Ukuchaza ukuthi ziyini Imithala, kuyadingeka ukugcizelela ukuthi ziyiqoqo lezinkanyezi. Lawa futhi anamafu egesi, amaplanethi, uthuli lwe-cosmic, izinto ezimnyama namandla. Lezi zakhi zihlangana ndawonye ngamandla adonsela phansi ngesakhiwo esichazwe kancane noma esichazwe kancane. Umsuka wegama elithi umthala ngesiGreki, njengoba yibona ababethi ukuzalwa komthala kwakubangelwa amathonsi obisi oluchitheke eMkhathini.
Inkolelo yamaGreki, maqondana neMithala, yileyo ayeyithatha njengonkulunkulukazi: uHera. Babecabanga lokho ngesikhathi ephakela indodana yakhe Hercules amaconsi obisi achitheka ku-Universe. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho kubo oMthala kwazalwa. Namuhla, inani izinkanyezi ezakha umthala ayinakubalwa. Nokho, yizo eziyingxenye yomthala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona nezigatshana ezinjenge-nebulae, amaqoqo ezinkanyezi kanye nezinhlelo zezinkanyezi eziningi. I ukuhlukaniswa ngokomlando kwemithala, wenziwa ngendlela okubonakala ngayo. Ibizwa nangokuthi i-visual morphology. Lolu uhlobo oluvamile lomthala oyi-elliptical onephrofayili ekhanyayo ye-ellipse, yingakho igama lawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imithala eyisiyingi inesimo esiyindilinga kodwa enezingalo ezigobile ezisongwe ngothuli. Uma ufuna ulwazi oluthe xaxa mayelana nezinye izici zemithala, ngincoma ukuthi uvakashele lesi sixhumanisi mayelana izici zemithala.
Kwakukhona futhi enye indlela yokuwahlukanisa, nge imithala engavamile. Aphinde aqanjwe ngamagama emithala engavamile. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwemithala, kuwumphumela wokuphazamiseka okubangelwa ukudonseka kwemithala engomakhelwane. Khona-ke, ukuxhumana okukhona phakathi kwemithala engumakhelwane, yilapho kungase kubangele ukuhlangana kwemithala, okukwazi ukubangela ukuzalwa okunamandla kwezinkanyezi.
Izifundo zeGalaxy
Umphumela wokugcina otholiwe, ngenxa yokusebenzisana phakathi kwemithala engomakhelwane, imithala emincane. Lolu hlobo lweMithala, yibo laba ukuntula isakhiwo esihlangene. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, zibizwa nangokuthi imithala engavamile. Isilinganiso esashicilelwa, ngokwezifundo zango-2016, siwukuthi okungenani kunemithala eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili. Kungaba izigidi ezimbili sezizonke. Yiqiniso, sikhuluma nge-Observable Universe.
Ngaphambilini kwakulinganiselwa ukuthi zazingaphansi ngokuphindwe kashumi kunesilinganiso esishiwo endimeni esandulele. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ngokocwaningo, kulinganiselwa ukuthi imithala eminingi banobubanzi obuphakathi kwama-parsecs ayizinkulungwane eziyikhulu nekhulu. Ngokuqondene nokuhlukana kwayo, Imithala imvamisa ihlukaniswa ngamabanga okuhleleka kwama-parsecs ayisigidi. Isikhala se-Intergalactic sakhiwe igesi engapheli.
Ukuminyana okumaphakathi kwesikhala se-intergalactic akudluli i-athomu eyodwa nge-cubic meter ngayinye. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, imithala eminingi ihlelwe ngokwezigaba zamaqoqo, abizwa ngokuthi amaqoqo. Ngokulandelayo, isigaba sama-aggregates singakha ama-aggregate amakhulu, abizwa kanjalo amaqoqo amakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhiwo ezinkulu zihlelwe ngamashidi noma imicu ezungezwe izikhala ezinkulu endaweni yonke.
Ezinye izazi zezinkanyezi zicabangela ukuthi indaba emnyama yenza u-90% ubukhulu emithala eminingi. Kodwa imvelo yale ngxenye ayifakazelwanga futhi okwamanje, ibonakala kuphela njengensiza yethiyori ukusekela ukuzinza okubonwayo emithalani. Udaba olumnyama lwaqale lwahlongozwa ngo-1933 yisazi sezinkanyezi saseSwitzerland uFritz Zwicky.
Izinto ezimnyama nezimo zegalaksi
Ukutholwa ku izinto ezimnyama emithala Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ukuzungeza okuphawuliwe kwemithala kwabonisa ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lezinto ezingakhiphi ukukhanya. Nokho, kuneminye imithala eminingi ngaphandle kowethu - i-Milky Way. Maningi kangangokuthi asikakakwazi ukuwabala wonke! I-Hubble Space Telescope yabona ingxenye encane yesikhala izinsuku eziyi-12.
U-Hubble ukwazile ukuthola imithala eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi yabo bonke osayizi, bobunjwa nemibala. Abanye ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi kungase kube nemithala efinyelela ezigidini eziyizinkulungwane eziyikhulu endaweni yonke. Kodwa okwamanje, singathembela kuphela ezifundweni ezenziwa ku-Observable Universe. Emkhathini obonakalayo, kunezinhlobo eziningana zeMithala. Ezinye zazo zimise okwe-spiral, njengezethu. Zinezingalo ezigobile ezizenza zibukeke njengamasondo amaphini. Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nalokhu, ungabheka isihloko ku izinhlobo zemithala.
Kukhona nemithala eshelelayo futhi emise okweqanda. Lawa ngamagama imithala eyi-elliptical. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona nemithala engenawo umumo oyisiyingi noma ovali. Lezi zinhlobo zemithala azifani futhi zibukeka njengamachashaza emkhathini wendawo yonke. Ukukhanya esikubona emthaleni ngamunye kuvela ezinkanyezini ezingaphakathi kwawo.
Kunebanga elanele phakathi kwazo ukuhamba endaweni ehambisana nazo. Nokho, ngezinye izikhathi imithala isondelana kangangokuthi ishayisana. Ngokwalokho okushiwo ezinye izazi ngale ndaba, iMilky Way ngelinye ilanga izongqubuzana ne-Andromeda, okungumakhelwane wayo oseduze womthala. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi lo mcimbi uzokwenzeka phakathi neminyaka eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezinhlanu.
Izindaba ezinhle ngalo mcimbi ukuthi imithala mikhulu kakhulu. Kangangokuthi zande kakhulu ekugcineni kangangokuthi, ngisho noma zishayisana, amaplanethi aphakathi kwawo namasistimu elanga ngokuvamile awashayisani.
izinkanyezi ze-galactic
Ngenxa yesibonakude esasetshenziswa uGalileo Galilei ngonyaka ka-1610, lokho ngaleso sikhathi okwakubizwa ngokuthi iribhoni enobisi esibhakabhakeni sasebusuku kungabonakala. eyayibizwa IMilky Way ngokwalesi sizathu. Kulokho akuthola, ubonisa ukuthi lakhiwe inani elikhulu lezinkanyezi ezincane. Ngonyaka ka-1755, u-Immanuel Kant wenza inkolelo-mbono mayelana nokwakheka kanye namaqembu ezinkanyezi.
Encwadini kaKant ethi General History of Nature and Theory of Heaven, wakha emsebenzini wangaphambili kaThomas Wright. UKant uthe i-Milky Way iwuhlelo olwakhiwe izinkulungwane zamasistimu elanga afana nelethu. Lezi zinhlelo ezishiwo, zizohlanganiswa ngesakhiwo esisezingeni eliphezulu futhi zibe nezici ezifanayo nalezo ze izinhlelo zamaplanethi, iyisicaba kakhulu, imise okweqanda, izungeza phakathi nendawo futhi ibuswa yimishini efanayo yasezulwini.
wathola imithala
I-Andromeda: Umthala ongumakhelwane
Ku I-Andromeda Constellation, umthala onegama elifanayo wabonwa ngo-1917 nguHebert Curtis. Lesi sazi esikhulu sakwazi ukulithola "esigabeni" sikaMessier M31. Nokho, lapho efuna amarekhodi ezithombe, wathola amanye ama-novae angu-11. Ngale ndlela, wakwazi ukubona ukuthi ngokwesilinganiso, la ma-novae ayengama-oda ayi-10 obukhulu obubuthakathaka kunalawo ayenzeka emthaleni wethu.
Uphenyo luholele ekutheni lokhu kuqashelwe kukwazi ukubikezela ukuthi ama-novae anjalo kufanele atholakale ebangeni lama-parsecs ayi-150.000. Ngale ndlela u-Hebert waba umvikeli odumile we-hypothesis ye-"island universe", ephikisana ngokuthi "i-spiral nebulae» bekuyimithala ezimele ngempela. Eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, kuqubuka impikiswano phakathi kuka-Harlow Shapley no-Heber Curtis mayelana nesimo somthala wethu.
Okungaxoxwa ngakho, ngaphandle komthala wethu, kwakuyisihloko esithi "spiral nebulae" kanye ne ubukhulu bomkhathi. Kodwa-ke, ukuze avikele isimangalo sokuthi i-M31 yayiwumthala wangaphandle, uCurtis wathi imigqa emnyama ebonakala kule "nebula" yayifana namafu othuli abonakala kithi. Isihluthulelo salokhu okusha kwakuwukusetshenziswa kwesibonakude esisha. Ngale ndlela u-Edwin Hubble wavunyelwa ukuba axazulule izingxenye ezingaphandle “ze-spiral nebulae” njengamaqoqo ezinkanyezi ngazinye.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, u-Hubble ukwazile ukuhlonza lezi zinkanyezi eziguquguqukayo ze-Cepheid futhi lezi zamvumela ukuba alinganisele ibanga lalezi "nebulae": zazikude kakhulu ukuba zibe yingxenye ye-Milky Way. Phakathi nonyaka ka-1936, uHubble wahlela uhlelo lwe ukuhlukaniswa komthala esasetshenziswa nanamuhla, enegama: ukulandelana kweHubble.
Umthala wethu: I-Milky Way
Ukuma kwe-Milky Way kwachazwa okokuqala nguWilliam Herschel. Lo mzamo wokuqala wokuthola incazelo wabhalwa ngonyaka ka-1785. Phakathi nalowo nyaka uHerschel wabala ngokucophelela inani lezinkanyezi ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene zesibhakabhaka. Ngemva kwekhulu leminyaka nengxenye, ikakhulukazi ngonyaka we-1920, uKapteyn wasebenzisa ukucolisiswa kwendlela eyasetshenziswa uHerschel futhi waphakamisa isithombe sesithombe esincane. i-ellipsoidal galaxy. Lo mthala omncane wawungama-kiloparsec angu-15 ngaphesheya, neLanga eduze nendawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi futhi ngendlela ehlukile, ngokusekelwe ekusabalaliseni kwe amaqoqo e-globular, ngu-Harlow Shapley, kwavela isithombe esihluke kakhulu: idiski eliyisicaba elinobubanzi obungama-kiloparsec angaba ngu-70 kanye neLanga elikude nendawo yalo. Nokho, akukho ukuhlaziywa okucabangele ukumuncwa kokukhanya okuphakathi kwezinkanyezi nothuli olukhona endizeni yomthala.
Ekugcineni kwaba uRobert Julius Trumpler owacabangela le miphumela ngo-1930. Ngalowo nyaka amaqoqo avulekile acwaningwa yilo mcwaningi, ngaleyo ndlela akhiqize isithombe esamukelwayo njengamanje somthala wethu: the IMilky Way. Iwumthala ovunguzayo onobubanzi obucishe bube ngama-kiloparsec angama-30.
Ngakho-ke, i-Milky Way ingeyeQembu Lendawo leminyela engamashumi amane nesithupha ephethwe yi-Milky Way kanye umthala we-andromeda, kokuphelele. Leli qoqo lisemaphethelweni "weqoqo elikhulu" elihlanganisa cishe izinkulungwane ezinhlanu zemithala. Iqoqo elikhulu, ngasikhathi sinye, liyingxenye yeminye imithala eqoqwe ngoquqaba olubushelelezi.
Izinhlobo zemithala ngokusho kukaHubble
Imithala ingabonwa ngokucushwa kwayo okuhlukene, phakathi kwayo kukhona: i-elliptical, spiral, lenticular and irregular. Kukhona incazelo ethize enemininingwane eyengeziwe. Le ncazelo iyona esekelwe ikakhulukazi ekubukekeni kwemithala futhi yanikezwa yi- ukulandelana kwe-hubble, ehlongozwa ngo-1936. Kuwuhlelo oluncike kuphela ekubukeni okubonakalayo, ngakho-ke alunaki ezinye izici, njengezinga lokubunjwa kwenkanyezi noma umsebenzi we-nucleus ye-galactic.
Imithala ye-Elliptical
Lolu hlobo lwemithala, njengoba negama layo libonisa, yileyo enayo umumo we-ellipse. Angaqanjwa ngokuthi E0 kuya ku-E7, lapho inombolo isho ukuthi i-ellipse iyi-oval kanjani; ngakho, u-E0 uzoba yindilinga futhi u-E7 abe ipuleti noma idiski. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kungashiwo ukuthi inombolo ikhombisa ukugqama kwayo iphindwe ngo-10.
La ukubukeka kwalemithalakhombisa izakhiwo ezimbalwa. Futhi ngokujwayelekile, banendaba encane ye-interstellar. Lokhu kusho ukuthi le mithala nayo inenani eliphansi lamaqoqo avulekile, futhi izinga lokwakheka kwezinkanyezi liphansi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngokuphambene nalokhu, lemithala ibuswa izinkanyezi ezindala, eziguquguquka isikhathi eside.
Lezi zinkanyezi ezindala yizona ezizungeza i-nucleus ngezindlela ezingahleliwe. Ngalo mqondo, zifana okuthile namaqoqo e-globular. Eqinisweni, imithala emikhulu kunayo yonke imidondoshiya eyi-elliptical. Eqinisweni, imithala eminingi enezimbobo kucatshangwa ukuthi iwumphumela wokungqubuzana nokuhlanganisa imithala. Lezi zingakhula zibe osayizi abakhulu futhi zivame ukutholakala kumaqoqo amakhulu emithala, eduze ne-nucleus.
Imithala evuthayo
Lezi zinhlobo zemithala zingamadiski ajikelezayo ezinkanyezi kanye ne-interstellar matter, eneqhubu elimaphakathi elakhiwe ikakhulukazi izinkanyezi ezindala kakhulu kuneminye imithala. Izingalo ezivunguzayo zokukhanya okuhlukahlukene zisuka kulokhu kuqhuma. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, babizwa imithala ejikelezayo. Imithala evunguzayo ikakhulukazi yileyo eneqembu elimaphakathi lezinkanyezi.
Imithala ezungezayo emaphakathi yileyo, ngokusho kokwakheka kwayo, ihlukaniswa phakathi komthala ozungezayo ovinjiwe kanye ne-spiral galaxy engenawo umgoqo.
Imithala yamaLente
Yilawo akha iqembu lenguquko phakathi kwemithala eyi-elliptical kanye ne-spiral, futhi ihlukaniswe yaba amaqenjana amathathu: SO1, SO2 kanye ne-SO3. Bane-disk, i-condensation ephakathi ebaluleke kakhulu kanye nemvilophu ebanzi. Zihlanganisa i lenticular imigoqo (SBO), ehlanganisa amaqembu amathathu: okokuqala (SBO-1), ibha ibanzi futhi isakazekile; kweyesibili (SBO-2) ikhanya kakhulu emaphethelweni kunaphakathi nendawo; kanti kweyesithathu (SBO-3) isivele ikhanya kakhulu futhi ichazwe kahle.
Imithala engavamile
Bayimithala engavamile, njengoba beyimithala engakangeni kunoma yiziphi izigaba zemithala yokulandelana kweHubble. Ziyimithala engenawo umumo ozungezayo noma oyi-elliptical. Lezi zinhlobo zemithala zine-typology yazo. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili ze Imithala engajwayelekile. Umthala we-Irr-I umthala ongajwayelekile obonisa ukwakheka okuthile kodwa akwanele ukuthi ulingane kahle kusigaba se-Hubble Sequence.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlobo lwesibili lomthala ongajwayelekile umthala we-Irr-II (Irr II). Lona umthala ongajwayelekile ongabonisi noma yisiphi isakhiwo esingawufaka ochungechungeni lwe-Hubble. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imithala emincane engajwayelekile ngokuvamile zilebulwe ngokuthi i-dI. Eminye imithala engajwayelekile imithala emincane ezungezayo ehlanekezelwe amandla adonsela phansi kamakhelwane omkhulu kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa ukwazi ukuthi enanini eliphelele lemithala ebonwayo kuze kube manje, owodwa kuphela amaphesenti amahlanu yemithala ekhanyayo ibizwa ngokuthi imithala engavamile.
imithala esebenzayo
Lesi sigaba semithala sikhipha amandla amaningi kanye ne-substance ku-interstellar medium. Bakwenza ngezinqubo ezingahlobene ne izinqubo zezinkanyezi ezijwayelekile. Imbalwa imithala engahlukaniswa njengemithala esebenzayo, eqinisweni cishe ingamaphesenti ayishumi.
Mayelana namandla akhishwa yi- imithala esebenzayo, iningi livela endaweni encane, ekhanyayo enkabeni yalo mthala. Ezimweni eziningi, imigqa ye-spectral ephumayo ebanzi futhi emincane iyabonwa. Le migqa iyona ekhombisa ukuba khona kwenqwaba yegesi ezungeza phakathi nendawo yomthala.
Izinhlobo zemithala esebenzayo
Seyfert Galaxy
Lesi sigaba semithala empeleni siyimithala ezungezayo ebonakala ngokuba ne- i-nucleus yephuzu elikhanyayo kakhulu. Ngokusho kwe-spectrum yabo, bahlukaniswa ngale ndlela:
- I-Seyfert Galaxy Type I: Yilabo abanemigqa yokukhipha ebanzi.
- I-Seyfert Galaxy Type II: Ngokuphambene nalokho, banemigqa emincane yokukhipha.
Kuphinde kubhekwe ukuthi le mithala ikhipha ubuthaka emsakazweni.
izinkanyezi eziqhumayo
Lesi sigaba semithala esebenzayo yileso lapho kwakheka khona izinkanyezi eziningi. Eziningi zalezi zinkanyezi, ngemva kokufa, ziqhuma zikhiqiza i-supernova. Ngisho nangemva kokuba lesi sigameko senzeke, siyingxenye ye i-stellar evolution futhi ngokusemthethweni leli qembu belingeke libe esigabeni sethu. Lokhu kwakheka kwezinkanyezi okuphakeme ngokungavamile kungase kuhlotshaniswe nezinqubo zangaphakathi ze-nucleus yomthala.
imithala yomsakazo
Okubizwa ngokuthi imithala yomsakazo yileyo evame ukuhlotshaniswa nemithala yohlobo E ene-nucleus esebenzayo. Lawa aphuma kumaza omsakazo kanti amanye angaba buthakathaka uma kuqhathaniswa. Ivamise ukuba yimithala enabela ezindaweni ezinkulu zesikhala. Banomgogodla okhanyayo futhi ngokuvamile bazungezwe amajethi amabili ezinhlayiya ezinkulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eziningi zazo ziye zatholwa emisebeni ye-synchrotron.
ama-quasars
I-quasar ayikwazi ukuhlukaniswa kwenye indikimba yasezulwini. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoba ama-quasars ngokusobala anokubonakala okufanayo njengenkanyezi. Eqinisweni, yileso isizathu segama layo, njengoba livela ekufinyezweni kwesiNgisi i-quasi-stellar, ngenxa yokufana kwayo. Kodwa empeleni, ama-quasars ahlanganisa i-nucleus ekhanya kakhulu, engaxazululiwe enemigqa ephumayo ebanzi nencane.
Ama-quasars abekwe ezindaweni eziseduze kakhulu ze-Universe ebonakalayo, abe nomphumela wophenyo, ukuthi ahlukanise ukuguqubala. Okuveza ukuthi lolu hlobo lwezinto alulutho ngaphandle kwama-nuclei emithala esebenzayo ekude kakhulu esikwaziyo ukubona i-nucleus yayo kuphela. Kodwa-ke, okwaziwayo ukuthi isisindo salezi zinto sikhulu kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile zinomumo ohlelekile.
Ukwakhiwa kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwemithala
Lezi ngenye yezindawo zocwaningo ezinomsebenzi omningi eminyakeni yakamuva. izifundo ze-astrophysical. Phakathi kwemibono eseyamukelwe kabanzi kukhona ukulingiswa kwamakhompiyutha okubikezele ukwakheka nokusatshalaliswa kwamanje okubonwa emithaleni.
ukwakheka komthala
Ngokophenyo olwenziwa ososayensi nezazi zezinkanyezi, imithala injalo ukwakha izinkanyezi ezintsha nokusebenzelana komunye nomunye. Lesi sigcawu sifana kakhulu ne-Cobweb Galaxy (MRC 1138-262) kanye nendawo eyizungezile, enye yama-protocluster afundwe kahle kakhulu. Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe mayelana nokwakheka kwemithala nezinkanyezi, ngiphakamisa ukuthi uhlole lesi sihloko inqubo yokwakheka komthala kanye nenkanyezi.
Amamodeli avuselelwe kakhulu aboniswa ngokubhekiselwe kumkhathi we-cosmos iziqalo zendawo yonke, zisekelwe embonweni ye-Big Bang. Eminyakeni engaba ngu-300 000 ngemva kwalesi senzakalo okuthiwa i-athomu ye-hydrogen ne-helium aqala ukwakheka esenzakalweni esisha esibizwa ngokuthi i-recombination. Cishe yonke i-hydrogen yayingathathi hlangothi (hhayi i-ionized) futhi imunca kalula ukukhanya.
Isikhathi lapho izinkanyezi zingakakheki sibizwa ngokuthi Inkathi Emnyama. Kwakusuka ekuguquguqukeni kokuminyana (noma ukungalungi kwe-anisotropic) kule ndaba yasekuqaleni lapho izakhiwo ezinkulu zaqala ukuvela. Ngenxa yalo msebenzi, uquqaba lwento ye-baryoni yajiya yaba ama-halo ento emnyama ebandayo. Lezi zakhiwo zakudala zizogcina seziphenduke imithala esiyibona namuhla.
Izinkanyezi Zokuqala Ngo-2006, kwatholakala ubufakazi obubhekisela ekuveleni kokuqala kwemithala. Lokhu kwenzeka lapho kutholakala ukuthi umthala i-IOK-1 une- shift ebomvu ukuphakama ngokungavamile (6,96), kwakuhambisana neminyaka eyizigidi ezingu-750 kuphela ngemva kwe-Big Bang. Yilokhu okwenze waba umthala omdala kunayo yonke futhi ekude kunayo yonke eyake yabonwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abanye ososayensi baphikisa ngokuthi ezinye izinto ezifana ne-Abell 1835 IR1916 zinama-redshift aphezulu ngakho-ke zisesigabeni sangaphambilini. ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwendawo yonke, ubudala kanye nokwakheka ye-IOK-1 isungulwe ngokwethembeka okukhulu. Inyanga yokugcina yonyaka wezi-2012, yilapho izazi zezinkanyezi eziningana zabika ukuthi i-UDFj-39546284 kwakuyinto ekude kakhulu eyaziwayo yezinkanyezi.
Le nto yayinenani elibomvu le-redshift elingu-11. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi le nto yaba khona eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-380 ngemva kokuqhuma okukhulu okungenzeka. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ukukhanya okufinyelela kithi sekuhambe iminyaka engaba yizigidi eziyi-13.420 yokukhanya. Ukuba khona kwalokhu kusenesikhathi ama-protokaxy kusikisela ukuthi kumelwe ukuba zakheka kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi iNkathi Yobumnyama.
Umbuzo ovulekile ku-astrophysics inqubo enemininingwane izinkanyezi ezakheka ngayo. imithala yokuqala. Imibono evela lapho ingahlukaniswa izigaba ezimbili: phezulu-phansi kanye nephansi-phezulu. Kumathiyori asuka phansi, njengemodeli ye-ELS (kusuka ku-Eggen, Lynden-Bell, kanye ne-Sandage), ama-protogalaxies akheka ngokuwohloka okukhulu, kanyekanye phakathi kweminyaka eyizigidi eziyikhulu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumathiyori asuka phansi abheke phezulu, njengemodeli ye-SZ (nguSearle noZinn), izakhiwo ezincane ezifana ne amaqoqo e-globular bese kuthi eziningana zalezi zinto zihlangane zenze umthala omkhulu.
ukuvela kwemithala
Ngokuchitha iminyaka eyisigidigidi ekubunjweni, kungukuthi izinhlaka ezibalulekile ziqala ukubonakala ziqala nge ukuziphendukela kwemvelo komthala: amaqoqo ayimbulunga yonke, imbobo emnyama emaphakathi neqhuqhuva elakhiwe izinkanyezi ze- population II ezimpofu ngensimbi. Nakuba kungase kungabonakali kanjalo, kuwukwakhiwa komgodi omnyama omkhulu kakhulu obonakala udlala indima ebalulekile ekulawuleni ukukhula kwemithala ngokunciphisa inani eliphelele lezinto ezengeziwe ezengeziwe. Ngalesi sikhathi sokuqala, imithala ithola ukuqhuma okukhulu kokwakheka kwezinkanyezi.
Ngemva kwalokhu, eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili kamuva, the izinto ezinqwabelene yiyona ehlala kudiski. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, umthala uzoqhubeka nokumunca izinto eziwa emafini anesivinini esikhulu kanye nemithala emincane kukho konke ukuphila kwawo. Le ndaba ngokuyinhloko i-hydrogen ne-helium. Umjikelezo wezinkanyezi wokuzalwa nokufa kancane kancane ukhulisa ukuchichima kwezakhi ezisindayo, ekugcineni uvumele amaplanethi ukuba akheke.
Okungase kuthinte kakhulu ukuvela kwemithala ukusebenzisana kanye nokushayisana. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-Galaxy kwakuvamile ezikhathini zangaphambili. Eqinisweni, imithala eminingi yayibukeka ngendlela engavamile. Kucatshangelwa ibanga eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi, iningi lazo izinhlelo ze-galaxy star ekungqubuzaneni azithinteki.
Ngaphezu kwalokhu, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi isenzo samandla adonsela phansi kugesi eliphakathi kwezinkanyezi nothuli lwezingalo ezivunguzayo kukhiqiza imigqa emide yezinkanyezi ezaziwa ngokuthi. imisila yolwandle. Ezinye izibonelo ezingashiwo, mayelana nalokhu kwakheka, zingabonwa ku-NGC 4676 27 kanye nemithala ye-Antennae.
Sesike sasho ukuthi i-Milky Way kanye nomthala oseduze we-Andromeda ziyasondela komunye nomunye. Lokhu bakwenza ngesivinini esilinganiselwa ku-130 km/s. Ngaphezu kwalokhu, ucwaningo luphinde lusenze sicabange ukuthi kuye ngokuthi ukunyakaza kwe-lateral, lezi ezimbili zingashayisana eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezinhlanu noma eziyisithupha. Nakuba i-Milky Way ingakaze ishayisane nomthala omkhulu njengo-Andromeda, kunobufakazi obandayo bokushayisana kwenkathi edlule kwe-Milky Way nemithala emincane emincane.