Ukuzala kubalulekile ukuze izinto eziphilayo zidlulisele izakhi zofuzo ezizukulwaneni zazo ezizayo, kodwa akuzona zonke izinto eziphilayo ezizalanayo ngendlela efanayo. Kungakho sizokhuluma Ngokuzalana Kwezilwane, uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngalesi sihloko ngikumema ukuthi uqhubeke nokufunda lokhu okuthunyelwe.
Ukukhiqizwa Kwezilwane
Enye yezinjongo izidalwa eziphilayo ezinazo ukuzalana, okuyindlela yokuqhubekisela phambili uhlobo lwezilwane. Nokho, ezinye izinhlobo zezilwane ziyehluleka ukushada noma akudingekile ukuba wonke amalungu ashade. Isibonelo salokhu izilwane ezihlala ohlelweni olwaziwa ngokuthi ama-eusocieties, lapho ngayinye inomsebenzi wokuchuma njengohlobo oluthile. Izintuthwane zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwesimiso kusukela intuthwane yendlovukazi inesibopho sokuzala, izisebenzi zokwandisa ikoloni kanye namasosha ukuze azivikele.
Ngokuphambene, izilwane ezihlala zodwa zicabanga kuphela ngokufuna nokulwela ukuzala kwazo ukuze zilondoloze ufuzo lwazo. Enye indlela yokuchaza ukuzala ihlanganisa iqoqo lezinqubo zebhayoloji lapho izinto eziphilayo zikhiqiza khona umuntu omusha wohlobo olufanayo olunezici nezici zabanduleli balo. Le nqubo yenzeka kumzali oyedwa noma ababili.
Le nqubo ijwayele ukuhluka kuye ngohlobo lwezilwane kanye nombuso lapho itholakala khona noma ingeyabo, ngendlela yokuthi izitshalo noma isikhunta sizalane ngezindlela ezihluke kakhulu kunezilwane.
Pho siqonde ukuthini ukuthi endabeni yokuzalana kwezilwane, inhloso yayo enkulu ukuzala ukuze kugcinwe ufuzo lwazo nokulondoloza uhlobo lwazo ngozalo lwazo. Ngalokhu, ilondoloza izakhi zayo zofuzo futhi ibangele umjikelezo wokuphila oqhubeka nokujikeleza. Kungakho kudingekile ukwazi izinhlobo zezilwane, izinhlobo zazo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo zonke.
Kuyini Ukuzala Kwezilwane?
Ukuzalana ezilwaneni kuhlanganisa ukushintshana kwamahomoni ngendlela ejulile edala uguquko kubantu okungaba ngokomzimba noma ngokwengqondo ukuze bakhe uhlu lozalo.
Ushintsho lokuqala okufanele lwenzeke ukuvuthwa kocansi kwezilwane. Leli qiniso lenzeka ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yomuntu ngamunye kuye ngezinhlobo zabo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukwazi ukuthi siyini leso sikhathi sokuzala ngesikhathi somjikelezo wempilo yohlobo ngalunye.
Konke kuqala ngokusungulwa kwezitho zocansi kanye nokwakheka kwama-gametes, okubizwa ngokuthi i-spermatogenesis kwabesilisa kanye ne-oogenesis kwabesifazane. Ngemva kwalesi siqephu, ingxenye yempilo yezilwane igxila ekufuneni umngane womshado ukuze kwakhiwe isibopho esiyoholela ekubeni zizalane. Nakuba zikhona izilwane ezinalezi zitho uma zisesimweni esithile, azizisebenzisi, lolu hlobo lokuzala lwaziwa ngele-asexual reproduction ezilwaneni.
Izinhlobo Zokukhiqiza Izilwane
Ucwaningo lwacacisa ukuthi emvelweni kunezinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalana, ngayinye enezici ezihlukile noma izici ezizenza zihluke enye kwenye. Emvelweni kunezinhlobo eziningana zokuzalanisa ezilwaneni. Ngamunye wabo unezici ezichaziwe ezenza zihluke kakhulu komunye nomunye. Konke lokhu kuzoncika ohlotsheni, izinhlobo kanye nezici ezingachaza ngayinye yalezi zilwane. Uma sikhuluma kabanzi, singasho ukuthi izinhlobo zokuzalana kwezilwane yilezi:
ukuzalana ngokocansi ezilwaneni
Lokhu kuzalana ngokocansi ezilwaneni kubonakala ngokubandakanya abantu ababili, owesilisa nowesifazane oyedwa. Owesifazane osebenzisa i-oogenesis kuma-ovari akhe ukhiqiza ama-ovari. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, owesilisa wenza isidoda emasendeni akhe, asetshenziselwa ukuvundisa iqanda futhi akhe i-zygote, ekhula ibe umuntu ophelele. I-spermatozoa ibonakala ngokuba yincane kanye nokuba nokuhamba okukhulu okwenza kube lula ukuvundiswa kwe-ovum.
Ukwehlukahlukana kwezinhlelo zokuzala zezilwane kuxhunyaniswa nezinqubo ezivumela ama-gamete afana namaqanda nesidoda ukuthi ahlangane ukuze avundise. Lokhu kwaziwa ngokuthi yizindlela zokukhwelana.Kanjalo, izilwane zigcina zisebenzisa isikhathi namandla kulezi zinqubo zokukhwelana. Njengoba ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuphela kuye kwagcinwa, ukuziphatha okujulile nokujulile kwakhiwe ukuze kufinyelele isenzo sokuzala.
Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi yonke into isukela ekuziphatheni. Lezi zindlela zokuziphatha ezifanayo zivezwa ngezindlela ezahlukene kuye ngokuthi uhlobo luni, kwezinye izimo kuba ukulwa, kwezinye imidanso, izingoma, amakhono, phakathi kwabanye. Okuzomnika ithuba elingcono kunezinye zezinhlobo zakhe ukuze aqome abobulili obuhlukile futhi akudingekile ukuba babe namandla kakhulu. Ukuvundisa kungenzeka ngaphandle nangaphakathi komzimba wesifazane, lokhu ngokuvamile kwaziwa ngokuthi ukuvundiswa kwangaphakathi noma kwangaphandle, okuncike ezinhlobonhlobo zokukhwelana.
Ukuvundisa Kwangaphakathi Ezilwaneni
Enqubweni yokukhulelwa kwangaphakathi, i-spermatozoa ibheka i-ovule bese ivundisa ngenkathi ingaphakathi komzimba wesifazane. Ngemva kwalolu hlelo, insikazi izokwazi ukuthuthukisa uzalo wayo ngaphakathi kwayo, njengoba kwenzeka ngezilwane ze-viviparous, noma ngaphandle, njengoba kwenzeka ngezilwane ezifuywayo ezibekela amaqanda.
Ukuvundisa Kwangaphandle Ezilwaneni
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuvundiswa kwangaphandle kuxosha ama-gamete awo endaweni yawo (ngokuvamile ahlala emanzini), lapho kokubili ama-ovules kanye nokuhlangana kwesidoda ukuze kukhiqize ukuvundiswa ngaphandle komzimba. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi isici esibaluleke kakhulu salokhu kuzala ukuthi uhlu lozalo oluvela kulokhu kuzala kwezilwane luthwala izakhi zofuzo kubazali bobabili ku-genome yaso. Ngenxa yalokhu, lokhu kukhiqizwa ngokocansi kwesilwane kwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuphila isikhathi eside kohlobo oluthile, ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kofuzo okukhiqizayo.
Ukuzalana Kwe-Asexual Ezilwaneni
Lokhu kuzala kugqanyiswa ukungabibikho komunye umuntu wobulili obunikeziwe. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, inzalo igcina ifana nomuntu wangaphambili. Lolu hlobo lokuzala aludingi ngempela amangqamuzana amagciwane (isidoda namaqanda) Njengoba ezikhathini eziningi amaseli e-somatic anamandla okuhlukanisa, lawa maseli angamaseli afanayo imizimba enawo. Ngenxa yokuthi idinga umzali oyedwa kuphela, iba uhlobo oluwusizo nolusebenza kahle kakhulu lokuzala, njengoba ingakudingi ukukhwelana, okungelinye lamaqiniso anzima nayinkimbinkimbi ezilwaneni.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, akukhiqizi ukuhlukahluka kwezakhi zofuzo, okungaba yingozi endaweni eshintshayo. Izilwane ezaziwa kakhulu ezizalana ngokobulili ngokuvamile ziyizilwane ezingenamgogodla. Ngokuvamile ziyizinhlobo ezihlala ezinamathele ku-substrate futhi ngenxa yalesi sizathu azikwazi ukucinga abangane bomshado, noma izinhlobo ezihlala ezindaweni ezihlakazekile futhi ezingavamile ukuhlangana nomuntu ongase abe umngane womshado. Ezimweni eziningi izinhlobo ezizala ngale ndlela nazo zenza kanjalo ngokocansi.
Izinhlobo Zokukhiqizwa Kwe-Asexual Ezilwaneni
Okulandelayo, sizokukhombisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalana ezizobonakala ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene. Lezi zinhlobo ezahlukene zokuzalana kwe-asexual ezilwaneni zimi kanje:
Ukuhluma noma ukuhluma kuwuhlobo oluthile lwengqamuzana, oluqongelela izinhlayiya zokudla, okuthi ekugcineni zihlukanise ukuze kwakhiwe itshe eliyigugu eliveza umuntu omusha, lolu hlobo lusetshenziswa kakhulu izipontshi zasolwandle. Ukuhluma Lolu hlobo lokuzala lwenzeka ebusweni besilwane, iqembu elithile lamangqamuzana liqala ukukhula, ukuze kamuva libe umuntu ongahlukaniswa noma esikhundleni sakhe ahlale ebumbene. Ukuhlukaniswa ukuthi umzimba uhlukaniswa ube yizicucu eziningana futhi kulezi zingcezu uthole umuntu omusha, wenziwa izilwane ezinjenge-starfish noma ama-planarian.
I-Parthenogenesis lokhu kuzala uma kusetshenziswa ingqamuzana legciwane eliyi-ovule, lokhu, nakuba kungavundiswanga, kudala futhi kuthuthukise umuntu ofana nonina. I-Gynogenesis lolu hlobo lokuzala lunelukuluku lokufuna ukwazi njengoba nakuba amangqamuzana amabili amagciwane afana neqanda nesidoda esebenzisana, isidoda sisebenza njengesikhuthazo seqanda ukuthuthukisa umuntu, empeleni asihlinzeki ngezakhi zofuzo.
I-Hermaphroditism igqama ngokuba yizilwane ezine-monoecious, okungukuthi, bobabili ubulili bukhona entweni eyodwa. Iningi lalaba bantu bazifakela umanyolo, ngamanye amazwi, bangabantu abavundisa ama-gametes abo abesifazane. Kodwa akubona bonke abakwaziyo ukukwenza noma ngokuvamile bakwenza lapho bengamtholi umngane womshado, ngakho bashintshanisa ama-gamete namalungu ohlobo olufanayo.
Ama-invertebrates amaningi ane-endoparasitic, njengama-flatworms, ama-hydroid, nama-annelids, nawo wonke ama-limpets kanye neminenke enamaphaphu, angama-hermaphrodites. Ngaphakathi kwezilwane ezinomgogodla, sithola izinhlanzi ezithile, futhi kwezinye izinhlobo, i-hermaphroditism ingenzeka ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi ngesikhathi esithile empilweni yento ephilayo.
Izilwane ezine-Asexual Reproduction
Ezinye zezilwane ezinokuzalana okungajwayelekile esingazithola yizi: Hydra, Wasps, Starfish, Sea Anemones, Sea Urchins, Sea Cucumber, Sea Sponges, Amoebas, Salamanders. Kukhona futhi ukukhiqiza okuhlukile, okuhlanganisa ukuthi, ngesikhathi sokuzala, ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi kuhlanganiswe nokukhiqizwa kwe-asexual, nakuba kungenjalo, lokhu kukhiqizwa akuvamile kakhulu ezilwaneni. Kuvame kakhulu emhlabeni wezitshalo kunasezilwaneni, ezimweni ezingavamile zezilwane ezitholakala ezindaweni ezithile ezifana nezintuthwane nezinyosi, okungukuthi, ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla.
Curiosities of Reproduction of izilwane
Wonke umuntu uyazi ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane kunelukuluku kakhulu futhi kugcwele izimfihlakalo, ngisho nezimangaliso. Kunamaqiniso ahlukahlukene anelukuluku nemininingwane emangalisayo. Uma uzifela ngezilwane, khona-ke ukubhulogi ephelele. Sesikutshelile konke mayelana nokuzalana kwezilwane, kodwa kule ngxenye sizokhuluma ngamaqiniso anelukuluku ayenzeka ekuzalweni kwezilwane.
Ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe yiNyuvesi yaseStockholm, futhi imiphumela yocwaningo olushiwo siyibonisa lapha, lolu cwaningo lubonisa ukuthi isilwane esikhulu, sincane usayizi we-spermatozoa yaso. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu zinezidoda ezincane zekhwalithi ephansi kakhulu, ngisho noma ziziningi kakhulu. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngezilwane ezincelisayo ezincane, njengamagundane kulokhu, zikhiqiza ikhwalithi phezu kobuningi. Lezi zinamathuba amaningi okuphumelela, okungukuthi, ukuvundiswa.
Ososayensi bathi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izilwane ezinkulu ezincelisayo, ngenxa yokuthi zinesilinganiso esikhulu ngokwesimiso sazo sokuzala, zisengozini yokuthi isidoda singafinyeleli lapho siphokophele khona. Ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa izinga lokuvundisa. Yingakho imvelo ibeke ubuningi kuqala kunekhwalithi.
Gorilla babe imithondo emincane
Lokhu kubalwa ngokusekelwe emzimbeni wakho ngosayizi ogcwele. Kufakazelwa ngokwesayensi ukuthi ama-primates amakhulu kakhulu anesimiso sokuzala esincane kakhulu. Lokhu, ngokusho kocwaningo olwenziwe ngalolu hlobo, kungenxa yokuthi bathembekile ngempela kubalingani babo, okungukuthi, kubalingani babo.
Yingakho akudingeki ukuba babe nepipi elikhulu kangaka ukuze badonse ukunaka kwabanye abalingani abangaba khona, lokhu kubhekwa njengokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nokho zikhona ezinye izinhlobo ezifana nezimfene, eziziphatha kabi, okuholela ekutheni zibe namasende amakhulu. Ziya ocansini njalo, yingakho zikhiqiza isidoda esiningi futhi zikhanga kakhulu kulo mqondo kwabesifazane.
I-Porcupine 'imaka' Owesifazane Ngaphambi Kokukhwelana
Kungenzeka ukuthi wake wakuzwa lokhu kanye empilweni yakho, noma awuzange. Kodwa bewazi yini ukuthi njengengxenye yokuqomisana, intambula yesilisa ichamela owesifazane ukuze ithandane? Yebo, kubonakala kuyinqaba kuwe, kodwa kunjengoba uyifunda. Lokhu akuvamile kakhulu, kodwa kuyiqiniso ngokuphelele. Kuyingxenye yengqikithi yomdlalo wokuqomisana phakathi kwalezi zilwane ezimbili. Okunye abakwenzayo ukuthi iduna lenza uhlobo oluthile lomdanso, olunyakazisa kakhulu. Ngaleyo ndlela ukuzuza ukunakwa nomusa wokufunayo.
Ubudlelwano Bothando Behora Nesigamu: I-Rhinoceroses
Hhayi-ke, uyifunda kanjalo-ke, ukuhlangana kwalezi zilwane kuthatha cishe imizuzu engama-90. Lokhu kusho ukuthi bahlala ihora nesigamu beya ocansini njalo. Lezi zinhlobo zivame ukuvele zivele ngesikhathi sesenzo, lena yindlela ukukhiqizwa kwezilwane kusebenza ngayo.
I-Blue Whale inomthondo omkhulu kunayo yonke e-Animal Kingdom
Lesi yisilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Kungakho, besebenzisa i-logic, banethuluzi labo elikhulu lokuzala emhlabeni. Lokhu kuqinisekiswa uphenyo oluningi. Umkhomo oluhlaza ungakala cishe ngamamitha angu-30 ubude, lapho isimiso sawo sokuzala singaba amamitha amabili ubude. Yebo, lezi zilinganiso zalezi zilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle ziyamangalisa ngempela. Kodwa, uma sikhuluma ngokulingana nomzimba wakhe wonke kufanele sithi abantu banepipi elikhulu kunawo wonke.
Izinsuku Ezimbili Noma Ezintathu Zocansi Ngonyaka: I-Pandas
Lezi zilwane ezinhle ezincane kufanele zilwele ukunakwa nokuthandwa yizinsikazi zezinhlobo zazo, nakuba zibonakala zizinhle kakhulu kithi. Uma sebekwazile ukuheha ukunaka kwabesifazane, bangaqala isigaba sobudlelwano. Okuthatha phakathi kwemizuzwana engama-30 nemizuzu emihlanu ngonyaka. Yebo, njengoba uyifunda imizuzu emi-5 kuphela ngonyaka, kodwa njengokungathi lokhu akwanele, isigaba sayo sokuzalanisa. Okusho ukuthi, ukukhiqiza akuhlali ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezintathu ngonyaka.
Umvundla kanye Nohlobo Lwawo 'lwemibeletho Ngasikhathi sinye'
Ngokuphambene nama-panda, lolu hlobo lwezilwane lushisa unyaka wonke, lokhu kukhethekile kulwenza lungavamile. Kukhona ngisho nedatha nezisekelo zesayensi ezichaza ukuthi lezi zingase, lapho sezivundisiwe, ziqhubeke zikhiqiza amaqanda amasha angase avundiswe. Kuyamangalisa, akunjalo? Lokhu yikho okuholela ekutheni bakhulelise kaningi ngokubelethisa okuhambisanayo. Baze babe nelinye ikhono elibenza bakhetheke. Okungukuthi bangasindisa isidoda sabesilisa bese bevundisa amaqanda abo esikhathini esithile kamuva.
Uma usithandile lesi sihloko, ngikumema ukuthi futhi uqhubeke nokufunda izihloko ezilandelayo esizozishiya ngezansi, ukuze ukwazi ukuqedela ulwazi osuvele unolwazi ngezilwane, noma ufunde ngezwe elimangalisayo lezilwane. Bese sikushiyela izixhumanisi ezilandelayo: