Isikhathi, esiqondwa njengomjikelezo, isiphetho, nesigqi sokuphila kwansuku zonke, saveza inkolo yezwe lasendulo ngendlela engokoqobo emangalisayo. Ngokusebenzisa amasiko, imikhosi kanye nezinganekwaneImiphakathi yayichaza umsuka wendawo yonke, ilawule ikhalenda layo, futhi ifune ukuvumelana noNkulunkulu enkathini ngayinye yonyaka.
Enhliziyweni yale webhu eyinkimbinkimbi kukhona izinganekwane zamaGreki, iqoqo lonkulunkulu abanezici zomuntu, amandla achaziwe, nokuba khona njalo ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Lo mbono, odluliselwa ngesiko elidluliselwa ngomlomo nangemisebenzi efana ne-Iliad, i-Odyssey, nezinkondlo zikaHesiod, wanikeza izimpendulo ngezwe, kodwa futhi walolongwa. nini futhi kanjani ukuhlobana engcwele: imihlatshelo yokusa, iminikelo yokuphuzwa ngaphambi kwedili, izindwendwe zaminyaka yonke, noma imidlalo njalo ngemva kweminyaka emine.
Kusho ukuthini inkolo yesikhathi ezweni lasendulo?
Uma sikhuluma “ngehlelo lesikhathi” kumongo wamaGreki, sibhekisa endleleni ikhalenda, izinkathi zonyaka, nomqondo wemikhuba yenkolo eyakhiwe ngayo ikusasa. Inkolo yamaGreki yayiwuhlelo oluvulekile, olukholelwa kunkulunkulu abaningi lapho unkulunkulu ngamunye enekhono elithile; lokhu okukhethekile kwenze kwaba lula ukufakwa konkulunkulu abasha futhi kwavumela abathembekile ukuba baphendukele komunye noma komunye unkulunkulu kuye ngesikhathi. Ngakho-ke, isikhathi sasingeyona into engavamile: sasihlangene imikhosi, imijikelezo yezolimo, nezinqumo zamasiko.
Onkulunkulu babengenawo wonke amandla: amakhono abo ayeqondile futhi ubuntu babo bunobuntu. Le-anthropomorphization yaletha okwaphezulu eduze kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu futhi yachaza ukuthi kungani, lapho kubhekene nesomiso noma isivuno esikhulu, kwakudingeka ukuba kuhlolwe kabusha ubuhlobo nonkulunkulu ngamunye, ukulungisa amasiko, futhi kuchazwe izimpawu zezulu. Ngemuva, i- isiphetho (moira) futhi ubulungisa (i-dike) bahlela ukuziphatha: i-hubris, noma ukweqisa, iletha isijeziso ngesikhathi esifanele isikhathi somkhuba nesokuziphatha.
Inkolo yamaGreki edidiyelwe umphakathi kanye nekhalenda: ingxenye yesithathu yezinsuku bekungamaholide, futhi endaweni ngayinye, imikhosi yomphakathi yayiphawula umoya wedolobha. Lalingekho isonto elihleliwe, kodwa kunalokho inethiwekhi yezindawo ezingcwele, abapristi, nezimantshi zomphakathi ezazilawula imihlatshelo nemikhosi. Ngenxa yalokho, isikhathi somphakathi kanye nesikhathi esingcwele kwakuhambisana, ne udwendwe, amadili, imiqhudelwano yezemidlalo kanye nemiqhudelwano yomculo ukuhlela impilo yeqembu.
Onkulunkulu abaxhumene nesikhathi: ubunikazi, izimfanelo nezindaba
INtaba i-Olympus yayiyikhaya lezicukuthwane zaphezulu, okuthiwa “onkulunkulu bama-Olympian,” abangena futhi bashiya umhlaba wesintu ngendlela ababebona kufanele. Eziningi zezindaba zabo zilandisa, ngendlela yasenganekwaneni, ukuthi ukuhleleka komhlaba kwakheka kanjani nokuthi imijikelezo yempilo kufanele kuphilwe kanjani. Ngezansi, sihlola amaphrofayili abo, izifanekiselo, nezindawo zokukhulekela, ezihlanganisa izindaba ezisabalele kakhulu kanye nama-nuances achaza ukubaluleka kwazo emcabangweni ohlangene. isikhathi esingokwesiko nesomphakathi.
Zeus Wayeyinkosi yezulu, inkosi yemvula, nokuduma, nombani. Wazalelwa eKrethe, unina uRhea wamfihla ukuze avimbele uyise, uCronus, ukuba amgwinye (njengoba ayesenzile kakade nezingane zakubo). Wayebusa abanye onkulunkulu, aziguqule ngokuthanda kwakhe, futhi akhulekelwe ezindaweni ezifana ne-Olympia. Izibaluli: umbani, intonga nokhozi.
heraU-Athena, udadewabo nomkaZeus, wayehlanganisa umshado, umndeni, nokuvikelwa kwabesifazane, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sokubeletha. Ubhekwa njengomuntu ohloniphekile futhi "ongumuntu" kunabanye onkulunkulu; inkolo yakhe yayidumile eSamos. Izifanekiselo zendabuko: umqhele, intonga nehalananda.
UPoseidonUnkulunkulu wamanzi wabusa phezu kolwandle, imifula, nokuzamazama komhlaba. Umfowabo kaZeus neHayidesi, wasindiswa kuCronus futhi, ngemva kokunqoba uyise, wazuza ukubusa phezu kolwandle. Wayevame ukuvezwa eduze kwase-Euboea, ene-trident kanye nenqola. Phakathi kwezindawo ahambisana nazo kukhona iCape Sounion nePaestum. Izimpawu: ama-trident nama-seahorses.
AthenaU-Athena, unkulunkulukazi wokuhlakanipha, impi nje, ubuciko, nempucuko, wazalwa ekhanda likaZeus lapho uHephaestus evula ugebhezi lukankulunkulu ukuze amkhiphe. Eyintombi nto nosomaqhinga, wayengunkulunkulukazi wase-Athene nezinye izifundazwe eziningi. Uvezwe ephethe isigqoko sokuzivikela, isihlangu, kanye ne-egis; ubuye ahlotshaniswe nemisebenzi yezandla efana nokuluka kanye izitsha zobumba.
Aphrodite
I-Hephaestus Wenza samuntu umlilo, umkhandi, nezinsimbi. Engakhangi futhi ekhubazekile ngemva kokuphonswa ngunina e-Olympus, wakhuliswa eLemnos futhi ekugcineni washada no-Aphrodite. Umnakekeli wezingcweti namaqhawe, imfanelo yakhe ebaluleke kakhulu... i-anvil kanye namanye amathuluzi omkokotelo.
AphroditeWazalelwa egwebu lolwandle ngemva kokuthenwa kuka-Uranus, wengamela ubuhle nesifiso. Ibhande lemilingo lakhulisa amandla akhe okuyenga, futhi nakuba lihlotshaniswa noHephaestus, ubuhlobo bakhe no-Ares budumile. Izimpawu zakhe ezivame kakhulu zihlanganisa izakhi zasolwandle nezinyoni ezifana nejuba; inkolo yakhe yayibaluleke kakhulu Cythera.
AresUmfutho wempi oluhlaza futhi obonakala kakhulu uqhathanise ubuhle bayo obumangalisayo nomoya onobudlova. Yayihlotshaniswa namadolobha anjengeThebes neSparta, futhi izifanekiselo zayo zazihlanganisa nomkhonto onegazi, isigqoko sokuzivikela, izikhali, futhi ngokuvamile ingulube. Ukuba khona kwayo kusikhumbuza ukuthi impi nayo iphawula izikhathi inkinga kanye nesiko.
Apollo —bheka umfanekiso U-Apollo noDaphne kaBernini— Wayehlanganisa umculo, izinkondlo, imithi, ubuciko nokukhanya kwelanga. Umvikeli wamadoda angashadile nomnikazi wenqola yelanga, kwaxoxwa naye eDelphi ngePythia, izimpendulo zayo zazihunyushwa abapristi. Phakathi kwezimfanelo zakhe: ihabhu, umnsalo, nemicibisholo, nomtshingo; izindawo ezingcwele: UDelos noDelphi.
ArtemisU-Athena, udadewabo ka-Apollo, wayengunkulunkulukazi wokuzingela, wamahlathi, nezilwane zasendle; wagada izintombi futhi wagcina isifungo sobuntombi. Wenqaba umshado, wakhetha inkampani yama-nymphs, futhi uboniswa ngomnsalo, i-doe, inja, ne-chiton emfushane. Inyanga iqinisa ukuxhumana kwayo ne imijikelezo yemvelo.
Hermes Wasebenza njengesithunywa saphezulu nomvikeli wabathengisi, abamabhange, namasela; uhlotshaniswa nemigwaqo, imingcele, nabahambi, kanye nabelusi. Izimpawu zakhe isigqoko esinamaphiko nezimbadada kanye ne-caduceus. Ubukhona bakhe ezimpambanweni zemigwaqo buhlanganisa umqondo wemingcele kanye "nezikhathi ezivuzayo" endaweni isikhathi somphakathi.
UDionisioUnkulunkulu wewayini, uphuzo oludakayo, i-ecstasy, kanye nemidlalo yaseshashalazini, wayenenkolo eyimfihlakalo enokuhlanganyela okuphawulekayo kwabesifazane (maenads). I-Ivy, umvini, ne-thyrsus kuhlangene naye; iqoqo lakhe lama-satyr, fauns, nama-nymphs lizwakalise ukweqisa kokuzijabulisa, uhlobo lomkhosi futhi "oluvula" ikhalenda futhi luvuselele ukuhleleka komphakathi.
idemithaIzimfihlakalo zika-Eleusinian, unkulunkulukazi wezolimo nenzalo, zenza samuntu inala yamasimu nothando lukamama; I-Eleusinian Mysteries yaba nethonya elikhulu enkolweni yamaGreki. Izimpawu zakhe zihlanganisa izindlebe zikakolweni, isibani, isihlalo sobukhosi, nentonga, futhi indaba yakhe ne-Persephone ichaza umjikelezo wesizini elawula i ukuhlwanyela nokuvuna.
Ngaphandle kwe-Olympus, uyagqama IHayideseU-Odin, inkosi yezwe elingaphansi komhlaba, owathola indawo yabafileyo ngemva kokuhlukaniswa komhlaba phakathi kwabazalwane. Wathumba u-Persephone ukuze amenze umkakhe futhi alawule ngokulingana, ephelezelwa uCerberus, inja enamakhanda amathathu. Ukhulekelwa ezindaweni ezimbalwa kakhulu futhi akavamile... imele.
Ezinye izibalo eziqedela ukulingisa kwaphezulu zihlanganisa HestiaUmlilo weziko, uqapha iziko, ikhaya, futhi, ngokwengeza, umbuso. Futhi engathintwa, ayivamile ukuvela kwezobuciko futhi umlingiswa wayo "ungabonakali," kodwa ukuba khona kwawo kuwo wonke amakhaya kubonisa isigqi sasekhaya sansuku zonke, leso sigqi esisekela impilo yansuku zonke kanye ... amasiko amancane.
Amasiko, iminikelo kanye nokuxhumana: ukuthi isikhathi esingcwele siyalwa kanjani
Ubuhlobo phakathi kwabantu nonkulunkulu balukwa ngezibonakaliso namasiko. Onkulunkulu "bakhuluma" ngamaphupho, amabika, izibikezelo, ukuhlangana ngenhlanhla, noma ukundiza kwezinyoni; ukuze bahumushe le miyalezo, kwaxhunyanwa nabahlola imihlola, abapristi nochwepheshe. Lapho kubhekene nezinhlekelele, kwakubalulekile ukuqonda imbangela yazo ukuze kushwelezwe unkulunkulu, ngoba ukudalelwa kwakunqunyelwe kusengaphambili futhi onkulunkulu babeqapha ubulungisa, bejezisa ububi. ingxubevange.
Iminikelo yayiyizinhlobo ezimbili: engenagazi (isinkwa, izithelo, izimbali, amakha) noma enegazi (imihlatshelo yezilwane). Ngezinye izikhathi kwakuqothulwa ngokuphelele, kodwa ngokuvamile kwakushiswa izibilini, amafutha, namathambo, okufanekisela ukudla konkulunkulu; okusele kwadliwa edilini eliyisiko eligcinelwe izakhamuzi. Lokhu kwabiwa, okulawulwa yimithetho engcwele, kwakwenza kwacaca ukuthi yiziphi izingxenye ubupristi ezazitholwa nokuthi iyiphi ingxenye eyayimiselwe umpristi. umphakathi.
| Umthetho ongcwele ovela eMilethu wangekhulunyaka lesi-5 BC ucacisa ngokunembile ukuthi yini okufanele yenziwe kumuntu othola ubupristi: izikhumba, izibilini, izinso, nezinye izingxenye zemihlatshelo yomphakathi; futhi, emihlatshelweni yangasese, cishe yonke into ngaphandle kwezikhumba. Lolu hlobo lombhalo olumisiwe, ngezikhathi ezithile ekhalendeni, i umnotho wesiko wezindawo ezingcwele. |
Umthandazo, owaklanywa ngokucophelela ngegama elifanele nezihlokwana, wawufuna umusa waphezulu. Imvamisa yayishiwo imile futhi izwakale, kokubili ngezikhathi zansuku zonke (ukudla, ukusebenza) kanye nezimo ezinesizotha (impi). Ngokuvamile kwakuhambisana neminikelo yokuphuzwayo, eyayihlanganisa ukuthela iwayini, ubisi, noma uju e-altare noma emhlabathini, ngemva kokudlulisa uketshezi olusuka ejekeni (oinochoe) luye ku-patera (phiale). Le minikelo, ngokungafani nemihlatshelo, yayingenziwa ngamadoda nabesifazane. abesifazane.
Ukuhlanzeka kwakuyimfuneko ekusebenzelaneni nabangcwele. Abathembekile bageza lapho bengena ezindaweni ezingcwele; ngemva kokuzalwa noma ukufa ekhaya, indlu yayihlanjululwa ngomhlatshelo wengulube, futhi ezimweni ezimbi kakhulu, njengokubulala, imicikilisho yayiba nzima kakhulu. Lokhu kuhlanza okungokwesiko kuphinde kwasebenza “njengokusetha kabusha” isikhathi, okumaka ngaphambi nangemva kwempilo umphakathi.
Izindawo ezingcwele nemikhosi ephawula ikhalenda
Iningi lezindawo ezingcwele kwakuyizindawo ezilula ezikhethwe njengezingcwele (i-hieron), ngezinye izikhathi emahlathini, emithonjeni, noma emihumeni. I-altare lalibalulekile; amathempeli ayenezithombe neminikelo, kodwa ayengeyona isizinda salo mkhuba. Izindawo ezinkulu ezingcwele, ezakhanga izixuku, zenezela ingcebo, iminyango, imithombo, izinkundla zemidlalo yeshashalazi, izinkundla zezemidlalo nezindawo zokuzivocavoca. Babengekho abefundisi abahlangene: izimantshi zomphakathi (inkosi u-archon, i-eponymous archon, polemarch) zaziphatha imihlatshelo nemikhosi, besizwa ama-epimelete nabapristi noma abapristikazi ababengamela indawo engcwele, babethola isabelo sabo, futhi babekwazi ukuthengisa iminikelo. izikhumba zezisulu.
Umbuso uhlele imigubho ehambisana nomjikelezo wezolimo. Cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yekhalenda yayinikezelwe emikhosini, nemibhikisho, imihlatshelo, amadili, imidanso, imiqhudelwano yezemidlalo, nemiqhudelwano yomculo. Ngakho-ke, isigqi sasemaphandleni nesedolobheni savumelana: ukuhlwanyela, ukuvuna, ukuphumula, nemikhosi yemikhosi. ukukala.
E-Olympia, i- imidlalo yezemidlalo Babegujwa njalo eminyakeni emine kusukela ngo-776 BC, futhi phakathi nesikhathi sabo kwamenyezelwa isivumelwano esingcwele. Lezi zenzakalo zazihlanganisa imijaho yezinqola nezinyawo, i-long jump, umkhonto, i-discus, nokuphansa. I-quadrennial periodicity cishe iyisibonelo esihle kakhulu sokuthi umkhosi u-oda kanjani Isikhathi se-Panhellenic.
Indawo engcwele ka-Apollo eDelphi, enkabeni yeGreece, yaduma ngendawo yayo yokushumayela. I-Pythia, ehlezi ku-tripod, yayingena engqondo ikhiphe imisindo engaqondakali abanye abapristi ababeyihumusha futhi bayiqophe. Izimpendulo, ngokuvamile ezingaqondakali, zazidinga ubuhlakani nokufunda ngokucophelela incwadi Izimpawu.
E-Epidaurus, inkaba ye-Asclepius yathola abagulayo abafuna ukuphulukiswa ngokulala (i-incubation). Abapristi babewachaza amaphupho futhi basebenzise amakhambi: leyondawo yaba, khona manjalo, indawo engcwele, isibhedlela, nesikole sokuphulukisa. imithi.
Ukufana kwamaGreki namaRoma: ukuqhubeka kwemisebenzi
AmaRoma amukela ingxenye enkulu yenkolo yamaGreki, eshintsha amagama nezinkulumo ngaphandle kokushintsha imisebenzi yawo ebalulekile. Leli thebula libala ukufana okwaziwayo kakhulu phakathi konkulunkulu bamaGreki nabalingani babo baseRoma, ithuluzi eliwusizo lokuqonda ukuthi, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, isiko lihlanganisa kanjani futhi lilolonge kabusha ifa lalo. enye.
| Unkulunkulu wamaGrikhi | UNkulunkulu wamaRoma | Ububanzi obuyinhloko |
|---|---|---|
| Zeus | I-Jupiter | Inhloko ye-pantheon nenkosi yesibhakabhaka |
| hera | Juno | umshado nomndeni |
| UPoseidon | Neptune | Izilwandle nokuzamazama komhlaba |
| idemitha | Ceres | Ezolimo kanye nenzalo |
| I-Hephaestus | Volcano | Fire and Forge |
| Athena | Minerva | Ukuhlakanipha nempi nje |
| Ares | Mars | impi |
| Aphrodite | Venus | Uthando nobuhle |
| Apollo | Apollo | Ubuciko, ukukhanya kanye nemithi |
| Artemis | Diana | Ukuzingela namahlathi |
| Hermes | K Es Es Escha! Escha Escha! Escha Escha! Escha! | Izinsizakalo zezentengiselwano nezokuthumela izincwadi |
| UDionisio | I-Baco | Iwayini, ecstasy kanye yaseshashalazini |
Amaqhawe nezinsumansumane: kusukela esikhathini somuntu kuya ekumiselweni
Amaqhawe akhona phakathi konkulunkulu nabantu abafayo: bayafa, kodwa banikezwe amandla angavamile. Bazalwa ngaphansi kwezimo eziyingqayizivele (ngezinye izikhathi abazali abaxubile), benza izenzo zobuqhawe, futhi bafa ngobudlova; ngemva kwalokho, bakhulekelwa emathuneni abo futhi basebenze njengabavikeli bemizi noma izinhlu zozalo. Izindawo zabo ezingcwele (iqhawe) zenza izindawo zibe semthethweni futhi zihlanganise imiphakathi, zinikeze ukuqhubeka kozalo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. inkumbulo ehlangene.
Izinganekwane zichaza imvelo kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalo, eziningi zezindaba zabo zigcinwe ngenxa kaHomer noHesiod. Ngalezi zindaba, isikhathi siba esokufundisa: sibonisa izibonelo, ukuziphatha kwezigwegwe, futhi siphakamisa izibonelo zobuhle. ukuqonda.
Isikhathi somphakathi: ubuzwe, ubulili kanye neminyaka e-polis
Umphakathi wamaGreki wawuhlukanisa phakathi izakhamizi (politai), abantu bangaphandle (xenoi), kanye ne-metics (metoikoi), ngaphezu kwezigqila (douloi). I-Proxenia yayivumela umuntu ukuthi avikele izakhamuzi zenye i-polis; isopoliteia, yona, yasungula ubuzwe obufanayo phakathi kwamadolobha amabili. Umthetho ovela e-Eretria ngo-411 BC waqoka i-Tarentine proxenus kanye nomzuzi, wamnikeza isondlo, ukukhululwa enteleni, kanye nesihlalo esikhethekile emidlalweni yezinkonzo zedolobha: idiplomacy nayo yaphawula isikhathi sepolitiki.
Ama-Metics, ahlala eboshelwe kuma-prostate, ayentula amalungelo ezombusazwe kodwa kwakudingeka asebenze ebuthweni; babengakwazi ukuba nomhlaba edolobheni, nakuba babengaba nengcebo enyakazayo futhi baqhube amabhizinisi. Izigqila, ngakolunye uhlangothi, zahlukaniswa phakathi kwezigqila zasemaphandleni (njengama-helots e-Sparta) kanye nezigqila "zokuthengisa" (ezithengwa ezimakethe, ngokuvamile iziboshwa zempi noma ezithunjwe emazweni angamaqaba). Babesebenza ezindlini, ezolimo, emisebenzini yezandla, noma ezimayini, ngisho nasemahhovisi omphakathi. Ukwenziwa ngesandla kwakungenzeka, ngezinye izikhathi kwakucatshangwa njengomnikelo kunkulunkulu othile, futhi ngemva kwalokho, ukuncika kwasala kunkosi yangaphambili. umphathi.
Isikhundla sabesifazane emkhakheni womphakathi sasilinganiselwe. Bekhishiwe kwezombangazwe nangaphansi kokugadwa kwabesilisa (kurios), ukuba khona kwabo kwakugxile emkhakheni wasekhaya, benemithwalo yemfanelo yokuphatha umuzi, ukulawula izigqila, nokwenza izingubo zokugqoka. I-double standard yajezisa kanzima ukuphinga kwabesifazane kuyilapho ibekezelela izancinza kanye nokudayisa ngomzimba kwabesilisa. Noma kunjalo, abesifazane babehlanganyela ngentshiseko emasikweni, emingcwabeni, emigwaqweni nasemikhosini efana neThesmophoria. Benza njenge abapristikazi emahlelo amaningi.
Amalungelo nemisebenzi enqunywe iminyaka. E-Athene, nge-18 eyodwa yangena ku-deme, futhi ngo-30 umuntu wayengabamba izimantshi futhi akhonze emajajini; abadala babehamba phambili lapho bekhuluma. E-Sparta, ama-gerontes (abadala) kwakudingeka abe ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-60 ubudala. Imfundo yayilandela izigqi ezihlukene: i-Spartan agoge yayisesidlangalaleni, kuyilapho i-padeia yase-Athene yayiyimfihlo, ine-ephebia kusukela eminyakeni engu-18 kuya kwengu-20 ubudala. Impilo, njengoba ichazwa yi-polis, yabumba izindlela ze ukufunda kanye nesevisi.
Isikhathi sasekhaya: i-oikos, i-phratry, i-genos nomshado
I-oikos yayiyindlu, nempahla yayo, abantu (kuhlanganise nezigqila), kanye nempahla. Ifa elihloselwe ukugcina impahla ihlangene ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, enezindawo ezise-Attica zibekelwe izakhamuzi zesilisa. Ukuntuleka noma ukweqisa kwezingane kwaxazululwa ngokutholwa noma ukuchayeka kwezingane ezisanda kuzalwa, okubonisa umnotho oqinile wesikhathi somndeni nezinsiza. ifa.
Endlini, i-altare likaZeus Hertius, umvikeli wendawo ebiyelwe, laligcina amahlelo asekhaya ephila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wonke umuntu wase-Athene wayengoweqembu (ubuzalwane benkolo) futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, e-genos (iqembu labahlanganyeli nomuntu okucatshangwa ukuthi ungukhokho oyedwa). Ukubhaliswa kwengane wesilisa endaweni edla imbuya ngothi ngemva kokuzalwa futhi, kamuva, ukubhaliswa kwakhe ku-deme eneminyaka engu-18, kwaqinisekisa ubuzwe bakhe: impilo yomphakathi yaqala ekhaya futhi yafinyelela umvuthwandaba. amaphoyisa.
Umshado wawuwukunikeza owesifazane endodeni kanye nelobolo (izimpahla ezihambayo noma imali, ungalokothi umhlaba). Abesifazane abasebasha babengaqonywa kusukela ebuntwaneni futhi bashade cishe eminyakeni eyishumi nanhlanu, ngaphandle kokusho noma yikuphi ukukhetha komyeni wabo. OFakazi babeqinisekisa ubuntombi kanye nelobolo, futhi umshado wawubhekwa njengophelele lapho owesifazane eshiya umuzi kayise futhi ehlanganyela nowomyeni wakhe, ethatha amasiko akhe. izinkolo zasekhaya.
Umshado wawucwile emikhubeni: ngobusuku bangaphambi komkhosi, kwenziwa imihlatshelo kuZeus, uHera, u-Arthemisi, no-Apollo; umakoti wazingcwelisa izinto zobuntwana (amathoyizi, izingidi zezinwele) ku-Arthemisi, futhi bobabili bazihlanza ngokugeza. Ngosuku olumisiwe, izindlu zazihlotshiswe ngamagatsha omnqumo nama-laurel, futhi umakoti wayegqoke ingubo emhlophe, iveli, nomqhele, ehambisana no-godmother no-godfather. Ingane egqoke umqhele wezitshalo ezinameva nama-acorns yasabalalisa isinkwa kubhasikidi ngenkathi imemezela ukuthi okuyingozi kushiywe ngemuva futhi kutholakala okungcono kakhulu: amafomula enhlanhla okuthi, ngaphandle kokuphindaphindwa nezwi, imakwe ukushintshela ekubeni umuntu omdala.
Udwendwe lomshado lwaqhubekela phambili ebusuku lubheke emzini womkhwenyana, luphelezelwa amathoshi nezingoma zomshado. Lapho efika, umyeni waphakamisa umakoti embundwini ngokukhala okungokwesiko okulingisa ukumelana nokuzivikela. Lapho sebengaphakathi, phambi kwe-altare elifuywayo, amantongomane namakhiwane omisiwe kwakuphonswa phezu kwekhanda likamakoti, futhi umbhangqwana wawuhlala ekamelweni lomakoti. Ngosuku olulandelayo, kwaba neminye imihlatshelo namadili, kanye nesidlo (i-gamelia) nomndeni womyeni, ngokuvamile phakathi ne-Apaturia, eyayisebenza njengesivivinyo somphakathi somshado. Matrimonio.
Umsebenzi nomnotho: izinkathi zonyaka, imali kanye nezibopho zomphakathi
Igama elithi oikonomia lihlanganisa yonke into kusukela ekuphathweni kwefa lomndeni kuya ekuphathweni kwedolobha. I-poleis yayinengcebo yayo kanye nezimali, nemali engenayo evela empangweni, irenti, izimayini, izimali ezikhokhwayo, intela yentela, intela, nezintela ezingavamile (eisphora). Kwakunezindleko zempi, imisebenzi yomphakathi, imikhosi, nokwabiwa kwamademos ( misthoi ). Ipholisi ngayinye ikhiphe eyayo imali.
Ezolimo kwakuwumsebenzi ohlonishwa kakhulu nosakazeke kakhulu, ngisho naphakathi kwalabo ababehlala emadolobheni futhi behambela amasimu abo. Abadobi kanye nabakwezinye izimboni nabo babehambahamba nsuku zonke. Ubuciko nokuhweba kwajabulela ukuhlonishwa okuncane, nakuba izimakethe kwakuyizindawo zokuhwebelana ngemikhiqizo, abathengisi basebenza njengabaxhumanisi phakathi kwabakhiqizi nabathengi. abathengi.
Ukukhokhiswa kwentela yama-metics kube umthombo obalulekile wemali engenayo. Umbhalo ka-Xenophon, obonisa indlela yokuthuthukisa lezi zinsiza, uphakamisa ukunciphisa imithwalo engadingekile kanye nokubuyekeza umsebenzi wabo wezempi, njengoba ukungabikho kwabo emisebenzini yezohwebo namakhaya kwakuyingozi kubo futhi akuzange kuzuze idolobha ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ngokubuyisela, ukukhuthaza ukusebenzisana kwabo ezindaweni ezifana nabagibeli bamahhashi nezinye izinkonzo kuzoqinisa amandla edolobha futhi idumela umphakathi.
Inkontileka esaphila evela ku-Piraeus, kusukela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-4 BC, ikhombisa indlela umnotho wasemadolobheni owawusebenza ngayo: abanikazi abasebenzisana nabo baqashise ishabhu, indlu ehlangene nayo, kanye nenqwaba yobulongwe "phakade" kumuntu ozimele ngamadrachma angama-54 ngonyaka, akhokhwa ngezitolimende ezimbili (i-Hecatombaeon kanye ne-Poseitombaeon). Isiqashi kwakudingeka senze ukulungisa okudingekayo ngonyaka wokuqala; ukwehluleka ukwenza lokho kuzoholela ekukhokheni kabili futhi isiqashi aphoqeleke ukuba aphume ngaphandle kokuphikisa. Kwaqokwa umuntu oqinisekisayo, kwakhokhiswa inhlawulo ngokungalandeli, futhi kwadingeka ukuthi inkontileka ibhalwe esitsheni esiseduze nomfanekiso weqhawe. Ngisho neminikelo engavamile yayicatshangelwa ngokwenani layo lezimali (omina abayisikhombisa), okuqinisekisa ukuthi isikhathi somnotho sabhalwa futhi senziwa isiko impilo yomphakathi.
IGrisi, iRoma kanye nathi: ifa elingapheli
Ithonya lonkulunkulu bama-Olympian—kanye nemibhalo yabo yamaRoma—lisekhona kwezobuciko, ezincwadini nasemicabangweni. Phakathi kwezindaba, izimpawu, nezinqubo, okuphikelelayo yindlela “yokulinganisa” kanye nokubona isikhathi: amakhalenda emikhosi, amasiko okudlula, imijikelezo yezolimo, isivumelwano esingcwele, nokubonisana ngamazwi. Ngalezi zindaba ezixoxwayo, sisahlola isimo somuntu kanye nobunkimbinkimbi besiko laseNtshonalanga namuhla, esiwusizo ngokukhethekile ezifundweni nezindlela zobuntu ezifana... i-psychology yesintu.
Uma ubhekwa eduze, “inkolo yesikhathi” ezweni lasendulo ayikona ukukhulekelwa kwewashi, kodwa kuwuxhaxha lonkulunkulu, imikhosi, imithetho, neminikelo ehlanganisa ukudalelwa kanye nekhalenda, indawo yonke kanye ne-polis, ikhaya nendawo engcwele. Phakathi kukaZeyusi noDemeter, phakathi kwe-oracle neziko, indlela yokuba sezweni yelukiwe eguqula inkathi ngayinye, idili ngalinye, futhi isifungo ngasinye sibe isenzo "sokumisa isikhathi" sempilo yomphakathi, sisekela ubulungisa, nokunakekela ngokuhlakanipha imijikelezo esisekelayo.
