathi kwaqala futhi ukhuni olukhishiwe lwasetshenziswa ukwakha idolobha laseBogotá.
Ngokusobala, ziyintuthuko yezolimo ezimele ezindaweni eziphakeme nasezindaweni eziphansi, kodwa empeleni ziyaphelelisana, ngenxa yokuthi imijikelezo yazo yezitshalo zihlukile, zisebenzisa amathuluzi okulima ahlukahlukene kanye nemikhiqizo ehlukene. Masonto onke imakethe eyayibanjelwe eLa Mesa, kumasipala waseCundinamarca, yayiyindawo yokushintshisana ngemikhiqizo yawo womabili amasimu alinywa ezintabeni eziphakeme nasezindaweni eziphansi.
Ukuguqulwa Kwemvelo YaseColombia kwaba umphumela wokuthuthukiswa kokutshalwa kwekhofi okwashintsha amathambeka ase-Andean futhi ngalolu shintsho ukuvela kwezolimo ezintsha. Ngo-1851, utshani be-Pará bethulwa ukutshalwa kwefolishi kanye nokusetshenziswa kocingo oluhlabayo kusukela ngo-1870, kwasiza ukukhetha izinhlobo zezinkomo nokuthuthela ekulimeni okujulile. Umzila osuka emfuyweni omkhulu wezinkomo uye ekufuyweni kwezinkomo obanzi washintsha indawo emathafeni aseCaribbean, leyo yezigodi eziphakathi kwe-Andean kanye ne-Orinoquia. Kubhekwe umthelela omkhulu emvelweni eColombia yesimanje.
Ngale ndlela, ekupheleni kwekhulu le-XNUMX, kwavela ukulima okusha, okunamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza, okuvela ezindaweni eziphansi ngokufakwa kwezitshalo ezintsha eziqinile, ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwemishini yezolimo, umanyolo kanye namanye amakhemikhali e-agrochemicals, kanye nesimanjemanje. yemigwaqo kanye nezinto zokuhamba; ngokunjalo, izindawo eziphansi zaguqulwa ngokufakwa kokufuywa kakhulu.
Lokhu kuguqulwa kwezindawo ezinkulu zezindawo zemvelo kwaphumela ekwandeni okukhulu kwenani labantu bayo, kubhalisa ukuthi ngonyaka ka-1905, iColombia yayinezakhamuzi ezingaba yizigidi ezine, inani labantu elicishe lifane nalelo ekuqaleni kokunqotshwa kweSpain. Futhi namuhla inani labantu bakhona lakhula futhi lilingana nezakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-4.
Lokhu kweqa okukhulu kokuminyana kwabantu kungabonakala edolobheni laseBogotá elisemadolobheni amakhulu, inhloko-dolobha yeRiphabhulikhi yaseColombia, elalingakaze libe nezakhamuzi ezingu-100.000 8 ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-12 lamuva futhi namuhla abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-80 bahlala lapho. Uma kuqhathaniswa nokwanda kwenani labantu kulo lonke izwe, elakhula izikhathi ezingu-XNUMX ekhulwini leminyaka, inhloko-dolobha yalo yaba nokwanda kwabantu izikhathi ezingu-XNUMX. Uguquko olusuka ezweni elisemaphandleni luye kwelasemadolobheni ngokufanelekile lwenzeka ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwemvelo yemvelo yalelo zwe, ngezindleko eziphakeme kakhulu zemvelo.
Ngiyakumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokwazi izimangaliso zendalo nokuthi ungayinakekela kanjani, ngokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe okulandelayo: