La Impi Yokuzimela yase-Algeria Kwakungenye yezingxabano zobukoloni ezinonya kakhulu zekhulu lama-20. Phakathi kuka-1954 no-1962, yaqhatha inhlangano yobuzwe yase-Algeria, eholwa yi-National Liberation Front (FLN), namandla obukoloni aseFrance, eyayizimisele ukugcina noma ngabe yiziphi izindleko indawo eyayiyibheka njengengxenye ebalulekile yeRiphabhulikhi. Kwakuyimpi yempi yabashokobezi, ubuphekula, ukuhlasela okunonya, kanye nokuhlushwa okuhleliwe, okwahlala kuphawula inkumbulo ehlangene yeFrance kanye nezwe lama-Arabhu.
Phakathi nale minyaka izindlela zabo zahlangana izimbangela zomlando ezikhona isikhathi eside, izintshisekelo zomnotho, umbango wemibono, kanye nokungezwani kwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Ingxabano yaphela nge-Evian Agreements kanye nokuzimela kwe-Algeria, kodwa yashiya amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu befile, ukufuduka okukhulu kwabahlali baseYurophu - ababizwa ngokuthi ama-pieds-noirs - kanye nenhlekelele yamaHarkis, ama-Algeria alwa neFrance futhi ashiywa engenathemba.
Isizinda samakoloni kanye nomsuka wengxabano
Ukuze siqonde ukuphela kwempi, kubalulekile ukubuyela emuva ekhulwini le-19, lapho IFrance yahlasela futhi yathatha i-Algeria kusukela ngo-1830, isiqephu esivamile salesi imibuso emikhuluIsebenzisa ubuthakathaka boMbuso Wase-Ottoman futhi isebenzisa ubusela kanye nengxabano yezombusazwe njengesizathu, iFrance yagcina isungule leli koloni njengengxenye ehlanganisiwe ngokomthetho yeFrance, ihlukaniswe ngamagatsha hhayi nje indawo evikelwe, ngokungafani neMorocco noma iTunisia.
Ikoloni eliqinile laseYurophu lahlala kule ndawo, eyaziwa ngokuthi ama-pieds-noirsLeli koloni, elalihlanganisa ikakhulukazi amaFulentshi, kodwa futhi namaNtaliyane namaSpain, lathatha ukulawula umhlaba nengcebo, laphatha ukuphathwa futhi lavimba ngisho nezinguquko ezincane kakhulu ezazingathuthukisa kancane izimpilo zeningi lamaSulumane.
Kusukela ekuqaleni, inqubomgomo yokuba yisakhamuzi engacacile yayikhona. Izakhamuzi zale ndawo zazibhekwa njengezinazo Ubuzwe baseFrance, kodwa hhayi ubuzwe obugcweleNgaphansi kukaNapoleon III, ngo-1865, abantu base-Algeria bavunyelwe ukufaka izicelo zobuzwe baseFrance, kodwa amaSulumane kwakudingeka alahle umthetho we-Sharia empilweni yawo, abaningi ababewubheka njengokuhlubuka. Nokho, ngo-1870, ubuzwe baseFrance banikezwa amaJuda ase-Algeria ngokuzenzakalelayo, isinqumo esavusa inzondo nokwanda kobandlululo phakathi kwamaqembu amaSulumane, ayebabheka njengabangane bamandla obukoloni.
Emashumini eminyaka edlule, njengoba kwakhiwa ingqalasizinda, izikole, kanye nezinsizakalo zezempilo, [okungacacile] kwahlanganiswa isakhiwo senhlalo esingalingani ngokupheleleAmakoloni ayejabulela ingxenye enkulu yezinzuzo zomnotho kanye namandla ezepolitiki, kuyilapho umphakathi wamaSulumane wehliswa esikhundleni sesibili, bengenalo ukufinyelela okukhulu emfundweni noma ezikhundleni zamandla. Ekupheleni kwesikhathi sobukoloni, cishe u-15% wezingane zamaSulumane zase zibhalisele esikoleni, futhi inani labafundi bamaSulumane emfundweni yamabanga aphezulu lalincane kakhulu.
Ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kwemiphakathi yamaSulumane kwawela ngaphansi kwe- wawaAbalamuli bendawo babenamandla amakhulu phezu kwabantu. Babevame ukuxhaphaza omakhelwane babo ngokubambisana nezikhulu zaseFrance, belawula amavoti, futhi beqinisekisa imiphumela efiswa nguHulumeni Jikelele wase-Algeria. Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "imiphakathi exubile," eneningi lamaSulumane, kwakubuswa yiziphathimandla eziqokwe phezulu, okuqinisa umuzwa wabantu base-Algeria wokungabi namandla kwezepolitiki.
Ukuvuka kobuzwe kanye nokucindezelwa kweFrance
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, lapho abantu abaningi base-Algeria babekhonza khona ama-tirailleurs Ngaphakathi kwebutho laseFrance, imibono yokuzibusa, ekhuthazwe yincwadi kaWoodrow Wilson edumile ethi Fourteen Points, yaqala ukusabalala kabanzi. Izihlakaniphi zezinguquko kanye nabantu abangosonkolo, abaziwa ngokuthi ama-ulema, baqala ukufuna ukulingana, ukuzimela, kanye, kwabanye, ukuzimela ngokuphelele.
Ngesikhathi sempi phakathi kwempi, kwavela okulandelayo izinhlangano zobuzwe njenge-Étoile Nord-Africaine (1926), ehlobene nobukhomanisi baseFrance futhi eholwa ngabantu abanjengoMessali Hadj. Nakuba le nhlangano yaqedwa yiziphathimandla, yabangela i-Algerian People's Party (PPA), eyayifuna okungenani ukuzimela okubanzi. Wonke la maqembu avinjelwa ngamagagasi ahlukahlukene okucindezelwa, futhi abaholi bawo baboshwa noma bathunyelwa ekudingisweni, okwaqhubeka nokwandisa ukunyakaza.
Ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, ama-Algeria ayelwele ukukhulula iFrance ayelindele izinguquko ezijulile kanye nokulingana kwamalungelo kwangempelaNgo-1944, ukulingana kwamalungelo kwamenyezelwa ngokusemthethweni, kanti uMthetho kaLamine Gueye ka-1946 wandisa ubuzwe kubo bonke abahlali beminyango yaphesheya kwezilwandle. Umthetho ka-1947 wawuhloselwe ukuguqula isimo sase-Algeria nokunikeza amalungelo engeziwe kumaSulumane, kodwa awuzange uqaliswe: abahlali bakhohlisa ukhetho lweSigungu sase-Algeria ngo-1948 nango-1951, basusa noma yimuphi umkhondo wobuzwe base-Algeria ekumeleleni kwezepolitiki.
Isiqephu esiyinhloko salesi sigaba kwakuyi- Ukubulawa kukaSétif noGuelma, ngoMeyi 1945Umbhikisho wobuzwe, owacindezelwa ngobudlova ngamaphoyisa, wabangela iziyaluyalu nobudlova kubantu baseYurophu namaSulumane. Impendulo yaseFrance yayingalingani kakhulu: ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, ukubhujiswa kwamadolobhana, kanye nokufa kwabantu base-Algeria abayizinkulungwane. Ngenkathi ukucindezelwa kwaqeda ubuzwe esikhathini esifushane, kwaqeda ukholo endleleni esemthethweni nelinganiselayo yokuguqula esikhathini eside.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ka-1945-1954, abaholi abafana no- UFerhat Abbas Bazama ukulandela indlela yephalamende, bahlanganyela kwezombusazwe zaseFrance futhi bakhuthaza ukulingana nokuzimela ngaphakathi kweRiphabhulikhi. Kodwa-ke, ukukhwabanisa okhethweni okuhleliwe kanye nokunganaki kweParis kwalimaza leli qhinga. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, iqembu likaMessali Hadj, i-MTLD (Movement for the Triumph of Democratic Freedoms), labhekana nokuhlukana kwangaphakathi, futhi iphiko lalo elinobudlova ladala i-Special Organisation (OS), isiqalo esiyimfihlo esizinikele ekulungiseleleni impi ehlomile.
Ukuqubuka kweMpi yase-Algeria
Kusukela ku-OS kuzovela ngo-1954 I-National Liberation Front (FLN)Bezimisele ukushiya indlela yezomthetho futhi bakhethe ukuvukela umbuso, leli qembu ekuqaleni lalakhiwe yiqembu elincane, elalihlomile futhi lingenazo izinsiza elinokusekelwa okuncane komphakathi, kodwa babenesiyalo esikhulu futhi beqiniseka ukuthi ubudlova kuphela obungavusa ukusabela okuvela eFrance. Abaholi be-FLN bazama ukuhlanganisa amaqembu e-MTLD, kodwa iqembu likaMessali Hadj kanye nelikaLahouel alizange lizimisele ukuzithoba, okwashiya i-FLN njengesisekelo sobukhosi sobuzwe obusha obuhlomile.
Ngomhlaka-1 Novemba 1954, kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi I-Toussaint Rouge (i-Operation All Saints Red), ama-commando e-FLN aqala ukuhlasela okuhleliwe ezindaweni ezahlukene zempi kanye nezakhamuzi kulo lonke elase-Algeria. Nakuba iFrance yayisalwisana nezimpi e-Indochina, eMorocco, naseTunisia, ukusabela e-Algeria kwakushesha: ukuboshwa kwabantu abaningi, ukuqinisa amabutho, kanye nemisebenzi yokuqala yokulwa nokuvukela umbuso, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezinjengezintaba zase-Aurès.
Insimu yahlukaniswa yi-FLN yaba izindawo zokulwaAbaholi abanjengoMustapha Ben Boulaïd (Aurès), uKrim Belkacem (Kabylia), uLarbi Ben M'Hidi (isifunda sase-Oran), uRabah Bitat (Algiers), kanye noMourad Didouche (enyakatho yeConstantine) babelane ngomsebenzi wokuhlela ukunyakaza kwamavukelambuso. Indawo ngayinye yayinokuzimela okukhulu ekuqasheni abalwi, ekuqoqeni imali, nasekuhleleni imisebenzi, okwavumela ukunyakaza ukusabalala yize umyalo ophakathi wawulokhu ubuthakathaka.
Ekuqaleni, iningi labantu base-Algeria alizange lisekele kakhulu ukuvukela umbuso. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi kwakukhona amasosha asebenzayo angaphansi kwamakhulu amahlanu ekuqaleni kwempiKodwa inhlanganisela yokucindezelwa kwezempi yaseFrance, ukuqhuma kwamabhomu, kanye nokucindezela kwezepolitiki okuvela e-FLN kwashintsha kancane kancane leso simo. Ukuhlasela ekuqaleni kwalandela inqubomgomo yokugwema ukufa kwabantu abavamile, yize ukubulawa kwabantu abaningi njengalokho okwenzeka ePhilippeville ngo-1955, lapho kwafa khona abantu abangaphezu kwekhulu, kwalandela ngokushesha, futhi impendulo yaseFrance eyalandela yabiza izimpilo zezinkulungwane zabantu base-Algeria.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-FLN yenze umsebenzi impi yokubulalana phakathi kwabazalwane ne-Algerian National Movement (MNA) nguMessali Hadj, ukuze amthathele ukumelwa kobuzwe. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwenzeke kokubili e-Algeria naphakathi kwabantu base-Algeria abahlakazekile eFrance, lapho ukuxabana phakathi kwezidlamlilo zezinhlangano zombili kwaholela ekufeni kwabantu abacishe babe yizinkulungwane ezinhlanu phakathi nempi.
Inhlangano ye-FLN kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwempi
Phakathi kuka-1956 no-1957, isu le-FLN laba ngochwepheshe kakhulu. I-Soummam Congress Kwasungulwa isakhiwo esicacile sezombusazwe nezempi: indawo yahlukaniswa yaba ama-wilaya amakhulu ayisithupha, ahlukaniswe ngezindawo, izifunda, kanye nemikhakha. Isifunda ngasinye sasino i-katiba amadoda angaba yikhulu noma ikhulu namashumi amabili ahlomile kahle, asekelwa yizisebenzi ezisizayo ezivamile (i-musisibilin) eyayinikeza ulwazi, indawo yokukhosela, kanye nezinto ezidingekayo.
Le ngqungquthela iphinde yabeka okubalulekile: ukunikeza ingqalasizinda eyengeziwe enhlanganweni yezepolitiki kanye neyokuphatha kuneyamasosha kuphela. Inhloso kwakuwukufaka esikhundleni sokuphathwa kweFrance noma kuphi lapho kungenzeka khona, ukuhlela ukuqoqwa kwentela, ukuphatha ubulungiswa, nokusabalalisa izinhloso zenhlangano, ukuqinisa isibopho phakathi kwamavukelambuso kanye nabantu abavamile. Le nethiwekhi yezepolitiki yayizoba, kusukela ngo-1958 kuqhubeke, enye yezinhloso eziyinhloko zebutho laseFrance.
Emadolobheni, i-FLN yanquma "ukuyisa impi" ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ngokubiza iziteleka ezijwayelekile kanye nemikhankaso yokuqhuma kwamabhomuIsigaba esidume kakhulu saleli qhinga kwakuyiMpi yase-Algiers (1956-1957), lapho abesifazane babesetshenziswa njengabathwali bamabhomu, ama-cafe, amahhovisi, nezindawo zomphakathi kwakuqhuma amabhomu, futhi kwenziwa ukubulawa kwabantu okuhlosiwe. UJenene uJacques Massu wanikwa ithuba elihle lokubuyisela ukuthula, wasebenzisa obala ukuhlukumeza, ukunyamalala kwabantu ngenkani, kanye nokucindezelwa kwabantu abaningi.
Ngokumangalisayo, yize i-FLN yacishe yaqedwa ngokwezempi e-Algiers, Isithombe saseFrance emhlabeni wonke sabhidlikaIzincwadi, imibiko, namafilimu alandelayo azobonisa indlela intando yeningi yaseYurophu eyasebenzisa ngayo amaqhinga empi angcolile, okwakhuthaza ukuzwelana kwamazwe ngamazwe ngesizathu sase-Algeria. Lokhu kwehla kokuziphatha kwaba nomthelela omkhulu emphumeleni wezepolitiki wale ngxabano.
Ensimini, amayunithi e-National Liberation Army (ALN, iphiko elihlomile le-FLN) aqhuba impi yama-guerrilla yakudalaIzinhloso zabo zazihlanganisa ukugwema ukulwa ngqo, ukuhlasela onogada, nokucekela phansi izitimela, imigwaqo, izimayini, kanye nemisebenzi yezolimo yaseYurophu. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Aurès, iKabylia, i-Algiers eseningizimu, kanye nesifunda sase-Oran, bakwazile ukulawula ingxenye yendawo, ukuqoqa intela, ukuqasha abalwi, nokuhlela impilo yansuku zonke, yize babengenakukwazi ukugcina izikhundla eziqinile ngokumelene nokuhlasela kwaseFrance.
Impendulo yaseFrance: ukuphikisana nokuvukela umbuso kanye nobudlova obukhulu
IFrance yathumela izikhali zempi ezinkulu. Kuyo yonke impi, yaqala ukuhlasela amasosha aphakathi kuka-400.000 nangaphezu kuka-600.000kufaka phakathi amayunithi aphezulu e-paratrooper, i-Foreign Legion, kanye namabutho amakoloni. Kwakusetshenziswa izindiza ezinophephela emhlane, izindiza, izikhali, kanye, kwezinye izimo, i-napalm. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amashumi ezinkulungwane zama-Algeria angamaSulumane, okuthiwa I-Harkis, ababekhonza njengamabutho asizayo, abaqondisi, abanikeli bemininingwane, noma amabutho azimele.
Isici esiyinhloko sesu laseFrance kwakuyi- I-Section Administrative Spécialisée (SAS), eyadalwa maphakathi nawo-1950. Izikhulu ezaziwa ngokuthi i-kepis eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka Bathatha izindima zomphakathi ezindaweni zasemakhaya: imfundo, ukunakekelwa kwempilo, imisebenzi yomphakathi, kanye nezinsizakalo zomphakathi, bezama ukuphuca ithonya le-FLN phezu kwabantu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, baqoqa ubuhlakani bemisebenzi yezempi. Imali ayizange itholakale eyanele, futhi ukubambisana okuvela kubaphathi bomphakathi kwakulinganiselwe, ngakho-ke lo msebenzi awuzange ukwazi ngokuphelele ukudambisa ukuminyana kwe-FLN.
Impi yayihlanganisa futhi imisebenzi yefulegi lamangaIFrance yahlela amaqembu afana ne-French Algerian Resistance Organisation ukuze enze ukuhlasela okwakungase kuhlotshaniswe namavukelambuso futhi kuvimbe noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka ezingxoxweni. I-FLN, yona, yayinezigameko ezifana nalokho okubizwa ngokuthi yi-Force K, iqembu lamavukelambuso okwakuthiwa asekela iFrance empeleni ayexhumene nenhlangano futhi agcina ebalekile nezikhali nemishini yokuqinisa amavukelambuso.
Umkhankaso owodwa onzima kakhulu kwaba Ama-Binocular Okusebenza (ama-Jumelles) I-Operation Kabylia, eyaqalwa ngo-1959, yathumela amashumi ezinkulungwane zamasosha aseFrance esifundeni esinezintaba ngokusekelwa okuqinile kwe-FLN. Uhlelo kwakuwukuthatha izindawo ezibalulekile—amadolobhana, izindawo zokuhlangana kwemigwaqo, imithombo yamanzi—nokudala amayunithi okungenelela okusheshayo. Phakathi namasonto ambalwa, ibutho lakwazi ukudiliza iningi lenethiwekhi yezepolitiki ye-FLN endaweni, lahlukanisa abalwi emadolobhaneni, laqeda inani elikhulu lamabutho abashokobezi, futhi lakhuthaza amaqembu “okuzivikela” aphikisana nabavukeli.
Ngaphandle kwamaqhinga empi, impi yaseFrance yayiphawulwe yi- ukwephulwa okukhulu kwamalungelo abantuKwaphela amashumi eminyaka—kusukela ekunqotshweni ngo-1830 kuya empini yokuzimela—ukuqhuma kwamabhomu ngokungakhethi, ukudubula, ukudlwengula, ukunqunywa kwezitho zomzimba, ukubulawa okufushane, ukunqunywa amakhanda, kanye nazo zonke izinhlobo zonya olubhekiswe kubantu abangahlomile kwabhalwa phansi. Iziboshwa eziningi zaziphonswa olwandle zisuka ezindizeni ezinophephela emhlane noma endaweni engenalutho, zangcwatshwa ziphila, noma zivalelwe ezimweni zonya.
Izindlela zokuhlukumeza zazihlanganisa ukushaqeka ngogesi, ukushaywa ngokweqile, ukuminza okulingisiwe, ukumiswa kwezitho zomzimba, ukuhlaselwa ngokocansi, kanye nokuncishwa ubuthongoCishe abantu base-Algeria abayizigidi ezimbili bavalelwa emakamu okuhlushwa noma "emakamu okuhlanganisa kabusha," lapho izimo zokuphila zazinzima kakhulu futhi abanye baphoqeleka ukusebenza. Le mikhuba, eyavalwa eFrance iminyaka eminingi, ekugcineni iyavunywa futhi ixoxwa ngayo obala eminyakeni eminingi kamuva.
Ubukhulu bamazwe ngamazwe kanye nokucindezela kwangaphandle
Ingxabano yase-Algeria yenzeka ngaphansi kwesimo sezulu esibi kakhulu. Impi Yomshoshaphansi kanye negagasi lomhlaba wonke lokuqeda ubukoloniIFrance, ilungu elihlala njalo le-UN Security Council kanye namandla enuzi asafufusa, yasebenzisa isisindo sayo sezombusazwe ukuvimbela ukulahlwa okusobala, kodwa isimo e-Algeria sakhathaza umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba, yize wawuvame ukubheka ngenye indlela ngezizathu zezwe.
Amazwe azimele ama-Arabhu, njenge IMorocco neTunisiaNjengoba bekhishwe emakoloni ngo-1956, bazithola besesimweni esibucayi. Bamukela amashumi ezinkulungwane zababaleki base-Algeria futhi bavumela abanye abaholi be-FLN ukuba baphephele endaweni yabo, kodwa ekuqaleni bazama ukunciphisa imisebenzi yezempi evela emingceleni yabo ukuze bagweme ukuvusa ukuhlukana neFrance.
Ngo-1958, i-FLN yasungula Uhulumeni Wesikhashana weRiphabhulikhi yase-Algeria (i-GPRA) Lokhu kwaphawula ukuthuthuka okukhulu kwezepolitiki, okusekelwe eTunisia. UMongameli waseTunisia uHabib Bourguiba wanikeza ukwesekwa okubalulekile okwakhula ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. IGibhithe, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaGamal Abdel Nasser, lanikeza izikhali, ukuqeqeshwa, kanye nesembozo sezombusazwe, okubonisa umzabalazo wase-Algeria njengengxenye yesizathu sama-Arabhu kanye nokubhekana namandla aseNtshonalanga.
I-Soviet Union kanye ne-United States, naphezu kokuncintisana kwazo, ngokuvamile bavumelana sekela inqubo yokuqedwa kobukoloniNgamunye ngendlela yakhe futhi ngokwezintshisekelo zakhe. Ngezinye izikhathi iMoscow yasebenza ngabalingani abafana neGibhithe noma, kamuva, iCuba. Umbuso kaCastro wanikeza izikhali kanye nokusekelwa kwezombusazwe enhlanganweni yase-Algeria, waguqula impi yaba uphawu lokulwa nobukoloni kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi yiThird World.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eFrance, ingxabano yayiphenduka impikiswano yangempela inkinga yombusoIRiphabhulikhi Yesine, eyayisivele ibuthakathaka ngenxa yesikhathi sangemva kwempi kanye nokunqotshwa e-Indochina, yayisilokhu incishiswa yiMpi yase-Algeria: ohulumeni abaphila isikhathi esifushane, ukuhlukana kwephalamende, ingcindezi evela emasosheni kanye nabahlali baseYurophu, kanye nomphakathi owawukhathele kakhulu ukuthola izindaba zabantu abasha abafa empini engenasiphelo esicacile.
Ukuwa kweRiphabhulikhi Yesine kanye nokufika kukaDe Gaulle
Ukucindezela okuhlangene kwempi kanye nokungazinzi kwezepolitiki kwaholela inhlekelele yangoMeyi 13, 1958E-Algiers, imikhakha yamakoloni amaningi, izikhulu zamabutho, kanye nengxenye yabantu baseYurophu bahlela ukuvukela umbuso ukuze bavimbele noma yikuphi ukuxoxisana ne-FLN nokuphoqa ukuphakama kwendoda enamandla: uJenene Charles de Gaulle, iqhawe lokumelana namaFulentshi eMpini Yezwe II.
UDe Gaulle wavuma ukubuyela kwezombusazwe futhi wanikwa amandla akhethekile okubhala uMthethosisekelo omusha. Abahlali abaningi kanye nojenene babethemba ukuthi uzogcina i-Algeria iyingxenye yeFrance futhi agweme ukunqotshwa okuhlazisayo. Ujenene waqinisa umzamo wezempi okwesikhashana, kodwa ngokushesha waqaphela ukuthi Ukunqoba phansi bekungeke kuhunyushwe kube yisisombululo sezepolitiki esizinzilefuthi baqala ukucabanga ngezindlela ezahlukene zokuzinqumela.
Ithuba lokuxoxisana ngendlela eya ekuzimeleni laveza ulaka lwemikhakha yebutho eyayinolaka kakhulu kanye nabantu abahlala khona. Ngo-1961, ibutho elidumile ama-putsch kajeneneUmzamo wokugumbuqela umbuso e-Algeria owahluleka. Ngemva kwawo kwavela i-OAS (Secret Armed Organization), inhlangano yamaphekula eyayigxile kakhulu ekoloni eyaqala umkhankaso wokuhlasela ngokungakhethi e-Algeria kanye nasedolobheni elikhulu laseFrance ukuze kubhujiswe noma iyiphi intuthuko eya ekuzimeleni.
Naphezu kwalezi zinselele, uDe Gaulle wahlala eqinile. Ngaphansi kobumongameli bakhe, iFrance yaqala imisebenzi yezempi enamandla eyabangela Babuthaka kakhulu amandla okulwa e-ALN ngaphakathi, kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo walungiselela isisekelo sesisombululo esixoxiswane ngaso, eqaphela ukuthi izindleko zempi kwezomnotho, kwezepolitiki kanye nakwezokuziphatha azizange ziqhubeke isikhathi eside.
Umthelela wempi emphakathini waseFrance wawujulile: izinkulungwane zezinsizwa zabizwa ukuba zisebenze empini, umnotho othwele umthwalo wempi, kanye nokungezwani okwandayo phakathi kwezindikimba zezifundiswa, zabasebenzi, kanye nezezombusazwe ezigxeka ukuhlushwa kanye nesimo sempi yamakoloni. Lesi simo saphoqa uhulumeni ukuba ahlole ngokungathi sína amathuba okuxoxisana ne-GPRA.
Izivumelwano ze-Evian kanye nokuphela kwempi
Ngemva kokuxhumana kokuqala kanye nezingxoxo eziqhubekayo, iFrance ne-GPRA bakwazile ukuphetha ngoMashi 1962 i- Izivumelwano ze-EvianLesi sivumelwano sasungula ukumiswa kwesivumelwano, izimo zesikhathi soguquko, kanye nokuhlelwa kwereferendum yokuzikhethela. Sasihlanganisa nochungechunge lweziqinisekiso zabantu baseYurophu abahlala e-Algeria kanye nabantu base-Algeria ababekhonze iFrance, yize eziningi zalezi ziqinisekiso zazingahlonishwa ekusebenzeni.
Ukumiswa kwempi akuzange kulethe ukuthula ngokushesha. I-OAS yaqinisa ukuhlasela kwayoIzama ukuhudula abahlali baye empini evulekile futhi iphoqe ibutho laseFrance ukuba lingenelele ezinqubweni zikaDe Gaulle, i-Algiers yabhekana namasonto amaningi esiphithiphithi, ngokubulala, ukuphanga, kanye nokuxazulula izinkinga phakathi kwamaqembu amaphekula aseYurophu kanye nabanye abahlaseli abahlomile. Ukubulawa kwabantu ngoMashi 26, 1962, okwabulala abantu abangamashumi ayisikhombisa kanti amakhulu alimala, ngokomfanekiso kwaphawula ukuqala kokuhamba okukhulu kwabahlali.
Ngo-Ephreli 8, 1962, inhlolovo eFrance yavuma ngokuqinile izivumelwano nabantu abangaphezu kweyodwa Amavoti angu-90% asekelayoIningi labantu baseFrance lase livele lamukele umqondo wokuqedwa kobukoloni, yize lashiya phansi. Ngemva nje kwalokho, e-Algeria, inhlolovo yokuzibusa yaqinisekisa isifiso seningi sokuzimela.
Ngomhlaka-5 kuJulayi 1962, iFrance yaqaphela ngokusemthethweni i- ukuzimela kwe-AlgeriaKwazalwa umbuso omusha eNyakatho Afrika, ngemva kweminyaka ecishe ibe yisishiyagalombili yempi evulekile kanye nokubusa kwamakoloni iminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu. Uhulumeni wesikhashana wathatha amandla, futhi ngemva kwesikhathi sokungezwani kwangaphakathi, u-Ahmed Ben Bella waba ngumongameli wokuqala weRiphabhulikhi yase-Algeria.
IFrance, yona, yagwema ukunqotshwa okusemthethweni kwezempi—ibutho layo alizange linqotshwe empini eqondile—kodwa kwadingeka libhekane neqiniso lempi eyayingenakunqotshwa kwezepolitiki. Impi yase-Algeria yaba yingozi yesizwe, efana ngezindlela eziningi nalokho iVietnam eyayiyikho e-United States.
Imiphumela yabantu, yezepolitiki kanye neyezenhlalo
Inani labantu ababulawa yimpi liyamangaza. Izibalo ziyahlukahluka kuye ngokuthi zivelaphi, kodwa ngokuvamile kubikwa ukuthi Amakhulu ezinkulungwane zabantu base-Algeria ashonile —ezinye izilinganiso zifinyelela engxenyeni yesigidi noma ngisho nesigidi— kanti izakhamuzi zaseFrance ezingaba ngu-30.000 zabulawa noma zanyamalala. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi izishoshovu ze-FLN kanye ne-MNA ezingaphezu kuka-140.000 zodwa zabulawa amabutho aseFrance. Ngaphezu kwalokho, cishe abantu base-Algeria abayizigidi ezimbili badlula emakamu okuboshwa noma "okuhlanganisa kabusha".
Ngokwezibalo zabantu kanye nezenhlalo, ukuzimela kwaletha ukufuduka cishe okuphelele kwabantu ama-pieds-noirsKubantu baseYurophu ababalelwa ezigidini ezingu-1.1 ababese-Algeria, kwasala abangaba ngu-170.000 kuphela ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa nje. Babaleka ngokushesha, bashiya izindawo zabo, amabhizinisi abo, nendlela yabo yokuphila yonke. Lokhu kubuyela eFrance ngobuningi kwadala ukungezwani kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki, lapho abaningi bazizwa bekhashelwe kabili: umbuso waseFrance, owahluleka ukuvikela isikhundla sawo e-Algeria, kanye nabantu base-Algeria, ababebabheka njengezwe "labo".
Elinye iqembu elalithinteke kakhulu kwakuyi- I-HarkisAbantu base-Algeria ababesebenza emaqenjini asizayo ebutho laseFrance noma ababebambisene ngokuphatha nobukhona bamakoloni. Cishe abangu-150.000 bahlelwa baba ama-harka, kanti abanye abaningi babesebenza ekuphathweni, ezinkampanini zaseFrance, noma babeyingxenye yemindeni exubile.
Izivumelwano ze-Evian azizange zifake izindlela zokuvikela eziphumelelayo zamaHarkis. Ngemva kokuzimela, Babecwaswa njengabaphangi yimikhakha emikhulu yomphakathi wase-Algeria. Amashumi ezinkulungwane ahlushwa ukuphindiselelwa, ukubulawa okufushane, noma ukushushiswa. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi abantu abangaphezu kuka-100.000 kungenzeka babulawa ngezenzo zokuziphindiselela. Izinkulungwane eziningana zakwazi ukubalekela eFrance, lapho inzalo yabo namuhla yakha umphakathi obalulekile oqhubeka nokufuna ukuqashelwa kanye nobulungiswa.
Emkhakheni wezepolitiki, i-Algeria esanda kuzimela yaphendukela imodeli yesitayela sobusoshiyali kanye ne-Pan-Arabist, ethonywe yimibono kaNasser kanye nokusekelwa kweqembu laseSoviet. Izinsizakusebenza zenziwa zibe ngezasekhaya, kwenziwa izinguquko kwezolimo, futhi kwenziwa imizamo yokwakha umbuso oqinile okwazi ukunqoba ukwahlukana okwazuzwa enkathini yobukoloni. Kodwa-ke, ukungezwani kwangaphakathi phakathi kwamaqembu angahambisani nenkolo, amaSulumane, kanye nama-socialist, kanye nezinhlaka zamandla zendabuko, kwaqhubeka futhi kwakuzokwakha umlando wase-Algeria emashumini eminyaka alandela.
EFrance, ingxabano yasheshisa ukuphela kombuso wakudala wamakoloni futhi yaphoqelela ukucabanga kabusha ngokuphelele ngenqubomgomo yezangaphandle kanye nobuzweUkulahlekelwa yi-Algeria, eyayizibiza ngokuthi “isiFulentshi esingenakuguqulwa amashumi eminyaka,” kwabangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo. Impikiswano ngempi, ukuhlushwa, umthwalo wemfanelo wombuso, kanye nenkumbulo yamasosha asebekhulile kanye nezisulu yayizohlala iphila izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.
Emasikweni nasenkumbulo ethandwayo, iMpi yase-Algeria ikhuthaze abaningi imisebenzi yokubhala, izindatshana zomlando namafilimuAmafilimu afana nekaGillo Pontecorvo ethi "The Battle of Algiers," abonisa ngokucacile impi yasemadolobheni kanye nokucindezelwa kweFrance, noma amafilimu akamuva akhuluma ngosizi lwama-pieds-noirs, ama-harki, kanye nomthelela ohlala njalo wengxabano emphakathini waseFrance, asizile ukugcina impikiswano iphila ngalesi sikhathi esidlule esingakhululekile kodwa esibalulekile.
Uma kubhekwa ngombono, ukuphela kweMpi yase-Algeria kanye ne-Evian Agreements akusho nje kuphela ukuzalwa kwezwe elisha eMaghreb, kodwa futhi ukuphela okubuhlungu komjikelezo omude wamakoloni aseFranceInhlanganisela yokumelana ngezikhali, ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe, ukuhoxa kwangaphakathi, kanye nokuvela kwezepolitiki eParis ekugcineni kwanqoba imizamo yokugcina ubukhosi nganoma yiziphi izindleko. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwase-Algeria kwaba yindawo ebalulekile yokubhekisela ekuqondeni izinqubo zokuqeda ubukoloni zekhulu lama-20 kanye nemikhondo eyinkimbinkimbi abayishiye kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zobudlelwano bangaphambili bombuso.
