Ukuthuthukiswa kokuphila eplanethini yomhlaba kugcinwa ukulingana okuqhubekayo phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo (izilwane nezitshalo) kanye nezakhi ze-abiotic (amanzi, ukukhanya, umoya), okuvumela ukuthuthukiswa okuzinzile kokuphila. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lesi sici siye sancipha futhi sathathelwa indawo ukuguqulwa noma ukuphazamiseka kwendawo ezungezile ngenxa yezenzo eziqhubekayo zomuntu. Esihlokweni esilandelayo, sizofunda okwengeziwe ngokungalingani kwemvelo nendlela okukhona ngayo namuhla.
Ukungalingani Kwemvelo
Iplanethi enguMhlaba yakhiwe izakhi ezihlukahlukene ezicebisa ikona ngalinye, okwenza ukulingana okuphelele kokuhlalisana nokuthuthukiswa kokuphila kwanoma iyiphi into ephilayo efana nezitshalo, izilwane, ama-microorganisms nabantu. Ukugqamisa ukubaluleka kwemithombo yemvelo ehambisana nezici zokuphila nentuthuko yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Ukulingana okuhle kudala ukuzwana nokuzinza phakathi kwezidalwa eziphilayo nendawo yemvelo ezizungezile, kodwa umuntu uye wabonakala ngokufuna ukuthola imithombo yemvelo eyengeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphakathi, kulimaza indawo yokuhlala yemvelo yezinhlobo eziningi.
Njengamanje kunokushintshwa kwemiphakathi yezemvelo noma eyaziwa nangokuthi i-ecosystem, ebhekele ukuhlalisa izinhlobo ezahlukene zezitshalo phakathi kwezitshalo nezilwane, lokhu kungazinzi kwaziwa ngokuthi ukungalingani kwemvelo. Ukushintsha indawo yemvelo kanye nezimo eziphelele ze-endogenous zomjikelezo wokuphila oqhubekayo wezinhlobo zezilwane, okukhiqiza imiphumela ebaluleke kakhulu.
Ithiyori yokungalingani kwemvelo iye yathonywa ukuncintisana kwezinhlobo zemithombo yemvelo, ukukhula kwenani labantu kanye nokwanda kwemiphakathi yasemadolobheni; Konke lokhu kuye kwabangela ukugcwala ngokweqile kwendawo ezungezile yabantu nezilwane, kunciphisa ibhalansi yazo yemvelo nokungalingani okwandayo okushintsha imvelo.
Akunakugwema ukuthi izimo zenzeke ngokwemvelo ezikhuthaza izinto eziphilayo emqhudelwaneni onqumayo noma ukuthi imiphakathi ethile yezinto eziphilayo ingase ibe nokuguquguquka okungavamile noma okukhulu; Naphezu kwalokhu, kungabangela i-ecosystem engazinzile futhi engalingani ngokwemvelo, ebonisa ukuthi iyisici esingaba khona ezimweni zemvelo nangezenzo zomuntu.
Izimbangela Zokungalingani Kwemvelo
Impilo eplanethini engumhlaba ixhunywe ezintweni ezihlukene ezikhona endaweni yemvelo, kanye nalezo ezingenangqondo ezifana nelanga, inyanga, umoya, amanzi, phakathi kokunye, nazo zonke lezo zidalwa eziphilayo njengezilwane, izitshalo kanye nama-microorganisms. . Ngayinye iphila ngebhalansi eqhubekayo yezigidigidi zeminyaka evumela ukuvela kwazo zonke izindawo, kodwa uguquko oluncane kakhulu lungadala izinguquko ezithunaza imvelo.
Ukungalingani kwemvelo kuhlanganisa ukungakwazi kwemiphakathi yezemvelo ukufinyelela esimweni esizinzile noma esingathathi hlangothi, esaziwa nangokuthi i-homeostasis, ibhekene nekhono lawo wonke ama-organisms ukugcina isimo sangaphakathi esizinzile, kwakha indlela yokuzilawula yona yonke into ephilayo. izidalwa, isibonelo ukulawula izinga lokushisa lomzimba, ibhalansi ye-asidi, ukubuyiswa kwezindawo ezilimele phakathi kokunye. Uma lesi simo sishintshwa, umuntu uzongena esigabeni sokungaqini, okuthinta yonke into ezungezile. Nazi ezinye zezimbangela zayo eziyinhloko.
Ukuxhaphaza ngokwedlulele komuntu
Ukuvela kwesintu kanye nokufuna njalo komuntu ukuthuthukisa izimo zokuphila kuthathwa njengembangela eyinhloko yokungalingani kwemvelo, lokhu kubangelwa izinguquko ezinkulu zemithombo yemvelo, okugqugquzela imikhuba ejulile nebanzi njengezimayini. , ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukuzingela ngokungemthetho, phakathi kokunye. Ukuletha ngenxa yalokho ukonakala kwendawo futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ukucekelwa phansi kwayo.
Ukuhlasela kwemvelo yemvelo
Ukukhula kwezindawo zasemadolobheni kanye nokwanda kwezakhiwo, ukwakhiwa kwezindawo zasemakhaya nokunye, kubangela ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo yezilwane nezinambuzane. Ukugqugquzela lezi zilwane ukuthi zithole izindlela zokuphila, isibonelo ezinye zezilwane ziye zabonakala zijwayela lezi zindawo ezintsha njengama-parakeet, ama-toucans, izinyosi nezinye izinyoni ezakha izidleke zazo ezigxotsheni zezibani nasezinxanxatheleni zezitolo. Nakuba ezinye izilwane ezinjengezilwane ezincelisayo namagundane zifuna ukufuduka endaweni ezungezile ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwamahlathi nezindawo eziluhlaza.
izinhlobo ezihlaselayo
Lesi sizathu sinqunywa yizici ezimbili, eyokuqala ukufuduka kwezinhlobo ezingezona ezomdabu (okungezona ezomdabu), ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwezindawo zazo zemvelo, izilwane zigqugquzelwa ukuba zithuthele kwezinye izindawo ukuze ziqhubeke ziphila, kulesi simo esisha. imvelo, izinhlobo zemvelo ngokuvamile zikhona kakade, ngakho ukungalingani kuqala ngenxa yokubusa kwendawo kanye nokungalingani kwemvelo kwendawo ezungezile.
Isici sesibili ukwethulwa kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngumuntu, kuba yingozi ezindaweni zemvelo, esinye sezibonelo eziyinhloko eziqokonyiswa kulesi simo i-catfish yase-Afrika efakwe emanzini aseBrazil, iyingozi ezilwaneni zendawo; ukufakwa kwamaxoxo e-Cururu e-Australia, iyisilwane esizingelayo esingokwemvelo sezinhlobo ezincane okuthi, ngenxa yobuthi bayo obuphezulu, ize ibe nobuthi kwezinye. Lokhu kukhohlisa kwezakhi zofuzo kuye kwabangela ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane eziningi emazweni ahlukahlukene.
Izinguquko zezindawo zemvelo
Izakhiwo ezinkulu eziqanjwe umuntu ziye zagqugquzela ukuguqulwa kwemvelo kwemvelo okufana nezinguquko ku-hydrography emifuleni nemifudlana, ukuyivimbezela ukuze ihlale kuyo futhi ihlasele imingcele yayo eseduze; ukuguqula isimo sawo semvelo futhi kubangele ukulahleka kwezinhlobo zasemanzini kanye nokushintshwa kwamanzi. Lesi sizathu sibhekwa njengenye yemiphumela eyinhloko yokungcoliswa kwemvelo.
Ngendlela efanayo, ukuguqulwa kwezindawo zemvelo ezithonya izinhlobo zezilwane kungabonwa, ngemva kokuphazamiseka kokuhlupheka okunjengokushintsha kokubunjwa nobuningi bezinhlobo zezilwane, ngokuvamile aziqondi, ngakho-ke alikho iphethini eliholela ekungalinganini kwemvelo. Kunezici zemvelo kanye nezakhiwe ngabantu ezikhuthaza lolu hlobo lwesimo.
I-Ecological Imbalance Factors
Ukulingana kwemvelo kuthonywa ukuphazamiseka okuhlukile kwangaphandle okushintsha ukwakheka kwemvelo kwendawo yemvelo, okuthinta izinhlobo zayo zezilwane kanye nezitshalo ezikhona. Lolu hlobo lokuguqulwa lungabangelwa umuntu (ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukumba izimayini ngokungemthetho, ukuzingela okukhulu, ukuchitheka kukawoyela, phakathi kokunye) noma okwemvelo okungokwemvelo njengokushintshwa kokwakheka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukuhlasela kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, phakathi kokunye.
Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi indawo yemvelo ihlale ingaphansi kwezinguquko zemvelo noma ezicasuliwe, kodwa kukhona njalo ibhalansi evumela ukuvuselelwa kanye nakho ukungathathi hlangothi ukubuyela ezimweni zayo zemvelo; lapho lezi zinguquko zizinkulu, zidala ukungalingani kwemvelo kanye noshintsho kuyo yonke indawo yokuhlala, okuholela ekulahlekelweni kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukushabalala, phakathi kokunye. Sazise ngezansi izici eziyinhloko zokuguqulwa kwemvelo:
Ukuphazamiseka kwangaphandle kwendawo ezungezile
Ukungalingani kubhekene nokuhoxiswa kwemijikelezo engaphakathi kwe-ecosystem okubangela ukuthi ishintshe kakhulu futhi ibhujiswe. Lezi ziphazamiso zingaba ngaphandle okubangelwa umuntu, njengokushiswa okungalawuleki kwezinsalela, ukunqwabelana kwemfucuza, ukungcoliswa kwamanzi, phakathi kokunye, kodwa futhi kungaba yimvelo, njengokuhlukahluka kwezinga lokushisa emhlabeni, ukwandisa izinkathi zesomiso. , ukuncibilika kweqhwa okubangela ukunyuka kwezinga lolwandle, phakathi kokunye. Zonke lezi zici zedlula amandla okulawula ama-ecosystem futhi ziwaguqule ngokuphelele.
Izakhi ze-Biotic kanye ne-abiotic
Imvelo ibonakala ngokusebenzelana okuqhubekayo kwezinto eziphilayo ezifana nezitshalo nezilwane ezinezici eziphilayo ezifana namanzi, umoya, ilanga, phakathi kokunye. Le mijikelezo ihlanganisa ibhalansi yezinkulungwane zeminyaka, lapho eminye yayo ithinteka, ikhiqiza umphumela wokuguqulwa kwendawo yonke, ngisho nokuphila isikhathi eside kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Ukukhuthaza ukufuduka kwezilwane okuzinikeza ikhwalithi engcono yokuphila.
Imvamisa Emvelweni
Kusukela ekhulwini leminyaka elidlule, ukuvela kokulondolozwa kwemvelo nokunakekelwa kwemithombo yemvelo bekwaziwa, okugqamisa ngaso sonke isikhathi umthelela omkhulu wokungcola endaweni ezungezile; ukuba yitimu ethandwa kakhulu kwabezindaba, amagumbi okufundela, izifundo zezemvelo nokunye okuningi, okugcina umqondo wokulingana kwemvelo kanye nokulingana kwemvelo njengesikhungo.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, leli gama liye laphelelwa amandla namandla futhi selithathelwe indawo yisimo samanje sembulunga, okuwukungalingani okuqhubekayo kwemvelo, okubonwa kuzo zonke izimiso zemvelo, njengokuncibilika kwezinguzunga zeqhwa, izikhathi ezinde zesomiso, ukuguguleka kwenhlabathi. kwenhlabathi, ukulahlekelwa kwezitshalo nezilwane, ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kwezindawo zemvelo, ukucekelwa phansi kwe-ozone, ukugawulwa ngokweqile kwamahlathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto eziningi eziye zawohloka indawo ezungezile yeplanethi.
Imvelo ihlukaniswa ngezixhumanisi eziphansi neziphakeme, okuyindlela yokuhleleka kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezivelele kanye nezibuthaka kakhulu, ngayinye inikela ngesici esifanele sokugcinwa kwemvelo. Uma ukungalingani kwenzeka ngenxa yezinye zezici ezichazwe ngenhla, izinto eziphilayo ezibuthakathaka zizothinteka kakhulu, okubangela ukuhamba okukhulu kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwenani labantu.
Imiphumela Yokungalingani Kwemvelo
Ukungalingani kwemvelo kuwumphumela oqondile wezenzo zomuntu ezidala izinguquko ezindaweni zemvelo futhi ziguqule isimo sazo sokuqala, okubangela ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kanye nokuncipha kwekhwalithi yezemvelo, ngezansi sizokwazi imiphumela eyinhloko lokhu kuguqulwa okuletha:
Ukuncintisana Kwezilwane
Ukungalingani kwemvelo kudala izinguquko zemvelo kumvelo njengokulahleka kwezitshalo, ukuncipha kwamanzi kanye nokwanda kwezikhathi zesomiso, konke lokhu kugqugquzela izinhlobo zezilwane zendawo ukuthi zithuthele endaweni entsha okubangela ukufuduka okukhulu futhi kuguqule umhlaba omusha ezizohlala kuwo, ngaphezu kwalokho. yokudala ukushabalala kwayo ngenxa yokungatholi izimo ezifanele zokuphila kwayo.
Bashintsha imijikelezo yezinhlobo zemvelo
Lapho kuhlasela izindawo ezintsha, inkathi yempango nezilwane ezidla ezinye iqala phakathi kwezinhlobo zomdabu kanye nezakwamanye amazwe, ngenxa yesizinda sendawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza (ezivela ziyindlala ngokushesha).
Ukukhula kwabantu okungalawuleki
Ukwanda okungalawuleki kwezinhlobo zezilwane kungabangela ukucekelwa phansi kwemvelo futhi lokhu kungenxa yokusetshenziswa ngokweqile kwemithombo yemvelo, okuthinta ezolimo, imfuyo nezinongo zomdabu zaleyo ndawo.
Izisulu zama-parasites kanye nezinto eziphilayo ze-pathogenic zendawo yokuhlala
Ngokwethula izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane endaweni zingaba yizisulu zama-parasite kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezibangela izifo ezikhona, ezidala izifo eziwumshayabhuqe ezingathinta abantu, izilwane kanye nezitshalo zasekhaya.
Isikhathi eside kakhulu sokuphumula
Izimo zokungalingani zingadinga isikhathi eside sokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lokhu kungenxa yokubuyiselwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela uzame ukufanisa isimo sayo sokuqala.
Ukungalingani kanye Nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo
Njengoba kuxoxiwe ngenhla, ukungalingani kwemvelo kungabangelwa ngokwemvelo, kodwa ikakhulukazi kubangelwa imisebenzi yabantu, ukuba nethonya eliyingozi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo (izitshalo nezilwane) ze-ecosystem, kuze kuholele ekuqothulweni kwazo zonke izinhlobo zendawo yazo. Ngakho-ke, kuyisici esithinta ngokuqondile izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kuba izisulu eziyinhloko zokushintsha kwemvelo.
Naphezu kwalokhu, kukhona ukungalingani kwesikhashana okubangelwa emvelweni okuvumela ukuvela kwezinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Isibonelo, ezindaweni eziphila ngaphansi komhlaba (emahlathini ashisayo) kanye nasemanzini (amahlathi otshani basolwandle), ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo okuvamisile kungenzeka, njengokuwa kwesihlahla, leli qiniso lidala ukusinda kwezinhlobo ezincintisanayo eziphansi, ngokuvamile okuvumela ukuvela kwezinhlobo zezilwane ngokubambisana zijwayelane nazo (izilwane ezidla uhlaza, ezongayo kanye nezilwane ezinomsoco) futhi zithande ezinye izitshalo ezincintisanayo ezisebenzisana nebhalansi entsha yendawo yokuhlala.
Isikhathi Sokungalingani Nesokuziphendukela Kwemvelo
Ibhalansi yemvelo ikhona ezindaweni ezihlukene, isibonelo emiphakathini yezinyoni zasesiqhingini kanye nenani lezinambuzane ezihlala ngokulingana okuguquguqukayo kusukela ekuqaleni kwesikhathi. Kunezici ezimbalwa ekusebenzelaneni kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ezigqamisa izikhathi zokuzinza ezishintshana nezikhathi zokungaqini, konke lokhu kulondoloza ukuzwana phakathi kwazo ngaphakathi kwezinhlelo zemvelo ezihlukene.
Kodwa-ke, izinkathi ezinzile ezinezikhathi ezinde zokungaqini ziyathinteka okwamanje; ukuthonya ezingeni labantu, ukuphakamisa ukuphazamiseka kwemvelo nokuguqula ibhalansi yezinhlobo eziningi zesikhathi eside, ngoba ukubuyisela kungathatha iminyaka. Ngaphezu kokukhiqiza ama-niches (amasu okusinda kwezinhlobo) avame ukungabi namuntu, okubangela ukungabikho kokuncintisana nokudala ukungalingani phakathi kwawo.
Izizinda ezingenamuntu ku-ecosystem zingaholela ekuqothulweni okukhulu kwezinhlobo zezilwane kanye nezinguquko ezihlala njalo emphakathini, konke okubangela i-ecosystem entsha nokwanda kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
Izibonelo
ENgilandi kunemiphakathi yezitshalo engafinyeleli ekulinganiseni kwemvelo iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu futhi lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izinhlobo ezamila endaweni ngemva kokuphazamiseka ziphila isikhathi eside kakhulu futhi zingapheli, futhi kubonisa ukukhiqizwa kwazo okuhlangene kwezicubu ngaphansi komhlaba. ENingizimu Afrika kukhona amaphayini acishe abe neminyaka engamakhulu amabili ubudala, imbewu yawo yalethwa isuka enyakatho nenkabazwe, izimo zawo zemvelo ziwavumela ukuba amelane nezinambuzane ezidla uhlaza kanye namagciwane omdabu; Ngenxa yalokhu, azihlali ngokulingana nezitshalo endaweni ehlaselwa yilezi zinambuzane.
EziQhingini zaseScottish maphakathi nonyaka ka-1932, izimvu eziyi-107 zasuswa ezithatha cishe amahektha angama-638 ngaphandle kwesibalo sabantu, kodwa phakathi kweminyaka engama-40 no-90 inani lezimvu lalishintshashintsha phakathi kuka-600 no-1600, inala yokudla ngezikhathi zonyaka ihlobo lalivumela ukuphindaphindeka kwazo kodwa ebusika zazibulawa indlala, ngakho-ke ukuba nesikhathi sonyaka kwaphazamisa ibhalansi yazo yemvelo.
E-Australia, amakhangaru abomvu azalana ngokuqhubekayo, abhekana nokuguquguquka ngenxa yemvula engalindelekile kanye nesomiso, ngakho awafinyeleli ibhalansi yendawo ezungezile futhi abangele ukufa okukhulu kwalezi zilwane ezincelisayo.
Ungakugwema kanjani noma ukulondolozeka?
Ukongiwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukugcina intuthuko esimeme kanye nekhwalithi yemvelo; zingahlukahluka kuye ngezimo zokulinganisela kwemvelo noma ukungalingani okukhona emvelweni. Abantu baphawuleka ngokwakha nokugcina imvelo ebanzi yokwenziwa engenakho ukulingana kwemvelo, ngokuvamile izici ze-biotic zinqunywa ngezinjongo zezolimo nemfuyo.
Izindawo ezinezinhloso zezolimo, imfuyo noma amadlelo atshaliwe zibhekwa njengezibonelo eziyinhloko zezindawo ezinokungalingani okukhulu kwemvelo emhlabeni. Ukukhula kwenani labantu kudinga ukwanda okukhulu kwalezi zinhlelo zemvelo zokwenziwa futhi kuthinta indawo yemvelo, namuhla kuye kwacelwa ukuba kuncishiswe lolu hlobo lwendawo futhi kusetshenziselwe izinjongo zemfundo kuphela nokuhlela umndeni.
Ezinye izinyathelo ukwehlisa ukulahlwa kokudla kanye nokukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kokudla kwezitshalo esikhundleni sezilwane, ukunciphisa umthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zezinkomo kanye nokunciphisa imfuyo.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Ukungcoliswa kwemifula namachibi