La Ukungalingani okukhulu sekungenye yezinkinga ezinkulu yesikhathi sethu: ngenkathi iqembu elincane liqoqa ingcebo yasendulo, izigidigidi zabantu zisalokhu ziboshelwe ebuphofwini, ekungavikelekeni, nasekuntulekeni kwamathuba. Akukhona nje ukuthi abanye bathola imali eningi kunabanye, kodwa ukuthi leli gebe linquma ukuthi ubani ophilayo, oshonayo, othola imfundo efanelekile noma uhlelo lwezempilo olusebenzayo, nokuthi ubani oshiywe ngemuva ngokungenakuguqulwa.
Kunokuba yinto yemvelo noma engenakugwenywa, ukungalingani kuyasabela izinqumo zezepolitiki, ezomnotho kanye nezenhlalo eziqondile kakhuluIzinhlelo zentela ezisekela imali, izimakethe zezisebenzi ezingazinzile, ukwenziwa kwezinsizakalo eziyisisekelo zibe ngezangasese, ukucwaswa ngokobulili nobuhlanga, kanye nenkohlakalo yezikhungo kudweba isithombe somhlaba wonke lapho amathuba alinganayo eyisiqubulo kunokuba ngokoqobo. Ukuqonda izimbangela, imiphumela, kanye nezixazululo ezingaba khona kubalulekile uma sifuna imiphakathi enobulungiswa futhi ebumbene.
Sisho ukuthini ngokungalingani okukhulu?
Uma sikhuluma ngokungalingani kwezomnotho, empeleni sibhekisela ku- igebe phakathi kwemali engenayo kanye nengcebo yamaqembu ezenhlalo ahlukeneLeli gebe lingalinganiswa ngenzuzo (lokho okuzuzwayo minyaka yonke) noma ngengcebo eqongelelwe (impahla, izimpahla zezimali, amabhizinisi, njll.). Uma lezi zinsiza zigxile kakhulu ezandleni ezimbalwa, kulapho ukungalingani kukhulu khona futhi izimo ezifana nobumpofu, ukubandlululwa, kanye nokuhlukana emphakathini ziyanda.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ikakhulukazi emazweni aseNtshonalanga, ukufinyelela kwabantu abaningi emisebenzini yamaholo kuye kwavumela lokho Abantu abaningi besigaba sabasebenzi bakhuphukela ezikhundleni zesigaba esiphakathiLokhu kugxuma kwakusekelwe ezinsikeni ezintathu: amaholo angcono asatshalaliswa kabanzi, ukuhlelwa kwezigaba zabasebenzi (izinyunyana kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathi ezawina amalungelo abasebenzi) kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi ezixhaswe ngentela eqhubekayo.
Lo modeli, kanye nayo yonke imikhawulo yawo, wenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthi imikhakha eyayisindile kancane ngaphambili iqale ukuyijabulela amazinga angakaze abonwe enhlalakahleniImfundo yomphakathi, ukunakekelwa kwempilo kwabantu bonke, impesheni, izinzuzo zokungasebenzi, izindlu ezixhaswe ngemali… Kodwa-ke, emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kube nokuqedwa kancane kwalolu hlelo, ikakhulukazi lapho amalungelo abasebenzi kanye nombuso wenhlalakahle kuye kwancishiswa khona.
Namuhla, emazweni amaningi, izimbangela ezimbili ezinkulu zokungalingani kwezomnotho yilezi: ukungabikho kwemali engenayo (ukungasebenzi, ukungabi naso isiqinisekiso, ukungabi namsebenzi) kanye nobuthakathaka noma ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinqubomgomo zomphakathi. Okungeziwe kulokhu, ikakhulukazi emazweni ampofu kakhulu, izinkinga zesakhiwo ezifana nokuntuleka kokuhlanganiswa kwezomnotho, izinqubomgomo zokusabalalisa kabusha ezilinganiselwe, izimakethe zezisebenzi ezingalawulwa kahle, kanye namazinga aphezulu enkohlakalo.
Izimbangela zesakhiwo sokungalingani okukhulu
Ukungalingani okukhulu akuveli ezeni: kuvela ochungechungeni oluyinkimbinkimbi lwezinto eziqinisayo ezihlanganisa izikhundla zamalungelo. Phakathi kwalezi zinto, okulandelayo kuyagqama: imithetho yezezimali, ukubanjwa kwamandla ezepolitiki, ukusatshalaliswa komhlaba kanye nemali, ukufinyelela okungalingani kwezemfundo nobuchwepheshe, kanye nendlela ethile okuhlelwe ngayo ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile yi- izinhlelo zentela ezingafanele nezingenanqubekela phambiliEmazweni amaningi, abantu abaphila ngemali yabo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabo bakhokha intela eningi ngokulinganayo kunalabo abahola imali engenayo ngenzuzo enkulu noma yezinkampani ezinkulu. Amacala anjengokuba abantu abacebile bakhokha iphesenti eliphansi kunezisebenzi zabo, noma izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe ezikhokha ngaphansi kuka-10% wenzuzo yazo ngentela, kumane nje kuyiphuzu elincane lesimiso esivuza labo asebevele benakho okuningi.
La inkohlakalo kanye nokugeleza kwemali okungekho emthethweni Lokhu kwenza inkinga ibe nkulu nakakhulu. Imali eningi egeleza ivela emazweni ampofu iye ezindaweni zokukhokha intela noma izikhungo zezimali ezingacacile, ivame ukuphindwe kabili kunemali etholwa njengosizo lwentuthuko. Lokhu "kuvuza" kwenza buthaka izifundazwe, kunciphisa izinsiza zezinqubomgomo zomphakathi, futhi kwandisa izindleko zezimali, kushiye izigidi zingenazo izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo.
Iphinde inesisindo ukusatshalaliswa okungalingani kokutshalwa kwezimali kanye nokusetshenziswa kwemali yomphakathiIndawo yezibhedlela, izikole, imigwaqo, kanye nenethiwekhi yezokuthutha ngokuvamile ayinqunywa kuphela yizindinganiso zobulungiswa bezenhlalo, kodwa futhi nangezintshisekelo zezepolitiki nezomnotho. Amaqembu athile—asekelwe ekilasini, ubuzwe, indawo, noma ukuzibandakanya kwezepolitiki—athola ingqalasizinda kanye nezinsizakalo ezengeziwe, kuyilapho amanye enganakwa ngendlela ehlelekile.
Udaba lomhlaba lungenye indaba ebalulekile: ezindaweni eziningi izinqubo ziye zakhuthazwa ukuthathwa komhlaba ngabatshalizimali abakhulu kanye nabantu abaphezulu bendawookushiya yonke imiphakathi ingenandawo yokulima noma izindlela zokuziphilisa. Njalo ngomzuzwana, amazwe asathuthuka alahlekelwa yindawo efana nenkundla yebhola, okuthinta ngqo ukuvikeleka kokudla kanye nekhono lezigidi zabantu lokuziphilisa.
Ukungalingani nakho kubangelwa yi- ukufinyelela okungalingani kakhulu emalini, olwazini, kanye nasebuchwephesheniLabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela imfundo yabo, ukuthola ubuchwepheshe, noma ukufinyelela isikweletu babanjwe emisebenzini ekhiqiza kancane, okubenza babe sengozini enkulu yezinkinga zesimo sezulu, ezempilo, noma zomnotho. Okwamanje, labo abalawula lezi zinsiza bandisa amathuba abo kanye nethonya lezepolitiki.
Ngokuhambisanayo, i- ukwenziwa kube ngasese kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi ezibalulekile (Amanzi, amandla, impilo, imfundo) ngaphandle kwezivikelo ezanele kushiya ngaphandle labo abangakwazi ukukhokhela amanani emakethe. Lapho ukwenziwa kwebhizinisi kube ngasese ngaphandle kokuqinisekisa ukufinyeleleka kuwo wonke umuntu, "ubandlululo" lwangempela luye lwadalwa phakathi kwalabo abangakwazi ukukhokhela lezi zinsizakalo nalabo abakhishwe ngaphandle.
Ukulawulwa kolwazi kanye nokukhishwa kwemikhakha ebanzi yezenhlalo ezindaweni zokwenza izinqumo zezepolitiki nakho kudlala indima. ukuntuleka kwentando yeningi, okungabonakali kahle kanye nokuziphendulela okuncaneLokhu kudala indawo ephelele yokuzalela izicukuthwane ukuze zibambe uMbuso futhi ziklame imithetho ehambisana nezidingo zazo, zihlanganise izinzuzo zazo.
Ngaphezu kwakho konke lokhu kukhona ukungalingani komlando okufana nokuthi ukungalingani ngokobuliliEmpeleni, ukungabi nabulungisa okuningi okukhulunywe ngakho—ukuntuleka komhlaba, isikweletu, imfundo, noma impilo yomphakathi—kuwela kakhulu kwabesifazane, abavame ukugxila emisebenzini ekhokhelwa kancane futhi eyingozi kakhulu, futhi bathatha iningi lomsebenzi wokunakekelwa ongakhokhelwa.
Ezimweni eziningi, ukungajeziswa kanye nokulawulwa kwezepolitiki kohlelo lwezobulungiswa Bavumela ubugebengu bezomnotho kanye nenkohlakalo ukuthi kungajeziswa. Lapho abantu bebona ukuthi imithetho isetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi isigaba senhlalo noma amandla ezomnotho, ukwethembana ezikhungweni kuyawa futhi ukungalingani kuyaqina.
Ekugcineni, i- izingxabano ezihlomile kanye nodlame oluhleliwe Azigcini nje ngokudala ubumpofu; futhi zivame ukuqinisa amandla amaqembu athile, ziqinisekise ukufinyelela okukhethekile ezinsizeni zemvelo, noma zigcine abantu belawulwa. Kulezi zimo, amandla ezomnotho, ezepolitiki kanye nawezempi ayaqina.
Ukwanda komhlaba wonke, ubuchwepheshe kanye nemakethe yezabasebenzi
Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kanye noguquko kwezobuchwepheshe kukhiphe izigidi zabantu ebumpofwini obukhulu, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo kube negalelo yandisa igebe phakathi kwalabo abazuza kulezi zinguquko nalabo abashiywe ngaphandleIndlela lezi zinqubo ezihlelwe ngayo ichaza ingxenye enkulu yokungalingani kwamanje.
Ngasohlangothini lwezomnotho, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukuthunyelwa kwezinsizakalo ngaphandle kanye nokuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo ngaphandle, ngokusho kwe izitayela zohwebo lwamazwe ngamazweIzinkampani eziningi zithuthela ingxenye yemisebenzi yazo emazweni aneholo eliphansi kanye nokuvikelwa okuncane komphakathi, okuholela emisebenzini enamakhono aphansi, ekhokhelwa kancane futhi evikelekile kancane emisebenzini. Emazweni azo avela kuwo, inani elikhulu lemisebenzi yezimboni ezinzile ilahlekile noma yenziwe yaba yingozi.
Ukuvela kobuchwepheshe obusha kuye kwaletha intuthuko eqinile igebe lochwepheshe kanye nomholo futhi iphakamisa impikiswano mayelana Ukuziphatha Kubuhlakani BokwenziwaLabo abanekhono lobuchwepheshe bamathuluzi edijithali athuthukile noma abenza imisebenzi yokudala nengeyona ejwayelekile babona amathuba abo esanda; labo abaphethe izikhundla ezisebenziseka kalula basengozini yokulahlekelwa imisebenzi yabo noma babhajwe emjikelezweni womsebenzi oyingozi oneholo eliphansi kakhulu.
Kulesi simo, i ukusatshalaliswa kwengcebo phakathi kwemikhakha kahulumeni neyangasese Lokhu kushintshe kakhulu kusukela ngawo-1980. Ingcebo yomphakathi ehlanganisiwe (izimpahla ngaphandle kwesikweletu) yehle noma yaze yaba yimbi emazweni amaningi acebile, kuyilapho ingcebo yangasese ikhuphuke yafinyelela emazingeni angu-400-700% wemali engenayo kazwelonke. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ohulumeni balawula izinsiza ezimbalwa kunezingcebo ezinkulu nezinkampani, benciphisa ikhono labo lokulawula umnotho nokusabalalisa kabusha imali engenayo.
Imakethe yezabasebenzi ibonisa zonke lezi zindlela. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sibona ukungalingani okukhulu kwemiholo okuphambili ekusabalaleniNakuba abantu abaningi bebona imali engenayo yabo ikhuphuka kancane kancane—uma ikhuphuka nhlobo—abangu-10% abaphezulu abaholayo bagxila engxenyeni enkulu yenzuzo. EYurophu, labo abangu-10% abaphezulu bathola cishe imali efanayo nabangu-50% abaphansi.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kusabalale ukungavikeleki emsebenziniIzinkontileka zesikhashana nezesikhashana ziyanda, ukuxoxisana ngokubambisana kuyawohloka, ukuxoxisana ngezivumelwano kuyakhula, futhi izibalo ezifana nokuzisebenzela mbumbulu ziyavela. Izisebenzi eziningi ezingaphansi kwezinkontileka zithola imali engaphansi kwengxenye yesithathu kunalezo ezenza imisebenzi efanayo emholweni, okwandisa igebe ngaphakathi kwesigaba sabasebenzi uqobo.
Abesifazane bahlushwa yilezi zinguquko ngamandla akhethekile: zigxile kakhulu imikhakha ekhokha kancane, ikakhulukazi eyesikhashana futhi enezindlela zomsebenzi ezihlukeneNgaphezu kwalokho, babekezelela lokho okubizwa ngokuthi “isijeziso sokuba ngumama,” okuholela ekuholweni okuphansi kanye namathuba ambalwa okukhushulwa esikhundleni uma kuqhathaniswa nabesifazane abangenazo izingane, futhi-ke, uma kuqhathaniswa nabesilisa.
Izifundo eziningi zibonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokungalingani kusukela ngawo-80 kungenxa, ngokwengxenye, ukungasebenzi kahle kweholo kanye nokwehla kwesabelo semali engenayo kazwelonkekanye nokuqedwa kwemithetho yezezimali, izinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe, kanye nezinguquko zentela ezihlehlayo. Kwamanye amazwe, umbuso wezenhlalakahle ubulokhu uncipha, okushiya imindeni isengozini enkulu yezinkinga zomnotho.
Ukungalingani komhlaba wonke kanye Nemigomo Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo
Ngokwezinga lomhlaba wonke, iminyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule ibone ukuthi Abantu abangaphezu kwezigidigidi baphunyukile ebumpofwini obukhulu ku amazwe ampofu kakhulu emhlabeniKodwa-ke, isabelo semali engenayo yomhlaba wonke esitholwa yingxenye yabantu abampofu kakhulu asikashintshi kangako, yize umkhiqizo womnotho womhlaba wonke usuphindwe kathathu kusukela ngo-1990. Inkinga akuyona nje ukuthi umnotho ukhula kangakanani, kodwa ukuthi lokho kukhula kusatshalaliswa kanjani.
Ukungalingani akugcini nje emalini engenayo: kuphinde kuboniswe ku- umehluko osekelwe endaweni, ubulili, ubudala, imvelaphi yobuzwe, ukukhubazeka, ukuthambekela kobulili, isigaba senhlalo, noma inkoloLezi zici ezihlanganayo zinquma ukuthi ubani okwazi ukufinyelela kuziphi izinhlobo zezinsizakalo, amathuba, kanye nemiphumela yempilo. Ezifundeni eziningi, lezi zikhala ziyanda kunokuba zinciphe.
I-UN ivumile ukuthi indlela egxile ekukhuleni kuphela, ngaphandle kokunaka ukusatshalaliswa, ibe negalelo ekukhuleni amazinga angakaze abonwe okungalingani kwemali engenayo kanye nengceboEqinisweni, izibalo zezinhlangano ezifana ne-Oxfam zisikisela ukuthi, ukugcina ukungalingani kwamanje, umnotho womhlaba kuzodingeka uphindaphindeke ngo-175 ukuze wonke umuntu athole imali engaphezu kwama-$5 ngosuku, into engenakwenzeka ngokwezemvelo nangokwenhlalo.
Phakathi kwezinhloso zentuthuko esimeme eziyi-17, umgomo we-10 uhlose ukunciphisa ukungalingani ngaphakathi naphakathi kwamazweUkuze kufezwe lokhu, kunconywa izinqubomgomo zomhlaba wonke ukuthi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziqaphele ngokukhethekile amaqembu ahluphekile kakhulu: izinguquko zentela eziqhubekayo, ukwanda kokumelwa kwamazwe asathuthuka ezikhungweni ezifana ne-IMF, kanye nokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe okusekela ukuthunyelwa kwawo ngaphandle kwezithiyo ezingafanele.
Kuyamangaza ukuthi, ekhulwini lama-21, idlanzana labantu linengcebo efana neyezwe. ingxenye yabantu abampofu kakhulu emhlabeniLokhu kugxila ngokweqile kubhekwa njengohlobo lobudlova kwezomnotho: imithetho yomdlalo yenzelwe ukuvikela izintshisekelo zalabo abaphezulu, ngenkathi inciphisa amalungelo namathuba eningi.
Ukungalingani, ubumpofu obukhulu, nezinye izinto ezibalulekile
Ukuqeda ubumpofu kusengenye yezinselelo ezinkulu emhlabeni. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubhubhane, izinkinga zomnotho, kanye nezingxabano kuye kwenza umsebenzi waba nzima nakakhulu, kwaze kwaba seqophelweni lokuthi Amakhulu ezigidi zabantu ayaqhubeka nokuphila ngemali engaphansi kwamaRandi ambalwa ngosukuNgaphezu kwalokho, ubumpofu bamanje buqondwa ngezindlela eziningi: abugcini nje ngokuntuleka kwemali engenayo, kodwa futhi buntula nemfundo, izindlu ezifanelekile, impilo, ukufinyelela amanzi ahlanzekile kanye nokuvikelwa komphakathi.
Phakathi kwezimbangela zamanje zobumpofu—zonke ezihlobene kakhulu nokungalingani—lezi ezilandelayo zivelele: izingxabano ezihlomile kanye nodlame olusabaleleezibhubhisa ingqalasizinda, ziphazamise izimakethe, ziphoqe izigidi ukuba zibaleke, futhi zibhebhethekise indlala. Imibiko yakamuva ikhombisa ukuthi amazwe athinteke kakhulu yimpi avame ukuba namazinga aphezulu okungondleki kahle kanye nobumpofu obukhulu.
El ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu Sekuphenduke ukwanda kokungalingani: isomiso esihlala isikhathi eside, izikhukhula eziphindaphindayo, iziphepho ezinamandla, kanye namagagasi okushisa kuthinta kakhulu labo abathembele ngqo ekulimeni okuziphilisa futhi abangenawo amandla ezomnotho okuzivumelanisa nezimo. Izigidi zabantu abahlala ebuphofwini obuhlukahlukene babhekene nezingozi zesimo sezulu ezingaqeda indlela yabo yokuphila.
La ukuntuleka kokufinyelela ekunakekelweni kwezempilo okwanele Lesi esinye isici esibangela ubumpofu. Abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye emhlabeni abanazo izinsizakalo ezibalulekile; emazweni amaningi, ukugula okungathi sína kusho ukungena ezikweletini noma ukuthengisa izidingo eziyisisekelo. Njalo ngonyaka, amashumi ezigidi zabantu awela ebumpofwini ngenxa yezindleko zezokwelapha okufanele zimbozwe izinhlelo zomphakathi eziqinile.
Ukuntuleka kwe- imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu nefinyelelekayo Kuvala umbuthano. Uma bonke abantu abadala beqeda okungenani isikole samabanga aphezulu, amakhulu ezigidi angaphunyuka ebuphofwini. Kodwa-ke, amakhulu ezigidi zezingane asaphumile esikoleni noma ezikhungweni zemfundo ezintula kangangokuthi, lapho eneminyaka eyi-10, azikwazi ukufunda nokuqonda umbhalo olula. Lo "buphofu bokufunda" bukhawulela ikusasa labo kanye nekusasa lemiphakathi yabo.
Ukuntuleka kokufinyelela amanzi okuphuza kanye nokuhlanzeka Kuqinisa umjikelezo wobumpofu: kwandisa ingozi yezifo, kuphoqa abantu ukuthi bachithe amahora amaningi befuna amanzi, futhi kuvimbela ikhono labo lokufunda noma lokusebenza. Naphezu kwentuthuko, izigidigidi zabantu zisantula amanzi aphephile futhi aphethwe kahle, okunciphisa amathuba abo futhi kunciphisa isithunzi sabo.
Izinhlobo zokungalingani: ezomnotho, ezenhlalo, ezemfundo, kanye nobulili
Ukungalingani akuyona into efanayo, kodwa inethiwekhi yezilinganiso ezihlanganayo. Okubonakala kakhulu yi- ukungalingani kwezomnothoLokhu kubonakala ekwabiweni okungalingani kwemali engenayo kanye nengcebo. Abantu ababili bangenza imisebenzi efanayo kakhulu futhi bathole imali ehluke kakhulu kuye ngomkhakha wabo, inkampani, noma izwe labo, futhi leli gebe liyakhula uma kuqhathaniswa imali engenayo yabantu abacebile kakhulu abangu-1% nabanye.
La Ukungalingani komphakathi Kuzibonakalisa ngokubandlulula ngokusekelwe emvelaphi, isimo, inkolo, ubulili, ukuthambekela kobulili, noma ubuzwe. Akukhona nje ngemali: kumayelana nokufinyelela okungalingani kumanethiwekhi, udumo, amandla angokomfanekiso, kanye nezindawo zokwenza izinqumo. Labo abazalelwe ezindaweni ezinemali ephansi yamasiko nezenhlalo babhekene nobunzima obukhulu kakhulu ekukhuphukeni, noma ngabe bafinyelela amazinga aphezulu emfundo kunezizukulwane zangaphambilini.
Kukhona futhi ukungalingani kwezemfundoLokhu kuhlobene kakhulu nezici zezomnotho nezenhlalo. Izigidi zezingane—ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemakhaya, ezindaweni zezingxabano, kanye nasezindaweni zababaleki—azikho esikoleni noma ziyeka isikole ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Nakuba ukufinyelela emfundweni eyisisekelo kuyanda, izikhala ezinkulu ziyaqhubeka eqophelweni, emfundweni yamabanga aphezulu, futhi ngaphezu kwakho konke, emfundweni ephakeme.
La ukungalingani ngokobulili Lo mkhuba udlula kuzo zonke ezinye izindawo. Abesifazane bahola imali engaphansi ngo-20% kunabesilisa emhlabeni jikelele, kanti imisebenzi ephethwe ngabesifazane ivame ukukhokhelwa kancane. Ngisho noma amadoda nabesifazane benza umsebenzi ofanayo, izinkampani ezinengxenye ephezulu yabesifazane zivame ukunikeza amaholo aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokhu kukhona isijeziso sokubeletha, esinciphisa imisebenzi yabo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane bacabanga ukuthi iningi lalaba ukunakekelwa okungakhokhelwa —ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukunakekela asebekhulile noma abagulayo, umsebenzi wasekhaya—, okunciphisa isikhathi sabo semfundo, ukubamba iqhaza kwezepolitiki, noma intuthuko yobungcweti. Lo mthwalo ongabonakali ungomunye wemibangela engaqashelwa kakhulu yokungalingani kwezomnotho nezenhlalo okusekelwe kubulili.
Icala laseSpain: ukungalingani, ubumpofu kanye nemakethe yezabasebenzi
ISpain iyisibonelo esihle sokuthi ukungalingani kungaba kanjani emazingeni ajwayelekile ekuqhathanisweni komhlaba wonke, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, kube ephezulu uma kuqhathaniswa nendawo yayo yaseYurophu eseduzeNgaphambi kwenkinga enkulu yezomnotho yango-2008, izwe lase livele linenkomba yokungalingani ephezulu kunesilinganiso se-European Union, futhi lelo gebe landa eminyakeni eyalandela.
Izinkomba ezifana ne-Gini index noma isilinganiso phakathi kwabacebile abangu-20% kanye nabampofu abangu-20% zibonisa lokho Ukusatshalaliswa kwemali engenayo eSpain kuye kwaba nokungalingani okukhulu phakathi kweminyaka yama-2000 nasekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-2010. Ubunzima bokungasebenzi okukhulu, ukungabi nathemba kanye nokuncipha kwezinqubomgomo ezithile zomphakathi kuchaza ingxenye enkulu yalokhu kwehla.
Izinga lengozi yobumpofu noma ukubandlululwa emphakathini eSpain lidlula ngokusobala isilinganiso se-EU. Lokhu akugcini nje ngokuba kunabantu abaningi abanalesi simo. imali engenayo engaphansi komugqa wobumpofukodwa futhi nenani elikhulu lemindeni enomsebenzi ophansi, okungukuthi, enamalungu ambalwa asebenzayo noma amahora amaningi okungasebenzi unyaka wonke.
Ngokumangalisayo, izinga lokuntuleka okukhulu kwezinto ezibonakalayo—elilinganiswa ngokuntuleka kwezimpahla noma izinsizakalo eziyisisekelo—lingaphansi kwesilinganiso saseYurophu. Lokhu kuphikisana okusobala kuchazwa ngokwengxenye yi- indima yokusekela amanethiwekhi omndeni kanye nezinhlangano zomphakathikanye nokufinyelela okubanzi kwezemfundo yomphakathi kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo, naphezu kokuncipha okuye kwabhekana nakho.
Ingozi yobumpofu iphakeme kulabo abanayo abaneziqu eziphansi, abangasebenzi, bangamalungu emindeni emikhulu, bangabesifazane, noma bahlala ezindaweni ezinemali engenayo ephansi ngomuntu ngamunyeNokho, kuyamangaza ukuthi iSpain inengozi enkulu kakhulu yobumpofu—uma kuqhathaniswa ne-EU—ngisho naphakathi kwabantu abafanelekayo, izisebenzi eziqashiwe, kanye nemindeni enabantu abadala ababili nezingane. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba nomsebenzi noma imfundo ephakeme akuqinisekisi ukuphunyuka ebuthakathakeni.
Ukufinyelela izindlu nakho kwenza umehluko omkhulu. Labo abanamakhaya abo ngqo noma abanerenti ekhokhelwayo banciphisa ingozi yabo yobumpofu, kuyilapho intsha, ebhekene nobunzima obukhulu ekuthengeni kanye nerenti ephezulu, izithola isesimweni esibucayi kakhulu, ngisho nalapho isebenza.
Ezingeni lesakhiwo, iSpain ihlushwa izinkinga ze- ukuqongelela kokungalingani kwezimali kanye nengceboIningi lenani lezindlu zokuhlala ezingezona eziyisisekelo, amabhizinisi azisebenzelayo, amasheya, kanye nezinye izimpahla zezimali ligxile emindenini ecebile kakhulu engu-20%. Lokhu kusho ukuthi inzuzo kanye nenzuzo yezimali, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kuzokwandisa lokhu kungalingani.
Ukungalingani njengobudlova bezomnotho kanye nobezenhlalo
Ukungalingani okukhulu akugcini nje ngokudala ukungabi nabulungisa; empeleni kudala Kubiza izimpilo nsuku zonke.Ukuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene kulinganisela ukuthi kunegalelo ekufeni kwamashumi ezinkulungwane zabantu nsuku zonke ngenxa yezimbangela ezihlobene nendlala, ukuntuleka kokufinyelela ezinsizakalweni zezempilo, imiphumela yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu emazweni ampofu, kanye nodlame olusekelwe kubulili oluhlobene nezinhlelo nezinsizakusebenza zokubusa kwabesilisa. Indlela yokubona nokuqeda ubudlovaOkwamanje, izinkampani ezinkulu zemithi zilawula ubuchwepheshe obubalulekile bezokwelapha, zivimbela ukusatshalaliswa kwazo ngokulinganayo ngesikhathi sobhubhane kanye Kushiya izigidi zabantu abasengozini bengavikelekile.Umqondo wenzuzo yangasese, uma ubekwa phambili kunempilo yomphakathi, ubhebhethekisa lezi zinhlobo zobudlova bezomnotho.
Ukungalingani kuyabalimaza nalabo abangekho ebumpofwini obukhulu. Emiphakathini engalingani kakhulu, ubude bokuphila obulinganiselwe bamaqembu aphansi naphakathiUkufinyelela imfundo esezingeni eliphezulu kuyawohloka, izinkinga zempilo yengqondo ziyanda, futhi ukwethembana ezikhungweni kuyawohloka. Ngokwezombusazwe, ukunganeliseki kuyakhula, ukwenqatshwa kwezikhundla eziphakeme kuyasakazeka, futhi inkulumo yobuzwe neyokubandlulula iyakhula.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukungalingani kunciphisa amandla okuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezuluLabo abangenazo izinsiza zomnotho, imali yezenhlalo, kanye nokufinyelela olwazini oluthembekile bakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuzivikela ezigamekweni ezimbi kakhulu, ukutshala imali engqalasizinda eqinile, noma ukufuduka ngokuphepha uma kudingeka.
Ubumpofu bezingane bufanelwe ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile: izingane zimelela cishe ingxenye yabampofu emhlabeni, futhi Basengozini enkulu yokuhlala bevaleleke kuleso simo impilo yabo yonke.Isimo somsebenzi kanye nesemfundo sabazali babo, ukwakheka komndeni, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezinqubomgomo zokusekela umphakathi kunquma amathuba abo okuthuthuka.
Izixazululo ezingaba khona kanye nendima yezinqubomgomo zomphakathi
Uma ubufakazi bamazwe ngamazwe bucacisa into eyodwa, ukuthi ukungalingani akuyona into engenakugwenywa, kodwa umphumela izinketho zezepolitiki eziqondileOhulumeni nezikhungo bangakhetha phakathi kokuqinisa imodeli egxila engcebweni namandla noma ukukhetha umnotho ohlanganisa wonke umuntu, onemikhawulo ekuqongeleleni ngokweqile kanye neziqinisekiso zamalungelo ayisisekelo abo bonke.
Izixazululo zihilela isethi yezinyathelo eziqinisayo zombili: izinguquko zentela eziqhubekayo okwenza labo abanokuningi banikele kakhulu, ukulwa okuqinile nokubalekela intela nokugwema, ukuqinisa izinsizakalo zomphakathi ezibalulekile (imfundo, impilo, ukuvikelwa komphakathi) kanye nokukhuthazwa kwemisebenzi emihle eneholo elanele.
Kusemqoka ukutshala imali imfundo ebandakanya wonke umuntu nekhwalithi Kusukela ebuntwaneni kuya emfundweni yobuchwepheshe kanye nemfundo ephakeme, ukunciphisa amazinga okuyeka esikoleni kanye nokuthuthukisa imiphumela yokufunda. Unyaka ngamunye owengeziwe wesikole kanye nokuthuthuka ngakunye kwekhwalithi yokufundisa kuhumushela emathubeni emisebenzi amakhulu kanye nesakhamuzi esikwaziyo ukuhlanganyela ngokujulile empilweni yomphakathi.
Emsebenzini, kudingeka izinqubomgomo ezithi Qinisa ukuxoxisana ngokubambisana, nciphisa ukubumbana phakathi kwabasebenzi abaqashwe ngokugcwele kanye nabasebenzi besikhashana, futhi ulwe nokuqashwa okungaphephile.Ukwenyusa umholo omncane, ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kabi kwezinkontileka zesikhashana, ukulawula ukuthengiselana ngezivumelwano, nokuqinisekisa amalungelo ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zomsebenzi wedijithali kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile.
Ukulingana ngokobulili kumele kube yimbangela yanoma yiliphi isu. Lokhu kusho ukuthi Ukuvala izikhala zemiholo, ukuqinisekisa ukufinyelela kwabesifazane emhlabeni, isikweletu kanye nezikhundla zomthwalo wemfanelokanye nokusabalalisa umsebenzi wokunakekela ngendlela efanele, ngezinsizakalo zomphakathi (ukunakekelwa kwezingane, ukunakekelwa kwesikhathi eside) kanye nezinguquko zamasiko nezemithetho.
Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, ukubambisana kwentuthuko, ukukhanselwa kwezikweletu ezingagcineki, ukulawulwa kokugeleza kwezezimali kanye nokuguqulwa kohlelo lokuhweba Bangandisa amandla amazwe ampofu okutshala imali kubantu bawo. Ukulwa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kumele futhi kufake nombono wobulungiswa: amazwe anesibopho esikhulu sokuxhasa ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola eMhlabeni Wonke.
Izinhlangano zomphakathi, ama-NGO, kanye nezinhlangano zezakhamuzi zidlala indima ebalulekile ku- ukuphoqa lezi zinguquko, ukusekela imiphakathi esengozini kakhulu, kanye nokuqalisa amaphrojekthi abonakalayo ezithuthukisa ukufinyelela imali engenayo, ukudla okunempilo, amanzi, imfundo, noma impilo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwentando yezepolitiki eqhubekayo, imizamo yabo ngeke ihlale inganele uma kubhekwa ubukhulu benkinga.
Empilweni yansuku zonke, izinkampani kanye nabantu ngabanye nabo bangafaka isandla: izinqubomgomo zebhizinisi ezinciphisa igebe lamaholo kanye nobuliliUkudala imisebenzi emihle, ukusekela ukuqeqeshwa kwabasebenzi abavela ezizindeni ezihlwempu, ukusetshenziswa kwezimali ngendlela efanele, ukubamba iqhaza ezinhlelweni zokuzithandela noma ukunikela kumaphrojekthi entuthuko kungenye yezindlela zokuzibandakanya.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwamashumi eminyaka ambalwa edlule kubonisa ukuthi uma kuhlangene ukukhula komnotho okunengqondo, izikhungo eziqinile, izinhlelo zentela ezithuthukayo, kanye nezifundazwe zenhlalakahle eziqinileUkungalingani kungancishiswa kakhulu ngaphandle kokulahla amandla omnotho. Nokho, ukulondoloza lesi simo samanje kusiholela ezweni eliqhekeka kakhulu, elingazinzile, nelingavikelekile kwabaningi.
Ukucabanga ukuthi ukungalingani okukhulu kuwumphumela wokukhetha okuhlangene—hhayi isiphetho esingenakushintshwa—kuvula umnyango wokushintsha imithetho yomdlalo: phinda wabe amandla, ingcebo, namathuba kangangokuthi ukuzalelwa endaweni ethile, ukuba yindoda noma owesifazane, ukuba ngumuntu wesizwe esithile noma isigaba esithile akusaphawuli, cishe unomphela, umkhathi wokuphila komuntu ngamunye.
