Esinye sezihloko eziyinhloko zemvelo esiye sacwaningwa ngaso sonke isikhathi izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, lelo qoqo lezinhlobo zezilwane ezivela endaweni eyodwa ezisondelene kakhulu, lidala ukuthakasela okukhulu. Ngalesi sizathu, kulesi sihloko uzofunda konke mayelana nokuhlukaniswa Kwezinto Eziphilayo nokunye okuningi. Sikumema ukuthi uqhubeke ufunda.
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Uma kukhulunywa ngokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kungashiwo ukuthi kunenani elikhulu lemibono nezindlela zokuthi izidalwa eziphilayo ngasinye emhlabeni kufanele ziqoqwe kanjani nokuthi zisebudlelwaneni obuqhubekayo endaweni eyodwa, noma ziye zaba nazo. ukuhlobana okuthile ngesikhathi esikude. Abacwaningi abakhulu banikele izimpilo zabo ekuthuthukiseni inhlobonhlobo yezinto eziphathelene nalokhu, nakuba okwamanje nangezinhloso ezingokoqobo, zingahlukaniswa kanje:
Ukuhlukahluka Kwezofuzo
Lesi isigaba sokuqala esingenziwa, esihlanganisa zonke izidalwa eziphilayo eMhlabeni ezixhunywe kuzo zonke ezinye ngenxa yofuzo lwazo. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi lapho kujula ukuxhumana phakathi kwezidalwa ezimbili, ulwazi oluthe xaxa lwezakhi zofuzo ezizokwabelana ngazo kanye nokufana kwazo zizovela. Izihlobo eziseduze zento ephilayo zingamalunga ohlobo lwazo noma izinto eziphilayo ezinamandla okukhwelana nazo futhi ziveze inzalo.
Amalungu ohlobo oluthile abelana ngezakhi zofuzo, izingcezu zolwazi lwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo ezinquma, ngokwengxenye, ukubukeka, ukuziphatha, neminyaka yokuphila kwezilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, ingwejeje empunga esempumalanga yabelana ngobuningi bezakhi zofuzo nezinye izingwejeje zaseMpumalanga ezimpunga, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi zihlala endaweni efanayo noma ziqhelelene ngezinkulungwane zamakhilomitha. Amalungu ohlobo oluthile futhi abelana ngokuziphatha okuyinkimbinkimbi kokukhwelana okubavumela ukuthi babonane njengabangase bashade.
Cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane, uhlobo olufanayo futhi oluhlobene eduze lukhona endaweni yokuhlala eseduze. Izingwejejejejejejejejela ezimpunga zaseNtshonalanga, kunezingwejeje ezimpunga zasempumalanga, zitholakala entshonalanga yezintaba zaseRocky. Nakuba izingwejejejejejejejejejejejejejethi ezimpunga zasentshonalanga zifana kakhulu kunokuhluka kozakwabo basempumalanga, lezi zilwane azihlanganyeli ngendlela evamile yokukhwelana nezingwejeje zaseMpumalanga ezimpunga. Ngisho nalapho zisondelana, izingwejejejejejejejejejejejejejejejejejela lasempumalanga nasentshonalanga azihlangani, okuzenza izinhlobo ezimbili ezihlukene.
Uhlobo ngalunye luphinde lube nezinye izinhlobo ezikude kakhulu olwabelana ngazo nesethi evamile yezici. Izingwejeje ezimpunga, ama-chipmunk, ama-groundhogs, nezinja zase-prairie zonke zingamalungu omndeni owodwa, njengoba zihlanganyela izici eziningana, njengenombolo nokuma kwamazinyo kanye nemininingwane ye-anatomy yogebhezi nemisipha. Umuntu angaze athi ahlobene neqembu elikude kakhulu elihlanganyela ngokuqhubekayo amazinyo e-incisor anjenge-chisel.
Nokho, ekugcineni zonke ziwela esigabeni esifanayo, okungukuthi, ezezilwane ezincelisayo. Zinoboya, zincelisa amazinyane azo ngamabele azo futhi zinamathambo amathathu phakathi kwendlebe ephakathi. Ngokulandelayo, zihlobene kakhulu nezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla. Zonke lezi zinto eziphilayo ziyizilwane, kodwa zihlanganyela isakhiwo seseli evamile nezitshalo, isikhunta, namanye amagciwane. Phela, zonke izinto eziphilayo zine-molecule eyodwa, i-ribonucleic acid (RNA), futhi eziningi zine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Okokugcina, iphuzu elibaluleke kakhulu elihlobene nalolu hlobo lokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kufanele ligqanyiswe, nokuthi nakuba zonke izinhlobo zezilwane zivela kukhokho oyedwa, kungaphawulwa ukuthi lezi zinhlobo zikhiqiza inani elikhulu lomehluko nezimfanelo. iminyaka lapho zihlala khona emhlabeni, umphumela wokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke le nqubo izogcina ingagcini nje ngokudala inzuzo yezinhlobo ngokwazo, kodwa futhi kuzo zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo jikelele.
Ukuhlukahluka ngokwezinhlobo zezilwane
Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusekelwe ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo endaweni noma esifundeni. Izinhlobo zezilwane zingamayunithi ayisisekelo okuhlukaniswa kwebhayoloji ngakho-ke ziyisilinganiso esivamile sokuhlukahluka kwebhayoloji. Ukunotha kwezinhlobo yigama elisetshenziswa ukuchaza inani lezinhlobo ezahlukene endaweni ethile. Ingqikithi yomhlaba ilinganiselwa ezigidini ezinhlanu kuya kweziyishumi zezilwane, nakuba ziyizigidi ezingu-10 kuphela eziye zaqanjwa ngokwesayensi kuze kube manje.
Ezinye zezindawo lapho zibonwa khona, njengamahlathi emvula ashisayo noma izixhobo zamakhorali olwandle, yizindawo lapho kunokuhlukahluka okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Inani elikhulu lezisekelo, izikhungo kanye nochwepheshe babonisa ukuthi ezwenikazi laseMelika kuphela kunezinhlobo zezitshalo ezicishe zibe izinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye ezikwazi ukukhiqiza izimbali. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, e-Asia kunezinkulungwane ezingamashumi amahlanu, e-Afrika kukhona izinkulungwane ezingamashumi amathathu futhi, ekugcineni, izwekazi elidala linezinhlobo eziyizinkulungwane eziyishumi zezitshalo kuphela.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwemvelo
Lesi sigaba sokugcina inethiwekhi eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlobo ezahlukene zemvelo yendawo kanye nokusebenzelana okunamandla phakathi kwazo. I-ecosystem iqukethe izinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo eziningi ezahlukene ezihlala ndawonye endaweni kanye nokuxhumana kwazo ngokushintshisana kwamandla, imisoco, kanye nodaba. Lokhu kuxhumana kwenzeka lapho izinto eziphilayo zezinhlobo ezahlukene zixhumana zodwa. Umthombo oyinhloko wamandla cishe kuzo zonke izimiso zemvelo yilanga. Iguqula izitshalo zibe amandla amakhemikhali zibe amandla akhazimulayo elanga.
La mandla ageleza ezinhlelweni lapho izilwane zidla izitshalo futhi, ngokulandelayo, zidla ezinye izilwane. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlobo zesikhunta zithola ukudla kwazo, ngenxa yokuwohloka ngokomzimba kwezinye izinto eziphilayo okushiya umsoco eziwudingayo emhlabathini. Ngakho, i-ecosystem iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo (ama-microbe, izitshalo, izilwane, nesikhunta) kanye nezingxenye ezingaphili (isimo sezulu namakhemikhali) ezixhunywe ukuhamba kwamandla. Ukulinganisa ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kunzima ngoba i-ecosystem ngayinye yomhlaba ihlangana ne-ecosystem ezungezile.
Iyini I-Biodiversity?
Ngemuva kokwazi ukuhlukaniswa, kuhle futhi ukuchaza ukuthi lesi sihloko siqukethe ini. Empeleni, ingachazwa njengesamba sazo zonke izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane, izitshalo, isikhunta kanye nezilwanyana ezincane eziphilayo ezihlala eMhlabeni kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezindawo ezihlala kuzo. Ososayensi balinganisela ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kwezigidi eziyi-10 zezinto eziphilayo ezihlala eMhlabeni. Izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ziyisisekelo sayo yonke into kusukela ekukhiqizweni kokudla kuya ocwaningweni lwezokwelapha. Abantu basebenzisa okungenani izinhlobo ezingu-40.000 zezitshalo nezilwane nsuku zonke.
Abantu abaningi emhlabeni wonke basathembele ezinsizeni ezitholakala endle ukuze bathole okunye noma konke ukudla kwabo, indawo yokuhlala nezingubo. Zonke izitshalo zethu nezilwane ezifuywayo zivela ezinhlotsheni zasendulo ezihlala emvelweni. Ukwengeza, cishe amaphesenti angu-40 emithi noma izidakamizwa ezisetshenziswa eNyakatho Melika zisekelwe noma zahlanganiswa kusukela kumakhemikhali emvelo atholakala ezitshalweni, ezilwaneni, noma ezilwanyaneni ezincane.
Iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo ezitholakala endaweni ethile lihlanganiswe nezici ezingokwenyama nezemvelo ezizithintayo i-ecosystem. Konke okunempilo kubalulekile njengoba kugcina isimiso samakhemikhali nesimo sezulu esinikeza umoya, amanzi, nomoya-mpilo omningi. Ngokwesibonelo, amahlathi alawula inani lesikhutha, akhiqize umoya-mpilo njengomphumela we-photosynthesis, futhi alawula imvula nokuguguleka kwenhlabathi. Kungashiwo futhi ukuthi zincike empilweni eqhubekayo kanye nobungqabavu bezinto eziphilayo ezizihlanganisayo. Uma umuntu oyedwa esuswa kule ndawo, ngeke alinganisele yonke imvelo ehlukahlukene.
Kodwa-ke, inani eliphakeme lezinga lezinto eziphilayo ezinhlobonhlobo lingase lingaziwa. Ososayensi bathole futhi baqamba izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo eziyizigidi ezingu-1,75 kuphela, ngaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-20 alezo okucatshangwa ukuthi zikhona. Kulabo abahlonziwe, yingxenyana kuphela eyahlolelwa inani lazo lezokwelapha, lezolimo, noma lezimboni. Izinhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo eMhlabeni zishabalala ngokushesha, ngisho nangaphambi kokuba sazi ukuthi yini engekho.
Iningi lezazi zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo liyavuma ukuthi ukuphila eMhlabeni manje kubhekene nokushabalala okubi kakhulu kusukela kwenzeka lesi sigameko esibangele ukushabalala kwama-dinosaurs. Izinhlobo zezitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta kanye nezilwanyana ezincane ezinjengamagciwane zilahleka ngesivinini esishaqisayo. Ngenxa yalokhu, ososayensi emhlabeni wonke bagxila ocwaningweni lwabo ekuhloleni izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ukuze bakuqonde kangcono, behlise izinga lokulahlekelwa, futhi bathuthukise ukuguquguquka kwemvelo.
Izinzuzo
Kungaqondwa ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kudlala indima ebalulekile endleleni yonke i-ecosystem ephathwa ngayo nokuthi yiziphi izinzuzo ezinikezayo. Amaphuzu alandelayo angezinye zezinzuzo zezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Kuyo ungathola ukudla, amanzi okuphuza, kanye nezinkuni, amaminerali kanye nemithombo yofuzo. Ukulawulwa kwesimo sezulu, izikhukhula, izifo, izinga lamanzi kanye nempova. Izinzuzo zamasiko njengokuzijabulisa, ubuhle kanye nezomoya. Nokwesekwa ekwakhiweni kwenhlabathi kanye nokuhamba ngamabhayisikili okunomsoco.
Izivumelwano Zezinto Ezihlukahlukene
Ukukhathazeka ngokucekelwa phansi kwemvelo kuholele ekusayinweni kwezivumelwano ezahlukene zezwe nezamazwe ngamazwe. Ngo-1972, ohulumeni emhlabeni wonke e-UN basayina uchungechunge lwezivumelwano zesifunda nezamazwe ngamazwe ukuze kubhekwane nezindaba ezithile, njengokuvikelwa kwamaxhaphozi kanye nokulawulwa kokuhwebelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngezilwane ezisengozini yokushabalala. Lezi zivumelwano, kanye nokulawulwa kwamakhemikhali anobuthi nokungcola, kuye kwasiza ekunqandeni leli gagasi lokucekela phansi, kodwa azizange zikuhlehlise.
Isivumelwano samazwe ngamazwe esaziwa ngokuthi i-CITES saqala ukusebenza ngo-1975 ukuze senze ukusatshalaliswa nokudayiswa kwazo zonke izinto eziphilayo ezisengozini yangempela kube ngokungekho emthethweni. Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambili umthetho ofanayo wawuqale ukusetshenziswa e-United States. Ngo-1987, iKhomishana yaseBrundtland yaphetha ngokuthi ukuthuthukiswa komnotho kumele kungacekeli phansi imvelo. Ngemva kweminyaka, ingqungquthela ye-UN mayelana nalezi zinkinga yahlangana eBrazil, futhi kwasungulwa i-Convention on Biological Diversity, enezinjongo ezilandelayo:
- Ukulondolozwa kwazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo ezixhumene endaweni.
- Ukusetshenziswa okunengqondo kwanoma iyiphi into kulesi sigaba.
- Ukusatshalaliswa kwezinzuzo zezohwebo nezinye zemithombo yofuzo ngendlela elinganayo.
Umthelela Womuntu
Izazi eziningi zezinto eziphilayo ziyakwamukela ukulinganisa kuka-Edward O. Wilson kwesazi sezinto eziphilayo saseMelika sokuthi uMhlaba ulahlekelwa yizinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingaba ngu-27.000 XNUMX ngonyaka. Ukulinganisa kwabo kusekelwe ikakhulukazi esilinganisweni sokunyamalala kwezimiso zemvelo, ikakhulukazi amahlathi asezindaweni ezishisayo nezindawo ezinotshani, nasolwazini lwethu ngezinhlobo eziphila kulezi zinhlelo. Lesi silinganiso esingavamile sokuqothulwa kwemvelo senzeke izikhathi ezinhlanu ngaphambili emlandweni woMhlaba.
Ukushabalala okukhulu esikhathini esidlule sokwakheka komhlaba kudalwe izinhlekelele ezibonakalayo, njengokuguquguquka kwesimo sezulu noma imithelela ye-meteorite, ecekele phansi futhi yashintsha imvelo yomhlaba. Ukushabalala kwesithupha kwanamuhla nakho kubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo, kodwa kulokhu amandla abhubhisayo akuyona indawo ezungezile, kodwa isintu. Ukuguqulwa komuntu ebusweni boMhlaba kusongela ukulimaza njenganoma yiziphi izinhlekelele ezingokomzimba zesikhathi esidlule.
Ukulondolozwa
Okokugcina, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi njengoba izinga nokubaluleka kokulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuqondwa kangcono, izinyathelo ezinhle zingathathwa ukuze kumiswe ukushabalala okukhulu. Kunezizwe eziningana ezishaye imithetho yokuvikela izilwane zasendle ezisengozini yokushabalala. Emashumini amathathu eminyaka adlule, kugxilwe ekulondolozeni uhlobo ngalunye kuya ekuvikeleni izindawo zokuhlala ezinkulu ezixhunywe amaphasishi avumela izilwane ukuba zihambe phakathi kwezindawo zokuhlala.
Ngokwesibonelo, enye yezinyathelo ezinkulu eziye zenza le mizamo yokulondoloza imvelo yaduma yileyo ehloselwe ukuhlenga isikhova sasePacific Northwest, esiye saba umzamo wokuvikela izindawo ezinkulu zokhuni oludala. Noma kunjalo, nakuba lezi zindlela zithembisa, imizamo yezemvelo ayisoze yaphumelela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma zinganakwa izidingo zezomnotho zendawo zabantu abahlala ezindaweni ezisongelwa noma eduze kwazo.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko mayelana nezinhlobo nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngezinye izihloko ezithakazelisayo, ungabheka izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: