La ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesikhunta kuyinto ehlukahlukene ngempela, njengezinhlobo zayo. Lona ngomunye wemibuso emihlanu ehluke kakhulu ngokwezimpawu zezinto eziphilayo zayo futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izala ngezindlela ezimbili ngezindlela ezihlukene zokwenza lokho, kulokhu okuthunyelwe kuzochazwa kancane ngokuthi isikhunta sikhiqizwa kanjani.
isikhunta umbuso
Isikhunta siyingxenye yesizinda se-Eukaryota kanye nombuso we-Fungi, owodwa kwemihlanu imibuso yezidalwa eziphilayo okuvame ukuphathwa ngesayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kunezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-100.000 eziye zabhalwa futhi zachazwa ngaphakathi kwalombuso, ngakho ukuhlukaniswa kwazo kuhlanganisa amazinga amaningana ohlelo lokuhlukanisa (i-taxonomy) lapho ososayensi abaningi bevumelene khona phakathi neminyaka.
Konke kuye kwaba ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, kuhlanganise nezifundo zebhayoloji, ngaphambi kokuba izinhlobo eziphilayo ziqoqwe emibusweni emithathu kuphela eyinhloko, umbuso wezilwane, umbuso wezitshalo kanye nombuso wamaminerali kanye nesikhunta zazihlobene nezitshalo (ngakho zangena embusweni wezitshalo), nokho kwaba kuboniswa ukuthi azinawo umsoco we-autotrophic kodwa kunalokho zidla izinto eziphilayo futhi ziguqule zibe amandla nemisoco ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila futhi zizalane.
Khona-ke zazihlobene nezilwane kodwa njengoba zazihlolisiswa kwaboniswa ukuthi zinezindonga zamangqamuzana ezakhiwe nge-chitin (lena into ababelana ngayo nezitshalo), izindonga zamangqamuzana zisebenza njengezingqimba ezimelana namandla emvelo kuya ezivezwa usuku by. ngosuku, kucatshangelwa ukuthi isikhunta singatholakala ezindaweni eziningi, ezinezimo ezihlukahlukene. Eqinisweni, kucatshangelwa indawo yabo ihlukaniswe yaba:
- isikhunta saprophytic: Lezi zingavela ezinsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo, empeleni zincike kuzo ukuze ziphile. Kungaba amaqabunga ezihlahla ezifile noma izitshalo, izidumbu zezilwane nabantu, indle futhi.
- I-Lichenized fungus: Zivela ku-symbiosis phakathi kwesikhunta kanye ne-algae, uhlobo lwemvubelo luwela ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba.
- I-Mycorrhizal fungus: Nalapha kukhiqizwa i-symbiosis kodwa ayihlanganisi ulwelwe kodwa ngezitshalo, lezi sikhunta ziyazuza kumaminerali namanzi ezimpandeni zezitshalo ezizalwa kuzo futhi zivela kuzo.
- Isikhunta esiyiParasitic: Izimuncagazi, ngokungafani nalezi zangaphambili, azinikezi izinzuzo ezidalwa ezenza ngazo i-symbiosis, empeleni ziyazilimaza nakuba zithembele kuzo. Lapha i-symbiosis ibonakala ngokuthi isikhunta siyi-parasite kanti enye into ephilayo ibamba.
Enye into ebahlukanisa nezitshalo ukuthi isikhunta sikhiqizwa kanjani, izitshalo zingaba ne-stomata, zikhiqize izimbali, zihlume imbewu, futhi ukusuka lapho zikhule ezengeziwe. Izilwane ziyazalana futhi ngezinye izikhathi zibe nokuzala okungajwayelekile (kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane), kuyilapho isikhunta sizala ngezinhlamvu ezingaphakathi kwe-sporangia, lezi zingakhiqizwa kukho kokubili ukukhiqizwa kobulili kanye nokuzala. Ezinye izitshalo namabhaktheriya akhiqiza ama-spores.
Nakuba umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo walo mbuso usufundwe kakhulu kunalowo weminye, umbuso we-Fungi awukhulumi kakhulu njengezilwane noma imibuso yezitshalo. I-Mycology isayensi enesibopho sokuzifunda futhi ithathwe njengenye yezinhlobonhlobo kakhulu futhi ngezifundo ezibanzi, lokhu kuhambisana nenani lezinhlobo zesikhunta ezitholakala ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho inezici eziningi ezithakazelisayo ezinhlobonhlobo eziningi kunalezo ezibonwa kweminye imibuso, isibonelo ukondla noma yini uhlobo lwesikhunta sokukhiqiza, Asebenza njengababolisi abakhulu bezinto ezifile zeminye imibuso futhi anokubaluleka okubalulekile kumjikelezo we-biogeochemical.
Azala kanjani amakhowe?
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwesikhunta kwenzeka ikakhulukazi ngezinhlamvu, izinhlamvu ziyizindikimba ezincane kakhulu ezakhiwe kusikhunta nge-mitosis futhi zingaba nezici zazo ngokuya ngesigaba sesikhunta ezenzeka kuso, ngaleyo ndlela kudale izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezinhlamvu:
- I-Ascospore: lezi yizo ezikhiqizwa ku-asci, okungaba isikhunta se-ascomycete
- basidiospore: lezi ziyi-basidia, okungaba isikhunta sekilasi le-basidiomycetes
- i-conidium: lezi yizinhlamvu ze-asexual ezikhiqizwa kakhulu ku-deuteromycete fungi
- I-Ecidospore: Zivela ohlotsheni lwe-puccinia
- I-Sporengiospore: Bangamakhosikazi ohlobo lwesikhunta sama-zygomycetes
- I-Glomerospore: I-Glomal fungus izala ngalolu hlobo lwezinhlamvu, iyingxenye ye-Zygomcota.
- Ama-Oospores: Isikhunta esikhiqiza lezi zinhlamvu ziyingxenye yeqembu i-oomycete futhi zihlukaniswa njenge-pseudofungi.
- I-Teliospore: Lolu hlobo lwezinhlamvu, njenge-basidiospores, luyingxenye yokukhiqizwa kwesikhunta se-basidiomycete.
- I-Zygospore: Lokhu kubonakala kusikhunta se-zygomycete
- I-Zoospore: Izinhlamvu zalolu hlobo zikhiqizwa isikhunta esihlukaniswa phakathi kweqembu le-Chytridiomycota kanye neqembu le-Opisthosporidia.
Ngemva kokukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu ngaphakathi kwe-sporangia, zihlakazeka ukuze ziphile kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lwezimo lapho isikhunta esiyinhloko singatholakala khona, lokhu kuhlakazeka kungenziwa ngomoya, izitshalo noma ngisho nezilwane, zingagcinwa ngokwanele ngokwanele. isikhathi lapho bethola isimo esikahle.
Lapho izimo zivuna ukuhluma kwazo, kukhiqizwa i-hypha engakhula ifike ku-5 mm ngomzuzwana (lokhu uma kuyisikhunta sasezindaweni ezishisayo), lapho ikhula ibizwa ngokuthi i-mycelia.
Manje i uhlobo lokuzala kwefungal kungaba ucansi, i-asexual noma kukhona ngisho nezinhlobo ezingakwenza ngazo zombili izindlela. Lokhu kushintshana kokugcina phakathi kokukodwa nokunye kuye ngezimo lapho kutholakala khona ngesikhathi kuzokhiqizwa izinhlamvu, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kunezinzuzo ezithile futhi ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kunezinye ezingasebenza kangcono kakhulu kusikhunta. Ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinto eziphilayo kuhlukahluka njengombuso wazo wonke empeleni.
Ngalo mqondo, ukukhiqizwa kwayo kungahlukaniswa ngokujwayelekile kube izigaba ezimbili: esisodwa esiphelele nesinye esingaphelele, noma isigaba se-teleomorphic noma se-anamorphic:
- Isigaba esiphelele: Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-teleomorph futhi kungokobulili, lapho kunezinhlobonhlobo zofuzo, kuyasiza lapho isikhunta sifuna ukusinda futhi sikhiqize izinto eziphilayo eziningana ukuze kudalwe isizukulwane esisha noma kudalwe ukuhlukahluka kwefungal. Lokhu futhi kuhamba kancane, into esebenzayo lapho isikhunta sisendaweni lapho izimo zemvelo zihluka khona.
- Isigaba esingaphelele: Lokhu kubizwa nge-anamorph futhi kuyi-asexual, lapho kungekho khona ukuhlukahluka kofuzo ngenxa yokuthi i-spore ikhiqizwa ukhunta futhi izici zayo zizofana. Lolu hlobo lokuzala luyashesha kunokukhiqiza ngokocansi futhi luvamile kulezo zinhlobo zesikhunta ezidinga ukuzala ngokushesha kwesinye isidalwa esiphilayo noma enanini elikhulu lezitshalo.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokocansi
Ukuzalana ngokobulili kungachazwa njengokuthi lapho kwakhiwa khona into ephilayo encike kwezinye ezimbili, lezi zihlanganisa izinto zazo zofuzo ukuze zenze lesi sidalwa sesithathu futhi ngaleyo ndlela zihlanganyele izinto. Iwukuhlukaniswa kwamaseli okuvamise ukwenzeka ezidalwa eziphilayo zesizinda se-Eukaryota. Kulolu hlobo lokuzala, amawele (okungamaseli akhethekile) kanye namaseli amaningi nakakhulu azalwa.
Ngalo mqondo i- ukuzalana ngokocansi ezilwaneni Kudinga ukuthi kube nezidalwa ezimbili, isikhunta ezimbili kulesi simo, futhi ngaleyo ndlela zishintshane nge-progametangia ukuze zihlangane (uma zihambisana) futhi zakhe elinye ingqamuzana elibizwa ngokuthi i-zygosporangia. Lapha isikhunta singahluka kakhulu kubazali babo noma singabelana ngezici ezifanayo ezivumela ukuthi zigcinwe ngaphakathi kwesigaba sokuhleleka, umndeni, uhlobo kanye nezinhlobo.
Ukuzalana ngokocansi kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zezinqubo kusikhunta, njengoba kungenzeka ngendlela yangaphambilini, isikhunta singakha ama-gamete abesifazane noma abesilisa ngaphakathi kwe-gametangia. Lapho lezi zihlangana ngaphakathi kwalesi sakhiwo (omunye owesilisa nomunye wesifazane) kwenzeka ukuhlangana, le nyunyana yokuqala ibizwa ngokuthi i-plasmogamy futhi lapho ukuhlanganiswa kwenziwa kwakhiwa iseli elinamasethi amabili ama-chromosome.
Lokhu okungenhla kubonakala kuphela ezinhlotsheni ezithile zesikhunta, ohlotsheni oluhlukaniswa njengoluyiqiniso, ukuzalana kwakha i-diploid zygote (enamaqoqo amabili ama-chromosomes) engamelani isikhathi eside kuze kube isikhunta esikhulile, empeleni ikhiqiza ezinye izinhlamvu. ukuze kuqhamuke isikhunta esisha, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-meiosis futhi kwenzeka lapho i-zygote ingaphakathi kwespore esingazweli.
Ekuqaleni kwaboniswa ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningana zezinhlamvu, lezi zingaba nobukhulu obuhlukene futhi isikhunta esizikhiqizayo singaba noma yiluphi uhlobo, kungenxa yalolu hlobo ukuthi kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalanisa ngokocansi kwesikhunta ngokusekelwe kulokho. uhlobo lwezinhlamvu:
- Uma ukudlala kudlula ama-planogametes isikhunta sakha ama-gametes anyakazayo ahlangana ne-cytoplasm bese ehlanganisa.
- Uma ukudlala kudlula umdlalo omnandi i-antheridium (okuyinto abesilisa ababizwa ngayo) kanye ne-oogonium (ehambisana nezinsikazi) kwakheka, zihlangana ngeshubhu lokuvundisa futhi i-antheridium ikhiqiza i-gametic nuclei ku-oogonium.
- Lapho umuntu ephiwa i-gametangial copulation amaseli ayahlangana, akhe i-zygote futhi lokhu kuvikelwa yi-spore ngaphakathi kwe-gametangia.
- Ukuzalana ngokocansi nakho kungabonakala nge ukukhiqizwa kwesidoda lapho amangqamuzana akha isikhunta afana kakhulu nesidoda somuntu, ayahluka ngokuthi awanayo i-flagellum kodwa lapho efika ku-oogonium iyayivundisa.
- Ekugcineni, ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi nge i-somatogamy Ibonakala ngokuhlangana kwe-hyphae ngokuqondile, okuvame ukuba yimifino.Lokhu ukukhiqizwa okubonakala kusikhunta ngobunkimbinkimbi nokwakheka kunezinye, nakuba inyunyana ilula kakhulu.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha ngokobulili
La ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual ezilwaneni, abantu, isikhunta nanoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo sisekelwe eqinisweni lokuthi esinye isidalwa esiphilayo sakhiwe ngengqamuzana eyodwa noma ngaphezulu yomzali oyedwa kuphela, okungukuthi, akudingekile ukuthi kube nesinye isidalwa ukuze lokhu kuzalana kwenzeke. Kwenziwa ngezinqubo ze-mitotic noma izinqubo ezifana ne-fission noma i-cleavage, lapho ingqamuzana likamama lihlukana libe amaseli amantombazane amabili noma ngaphezulu.
Ilahlekelwa ubunjalo bayo bokuqala ngenxa yokuthi iyahlakazeka futhi iyeke ukuba yisidalwa sokuqala, izipontshi zinalolu hlobo lokuzala futhi amaseli ahlukana ngama-buds adalwe ngaphakathi kwemizimba yawo ngaphambi kokuhlukana. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi kuhluma futhi kuphambene nalokho okwenziwa izitshalo. Lapha ezinhlamvu nazo zikhula ku-sporangia bese ziyadedelwa noma zihlakazeke ukuze kamuva ziqhume zize zibe ukhunta olufana nalolo oluqalisile.
Ukukhiqizwa kwe-Asexual kungathatha izinhlobo eziningana:
- Kungase kube ngokusebenzisa indlela ye ukuhlukaniswa kwe-mycelium lapho ihlukaniswa yaba izingcezu eziningana lapho umuntu angaphuma khona futhi ukusuka lapho azalanisa ngokushesha nangokwenani elikhulu.
- Enye indlela igugu okuwuhlobo lokuzala olufana nesikhunta nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinjengamabhaktheriya, lapha isikhunta sidala isikhuphasha lapho kutholakala khona ingxenye yezakhi zofuzo kanye nengxenye ye-cytoplasm.
- Ukukhiqiza nakho kungenzeka ngokusebenzisa conidia: okuwukukhiqizwa kwezinhlamvu ze-asexual ezitholakala kuma-conidiophores, lokhu kungenziwa ngokuhluma noma zingaqhekeka ukuze zikhiqize ama-astrospores okuthi, lapho zikhula, zakhe ezinye isikhunta esilingana nesokuqala. Lapha ungabona i-conidiogenesis engaba yi-thallic noma i-blastic, ziyizinhlobo ezimbili zokuzalana kwe-asexual ngaphakathi kwalokhu kuhlukaniswa.
- I-Los i-sporangia nazo ziyingxenye yomunye umshini, ngaphakathi kwazo ama-spores ahlala e-asexual kodwa lezi zihambahamba ngokungafani nalezo ezitholakala kuma-conidiophores. Anganyakaza ayokhula kwenye indawo kodwa ahlale ngaphakathi kolwelwesi.