La ukuvela kwezinkanyezi Inikezwa ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka. Okusho ukuthi, lezi zizalwa lapho isamba esikhulu sezinto siqoqwa endaweni ye-cosmos. Impahla iyacindezelwa futhi ifudunyezwe kuze kube yilapho kuqala ukumelana ne-nuclear, edonsa into, iguqule ibe amandla. Izinkanyezi ezincane zichitha ngokuvilapha futhi zihlala isikhathi eside kunezinkulu.
Ama-hypotheses mayelana ukuvela kwezinkanyezi zisekelwe ebufakazini obuphumelelayo be-thesis ye-spectra ehlobene nokukhazimula. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi abaningi izinkanyezi ingafakwa ohlwini ochungechungeni olujwayelekile lapho okukhazimulayo kakhulu Yizona ezishisa kakhulu, ezincane futhi ezibandayo kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zingahlaziywa kumongo we- izinkanyezi njengezinhlobo ezahlukene.
ukuvela kwezinkanyezi
Ngokwalokho okushiwo ngenhla, i- kwemvelo wezinkanyezi unikezwa uchungechunge lwezigaba, lokhu kuzoba:
Ukuba khona kwenkanyezi
Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwenkanyezi buqala njengenqwaba yomusi kubanda okufanayo. Ukudlikizeka kwegesi kuphakamisa izinga lokushisa kuze kube yilapho ingxenye engaphakathi yenkanyezi ifinyelela ku-1.000.000 °C. Kule ngxenye banokusabela kwe-athomu, umphumela wawo ukuthi izimbazo zezinhlayiya ze-hydrogen zilungiswa nalezo ze-deuterium ukuze zakhe i-helium foci. Lokhu kumelana kusebenzisa amandla amakhulu, futhi ukudlikizela kwenkanyezi kuyama. Okwesikhashana kubonakala sengathi iyalungiswa.
Kodwa lapho ukukhululwa kwamandla kuvalwa, ukudlikizeka kuqala futhi futhi izinga lokushisa lenkanyezi liyabuya likhuphuke. Ngomzuzwana othile ukuvukela kuqala phakathi kwe-lithium, i-hydrogen kanye ezinye izinsimbi ezikhanyayo ezisiza emzimbeni we inkanyezi. Amandla aphinde akhishwe futhi ukugoqa kuyama.
Lapho i-lithium nezinye izinto zokusetshenziswa ezilula zigcwaliseka, ukungqubuzana kuvuselelwa futhi inkanyezi ingena esigabeni sokugcina sokucwengwa lapho i-hydrogen iguqulwa ibe i-helium emazingeni okushisa angena kakhulu ngenxa yokusetshenziswa kwekhabhoni ne-nitrogen. Lokhu amandla e-thermonuclear ayisici sochungechunge oluyinhloko lwezinkanyezi futhi aqhubeke kuze kube yilapho yonke i-hydrogen ekhona isiphelile. Kule nqubo, i ukwakheka komthala Kungase futhi kube nomthelela emjikelezweni wokuphila wezinkanyezi.
umdondoshiya obomvu
Inkanyezi iba umdondoshiya obomvu futhi ifinyelela ubukhulu bayo obukhulukazi lapho yonke i-hydrogen yayo emaphakathi isikhishelwe ku-helium. Uma iqhubeka ikhanya, izinga lokushisa le ukugxila kufanele kukhuphuke ngokwanele ukuze kubangele ukuthi izimbazo ze-helium zincibilike. Ngalesi sikhathi kungenzeka ukuthi inkanyezi ibe mncane kakhulu futhi ngenxa yalokho ibe nzima.
Lapho isisebenzise zonke izimiso ezisebenzayo ze-athomu, iphinda ifinyele futhi ihlukanise ibe yinto encane emhlophe. Lesi sikhathi sokugcina singase sivalwe ukuqhuma okuvamile njengokuthi "novae." Uma inkanyezi ikhulula isembozo sayo sangaphandle eqhuma njenge-nova noma i-supernova, ibuyisela endaweni yasezulwini ingxenye eshajwe kakhulu kune-hydrogen eyifingqa engxenyeni yayo yangaphakathi.
Inzalo yezinkanyezi zesikhathi esizayo okudalwe kusuka kulesi sici kuzoqala impilo yabo ngezinhlobonhlobo ezicebile zama-compendium esindayo kunezokukhiqiza zangaphambilini. I izinkanyezi ngamaqoqo ezithathwe ezingxenyeni zazo zangaphandle zokumelela okungeyona ingozi zenziwa zobuKristu zibe i-astral nebulae, izinkanyezi zasendulo ezizungezwe ama-globe egesi asakazwa esikalini esiningi sezandiso zemvamisa.
Kusukela kunkanyezi kuya ku-Super Massive Black Hole
izinkanyezi nge i-agglomeration imangalisa kakhulu kunaleyo yeLanga Babekezelela inqubekelaphambili eqinile, yeminyaka eyizigidi ezimbalwa ukusuka emvelaphi yabo kuya ekuqhumeni kwenkanyezi eyi-supernova. Kamuva, bangaba izimbobo ezimnyama.
Isisindo sokuqala: isimo esiqhubekayo siyanqanyulwa
Imfucumfucu evuthayo evela ku-supernova (izinsalela ezikhethiwe) zisabalele endaweni ebanzi yendawo, ukudala ifu elisakazekayo elingabhubhi elihamba ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ngomzuzwana futhi ama-typologies alo acaciswe kakhulu.
Umhwamuko ohlanganisa insalela ye-supernova awufani neze nomhwamuko osefwini owadala inkanyezi. Ifu lokuqala lalahlwa cishe yi-helium kuphela, kuyilapho ensaleni kutholakala izinhlobonhlobo eziningi zamakhemikhali, izinsalela zokuhlangana kwezikhali zenuzi okwenzeka enkanyezini eye yanyamalala kanye neyomhlaba. ngokufanayo nezinye ezidalwe ngesikhathi sokuqhuma okuvela enkathini ye-supernova. Lesi simo sifundwa maqondana ne isayensi yezinkanyezi yasendulo efuna ukuqonda lezi zenzakalo.
Ekuqhumeni kwe-supernova, ukuwa kwenkanyezi okuyingozi kubangelwa; Ngenxa yobuningi bawo, amandla amakhulu adonsela phansi acindezela ingxenye ngamandla amakhulu kunasesifingqweni esakha i-dwarf emhlophe. Kulezi zimo bonke ubunzima benkanyezi evamile (njengoba kunjalo ngelanga lethu) limpintshana endaweni encane engamakhilomitha ayi-15 nje ububanzi; Lezi zinkanyezi ezincane ziqanjwe ngokuthi izinkanyezi ze-neutron.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, udaba kulezi zinto luye lwacindezelwa kangangokuthi futhi ukuhlangana kwalo kufinyelela kumagugu amakhulu, kangangokuthi Ama-electron ahlangana nama-proton, akha ama-neutron amasha. Le nqubo ingabuye ibonwe ekubunjweni okusha.
Iziphetho mayelana nokuvela kwezinkanyezi
Ngokwengqikithi nobunkimbinkimbi obukhulu bezinkanyezi ezirekhodiwe, kungenzeka kube nokumelwa kokuziphendukela kwemvelo ngokuphawula izinkanyezi ezikhathini (noma izigaba) ezihlukahlukene zokuba khona kwazo: kusukela ekucacisweni kwazo kuya ekunyamaleni kwazo. Kulokhu, kufanele kubhekwe ukuthi, ngokuqinisekile, sebehloliwe bayanyamalala izinkanyezi (njengoba kwakunjalo nge-supernova yango-1987) kanye nobufakazi bokudalwa kwezintsha.
Sesikushilo kakade ukuthi ekuvezweni kwezinkanyezi, izinyathelo zomzimba ezifana nezinga lokushisa noma isixuku, phakathi kokunye, zisetshenziswa. Kodwa enye yezindlela ezivamile kusayensi yezinkanyezi nayo kufanele inqunywe, ebizwa ngokuthi i-Spectroscopy. Le ndlela ibalulekile ukuze uyiqonde isayensi yezinkanyezi yesimanje kanye nesifundo sokukhanya kwenkanyezi.
Izakhi zamakhemikhali ezinikeza ukuvela kwezinkanyezi
Izingxenye zamakhemikhali ezihlukene zimunca noma ziveze ukukhanya kuye ngezinga lokushisa ezitholakala kulo; ngale ndlela ukumelwa (noma ukuhlukana) wezingxenye ezithile ezisemkhathini wenkanyezi, ubonisa izinga lokushisa lenkanyezi. Lokhu kungafundwa ngokuqhubekayo emisebenzini evuliwe izazi zezinkanyezi ezidumile ababa nesandla kulo mkhakha.
izinkanyezi ezishisayo
Ezinkanyezini ezishisa kakhulu, ezahlukene izingqimba zangaphakathi kufanele zilawule ukuhambisana okukhulu kwamandla adonsela phansi kunezingubo zangaphandle, ngakho-ke ukucindezela kwesitimu kufanele kube kukhulu ukuze kugcinwe isilinganiso; Ngenxa yalokho, izinga lokushisa lengxenye yalo yangaphakathi liphakeme. Kuhilela inkanyezi ukuba "ishise" izinto ezivuthayo ngesivinini esisheshayo, esikhiqiza amandla amakhulu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zezinkanyezi zingajabulela ukuphila okulinganiselwe kuphela. Ngalo mqondo, ukutadisha kwayo kungahlotshaniswa ne izikhathi zezinkanyezi zobuntu.
izinkanyezi ezibandayo
Izinkanyezi ezipholile (ngokuvamile zincane futhi zibuthakathaka ku-gravity) zikhiqiza kuphela inani eliphansi lamandla; ngokulandelana bavuka becwebezela. A) Yebo, lezi zinkanyezi zingase zibe njalo eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa kuphela. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinkanyezi ezishisa kakhulu, umuntu angabona ukuthi kanjani kungenzeka ukuphila emkhathini kungase kuncike kulezi zinqubo zezinkanyezi.
Manje, izinga lokushisa futhi, ngenxa yalokho, inani lokubanda elivezwa inkanyezi, lincike esixukwini sayo, okungukuthi, uma ubukhulu bawo bukhulu, izinga lokushisa liphezulu futhi ngomphumela mkhulu isamba sohlamvu esisahlukanisayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuze kube yilapho izinga lokushisa ku-axis yalo lifinyelela inani lamazinga ayizigidi ezimbalwa, i-athomu metamorphoses ngeke ibangelwe (isampula yokuguqulwa kwe-hydrogen kuya ku-helium) futhi, ngenxa yalokho, kuze kube lokho kwenzeka, inani lamandla abawavezayo liyoba lincane kakhulu.
Ekugcineni, lapho i- ukuvela kwezinkanyezi futhi impilo iqala, ukushiswa kwengaphakathi layo livela kuhlamvu lwamandla adonsela phansi, ngamanye amazwi, lisuka efwini lomhwamuko elicindezelwe kuwo.
