Iplanethi ibhekene nenkinga yangempela yokungcoliswa kwamanzi, okuye kwavusa ukukhathazeka okukhulu kanye nesidingo sokufuna izixazululo, njengoba iplanethi ine-1% kuphela yamanzi afanelekile ukusetshenziswa futhi kancane kancane singcolisa yonke iplanethi. Lapha sethula izimbangela, imiphumela kanye nezisombululo ezingaba khona, okuhlanganisa nokuhlukaniswa Kwamanzi Ayizinsalela, ukuze kube nokwelashwa okuphelele. Jabula, funda futhi uthathe isinyathelo!
Ukwahlukaniswa Kwamanzi Angcolile
Ukuhlelwa Kwamanzi Angcolile kuwumkhuba osewamukelwa iminyaka ethile ukuze kwakhiwe izindlela zokwelapha ukuze kumiswe noma kubuyiselwe umonakalo endaweni. Ukuhlukaniswa kwabo kuzoncika ngokuqondile enanini lezinto ezinobuthi eziqukethwe, kuphinde kube nomthelela ekutheni udaba luyachithwa noma lumisiwe futhi ngokunengqondo umsuka walo.
Umehluko phakathi kwendle namanzi ayizinsalela kufanele ucatshangelwe, njengoba eyokuqala iphuma ekusetshenzisweni kwasekhaya kanti okwesibili ingxube yamanzi ezimbonini nasekhaya. Kodwa ngale kwalokhu, amanzi angcolile angaba ngewasekhaya, izimboni kanye nedolobha.
Amanzi asele
Amanzi ayizinsalela yilawo alahlekelwa yimpahla yawo ngenxa yomphumela wezinto ezingcolisa umoya, ezingaba ngemvelaphi yemvelo noma zenziwe futhi ziguqulwe umsebenzi womuntu ongenanembeza. Lokhu kuye kwaba nomthelela omubi futhi wathinta ngokuqondile ama-aquifers, izilwandle, imifula namachibi angakwazi ukumunca futhi anciphise lo mthwalo ongcolile, okubangela ukungalingani kwangempela kwemvelo, ngakho-ke ayayeka ukuba umthombo wokuhlinzeka.
Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, kubalulekile ukwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwamanzi angcolile avela emisebenzini yasekhaya, ebizwa nangokuthi indle, ephakelwayo noma i-fecal, kanye nalawo akhiqizwa izimboni ezinobuthi obuyingozi kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, isidingo sokusungula izindlela zokwelashwa kwayo eziqinisekisa ukusebenziseka kwayo okulandelayo noma ukubuya ngendlela engelaphekile nengenabungozi emthonjeni wayo wokwamukela wemvelo.
Izici zamanzi angcolile
Amanzi angcolile aveza izinto ezifundeni ezahlukene ezingancibilika, zimiswe okwesikhashana noma ziqine futhi zibe ne-colloidal, okungukuthi, ezakhiwe izigaba ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Lawa manzi anombala okhethekile, iphunga, izinga lokushisa, i-turbidity kanye nezimo zokuminyana okuzoncika ekutheni zingakanani izinto eziphilayo ezitholakala emanzini ezidala ukulahleka komoya-mpilo.
Phakathi kwalezi zinto eziphilayo kukhona izinhlanganisela eziyinhloko njenge-hydrogen, i-carbon, i-nitrogen, isulfure nomoya-mpilo. Izinsalela zezilwane nemifino, uwoyela njengemfucuza yasezimbonini noma yasekhaya kanye nezinto eziwuketshezi kumele zicatshangelwe. Ngokufanayo, kukhona ama-biological agents athinta kabi umzimba wamanzi, phakathi kwawo kukhona isikhunta namagciwane avumela ukubola.
Umsuka Wamanzi Angcolile
Umuntu ubelokhu engcolisa amanzi ngendlela eyeqisayo ekuthuthukiseni imisebenzi yakhe yansuku zonke. Ukucekelwa phansi kwemithombo yamanzi kungasuka emithonjeni eyahlukene efana nale: izimboni, ezifuywayo, ezokuzijabulisa, ezolimo kanye nemfuyo. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukwazi inani kanye nohlobo lwezinto zamakhemikhali kanye ne-bacteriological ezingase zibe nazo ngokusho kwemvelaphi yazo. Indlela ngayinye amanzi angcolile aqala ngayo ichazwe ngezansi.
Amanzi Angcolile Asekhaya
Amanzi angcolile asekhaya awumkhiqizo womsebenzi wansuku zonke kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali nama-organic agents agcina ecekela phansi amanzi amaningi. Lokhu kungenxa yokusetshenziswa kwensipho, okokuhlanza, amafutha, amafutha, izinsalela zendle nomchamo, phakathi kokunye. Lokhu kugcina kubhidlize imvelaphi yamanzi, iwaguqule abe yinqwaba yamanzi angeke aphinde asetshenziswe. Lawa manzi ahlukaniswe amaqoqo amabili amakhulu, amanzi amnyama namanzi ampunga.
Amanzi amnyama: Lawa manzi yilawo asuka kumaminerali noma izinto eziphilayo. Uma kukhulunywa ngemvelaphi yamaminerali, isho inani le-sedimentation engaqukatha njengoba ivela emithonjeni engaphansi komhlaba. Endabeni yokungcoliswa kwemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo, yilapho amanzi enama-microorganisms adla izinto eziphilayo ezifile, ezibola izimiso zangempela zalesi sici, ababhekene ngqo nephunga elibi nokubukeka.
Amanzi ampunga: Ziwuhlobo lwamanzi olungaqukethe imfucumfucu. Basuka emisebenzini yasekhaya efana nokuwasha, ukukhuhla i-slab, ukugeza, ukugeza izandla. Ngokuvamile aqukethe amafutha amancane noma amafutha, ngakho angasetshenziswa kabusha, ikakhulukazi ekuniseleni, ngendlela yemvelo.
Amanzi Angcolile Asemadolobheni
Lawa isethi ebumbene yawo wonke amanzi aqhamuka emadolobheni, ezindaweni zokuhlala, ezindlini zezentengiselwano nezokungcebeleka, ahlangana ohlelweni olulodwa lokukhucululwa kwendle. Kuwo, amanzi amnyama nampunga ahlangana ndawonye, agcina eseyi-agent enkulu engcolisayo.
I-Industrial Wastewater
Zisuka emisebenzini yezimboni, lapho amanzi edingeka khona ngenqubo, ukuguqulwa nokukhiqiza kanye nokuphatha umkhiqizo noma isevisi ethile. Nokho, esinyathelweni ngasinye salezi zinyathelo amanani ama-ejenti amakhemikhali, izinsimbi ezisindayo nezinto eziphilayo ziyengezwa, lesi sici sokugcina yisona esibaluleke kakhulu. La manzi angahlukaniswa ngokwehlukana kwawo.
Endabeni yokukhishwa kohlobo lwe-organic, amanzi anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwezinto eziphilayo anento emisiwe ne-decantable iyalahlwa. Kuyo kunemboni lapho kwenziwa khona imihlatshelo yezilwane, izimboni zesikhumba, izimboni zobisi, ukulungiswa kwemikhiqizo yokudla, insipho, iziphuzo, imboni yephepha, phakathi kwezinye eziningi.
Izimboni ezikhipha izinto eziphilayo nezingaphili yilezo ezikwazi ukukhipha izinto ze-colloidal, okungukuthi, lezo ezinamafutha amaningi, i-ammonia, ama-sulfide, nama-phenols. Lezi zimboni ikakhulukazi ezohlobo lwe-petrochemical, zokucwenga nezindwangu.
Imithambeka yohlobo lwe-inorganic, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe izinsimbi eziningi ezisindayo, insimbi, amafutha, uwoyela, i-cyanide, i-tars, i-phenols, ukubala okumbalwa. Lokhu kukhiqizwa ezimbonini ezisebenza ngokuhlanza insimbi nemikhiqizo yokumboza, izimayini nezimayini zikasawoti.
Kodwa-ke, izimboni ezikhiqiza ukukhishwa ngezinto ezimisiwe yilezo ezisebenzisa inani elikhulu lemikhiqizo enobuthi obuphezulu, uwoyela, ama-greases kanye ne-sedimentables. Kuhlanganisa imisebenzi efana nokugeza amaminerali, ukupholisha imabula, ukugoqa okushisayo, ukusakaza okuqhubekayo, phakathi kokunye.
Okokugcina, kunezimboni ezikhiqiza isiphethu esinezici zohlobo lwesiqandisi, lapho kutholakala khona ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwe-asidi, i-selenium, i-arsenic, i-mercury kanye nezinto eziqinile ezihlala kahle. Zisetshenziswa kakhulu izitshalo zamandla ezishisayo nezenuzi.
Amanzi Angcolile Ezokulima Nemfuyo
Lawa manzi anenani eliphezulu lezibulala-zinambuzane, izinto eziqinile ezimisiwe kanye nosawoti ogcina ucekela phansi i-substrate. Zivela ezinhlelweni zokunisela ezinkulu zezandiso ezibanzi zezitshalo. Ngokunjalo, ukufuywa kwemfuyo kuyisici esibalulekile ekungcolisweni kwamanzi yindle yezilwane kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukukhula kwawo ngokushesha.
amanzi emvula
Ukudlula kwamanzi emvula, ngokuvamile kudonsa amanani okungcola angaphezulu kakhulu futhi kwezinye izimo kubangele ukuchichima kwamapayipi endle adala isiphithiphithi.
Izinto Ezingcolisayo Emanzini Angcolile
Amanzi angcolile anama-ejenti angcolile ahlukene, ashintsha ingqikithi yawo ngenxa yezinguquko ezikhiqizwa isenzo samakhemikhali kanye nokuba khona kwamagciwane. Lokhu kubola kuqala lapho amanzi eba namafu, eshintsha ukubukeka kwawo kanye nephunga, aqala ngokushesha ukukhiqiza nokukhulula amagesi, enza i-asidi futhi ikhuphule izinga lokushisa. Konke lokhu kungenxa yesenzo esinobuthi sezinhlanganisela zemvelaphi yamaminerali kanye ne-organic.
Lokhu kudala amathuba okutheleleka, ngoba kusiza ukuzala nokudluliswa kwezifo, noma ngokusetshenziswa, ukuchelela izitshalo zokudla nokudla okuvela olwandle (lapho ukuphuma kubheke olwandle). Umzimba wamanzi angcolile uphazamisa ukubukeka kwezwe, ubangela iphunga elibi, ushintsha umbala wawo, ube ne-asidi futhi ukhiqize amagesi, kanye nokuvumela ukwanda kochungechunge lwezinambuzane eziyingozi empilweni.
Amanzi angcolile angumthombo wezifo njengoba aqukethe inqwaba yezibulala-zinambuzane, amakhemikhali anobuthi kakhulu, imfucumfucu yezokwelapha, nendle, edala izinkinga zemvelo kanye nezingozi ezinkulu zempilo. Lokhu kukwazile ukungcolisa hhayi kuphela imithombo yokuphakelwa kwamanzi kodwa futhi kuphazamise namanzi angaphansi komhlaba.
Izitshalo Zokwelapha Amanzi Ahlukene Asele
Amanzi angcolile ayisisetshenziswa esingcolisa kakhulu esicekela phansi imvelo yonke, esiza ukucekela phansi i-substrate, abangele imvula ene-asidi, abangele izifo, ukubala ezimbalwa. Kodwa-ke, ukugezwa kwalawa manzi kudingekile nsuku zonke ngoba ngale ndlela indawo ezungezile nempilo yomphakathi kuthuthukiswa ngokuphawulekayo futhi aphinde asetshenziswe ukuze kuzuze ezinye izindlela.
Ngenxa yalezi zizathu kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa izinhlelo ezivumela amanzi ukuthi aphinde athululwe emiseleni yawo yemvelo noma aphinde asetshenziswe kabusha. Kulokhu, kunezinqubo ezihlukahlukene ezisiza ukususa izinto ezingcolisayo nama-agent emanzini.
Ukuqala inqubo yokubuyisela amanzi, okokuqala kudingekile ukuba udlule ukwelashwa kokuqala njengegridi, esetshenziselwa ukugcina noma yiluphi uhlobo lukadoti njengezinto eziqinile. Kamuva, idluliswa ngesisefo, esivumela ukuthi kuqoqwe inani elikhulu lezinto eziqinile, bese amanzi edlula ezihlungini ezincane, ezimisa izinhlayiya ezincane futhi ekugcineni izicupho zegrit ezigcina zikhiphe noma iyiphi ingxenyana yomhlaba, isihlabathi noma enye. inhlabathi.
Ngemva kwalokhu kwelashwa, uhlelo olufanele kakhulu lutholakala ukuze kuqedelwe ukuthuthwa kwendle emanzini. Injalo indaba yokwelapha okuyinhloko, lapho izinto ezingase zehliselwe phansi zisuswa ngezinqubo zamakhemikhali aphathekayo. Ukwelashwa kwesibili kusebenzisa izinqubo zebhayoloji-amakhemikhali ezisusa lokho ukuthungwa kwenhlabathi okuhlulekile ukukwenza.
Izitshalo zokwelapha ezisezingeni eliphakeme zisebenzisa izinqubo zamakhemikhali aphathekayo ukuze zisuse ukungcola emanzini njenge-nitrogen, i-phosphorus, izinsimbi ezisindayo, izinhlanganisela eziphilayo, amaminerali kanye namagciwane athile.
Indlela Yokunciphisa Amanzi Angcolile
Ukuba amanzi kungenye yezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu empilweni, kufanele senze izenzo ezivela kumuntu ngamunye ezingasiza ekunciphiseni amazinga okungcoliswa koketshezi olubalulekile. Ngalokhu, kuyatuseka ukufunda indlela yokulahla imfucuza, ugweme ukuphonsa imikhiqizo engaboli phansi emseleni, njengamafutha, amapende, ama-solvents, ammonia, phakathi kwabanye.
Funda ukonga amanzi, ukwamukela imikhuba yokusetshenziswa, ukuvala ompompi, ukuhlola iziqukathi, ukugeza amashawa amancane, ukunisela izitshalo ebusuku hhayi ngokweqile. Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye nemikhiqizo enobuthi obukhulu lapho wenza imisebenzi yokuhlanza nokuwasha. Uma kudingekile ukusebenzisa imikhiqizo yamakhemikhali, qiniseka ukuthi i-biodegradable.
Ngalezi zenzo ezincane kodwa ezinamandla, ungakwazi ukufaka isandla ekongiweni kwamanzi nakho konke ezikushoyo.
Amaqiniso Ajabulisayo Ngamanzi Angcolile
Iplanethi inamanzi angama-70% kuwo wonke umhlaba, lapho u-96,5% uhambisana namanzi anosawoti olwandle nolwandle futhi u-3,5% kuphela omusha, kuleli phesenti u-2,5 % utholakala eqhwa ezigxotsheni bese u-1% osele kuphela. kuhlanganisa amanzi alungele ukusetshenziswa. Amaphesenti angama-80 amanzi angcolile eplanethi akhishelwa endaweni engcolile. Ubuwazi yini ukuthi amanzi ancibilikisa izinto eziningi kunanoma yiluphi olunye uketshezi, kodwa awakwazi ukwehlisa isithunzi sezinto ezingcolisayo.
Minyaka yonke indle engaphezu kuka-450 cubic kilometers ijikijelwa olwandle. Izilwane zasemanzini ahlanzekile zishabalala ngokushesha okuphindwe kahlanu kunezilwane zasemhlabeni. Iziqiwi zamanzi angaphansi komhlaba zihlinzeka ngama-80% abantu bomhlaba kanti ama-4% alezi zindawo asengcole.
Uma ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlukaniswa kweWastewater, bukela ividiyo elandelayo:
Funda kabanzi mayelana neMvelo ngokulandela lezi zixhumanisi.
Imisebenzi Yokunakekela Imvelo
Ukubaluleka kwamanzi ezidalwa eziphilayo