UMarula
Lesi isihlahla, ongazuza kuso ngokugcwele, ngoba ingxenye ngayinye yaso inikela ngezinto ezinhle, izithelo ezizithelayo, kanye nezimpande zayo, ubisi nokunye, ngoba yaziwa izigidi zeminyaka edlule. , isetshenziswa abantu base-Afrika ngezinga elikhulu futhi yaziswa kakhulu yibo.
Ngokwesayensi lesi sihlahla sibizwa ngokuthi i-Sclerocarya birrea; Lokhu bekwaziwa ngabantu base-Afrika kuphela, okuyibo abakunika ukusetshenziswa okuhambisanayo, nokho, udumo lwayo olukhulu lusanda kwenzeka, njengoba kumanje yaziwa emazweni omhlaba, njengoba abaningi sebezibophezele ekutheni lusebenziseke futhi lusebenzise ngokugcwele.
Njengoba kuzobonakala ngokuningiliziwe engxenyeni elandelayo, lesi sihlahla sinezinto ezihlukahlukene ezisetshenziswayo kanye nezinzuzo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa emithini, njengoba maningi amakhambi athathwe ezakhiweni zeMarula, hhayi nje okwamanje, kodwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane edlule, ngezithelo namafutha ayo, nakuba eziningi zazo zingakagunyazwa yinhlangano yesayensi, kodwa kuze kube manje isisebenzele abantu base-Afrika.
Imikhiqizo yobuhle bezimonyo nayo yenziwe. Lesi sihlahla asenzeki ezindaweni eziningi ngenxa yesimo sezulu, into efanayo eyenzekayo nge Redwood futhi yingakho ilinganiselwe endaweni ethile, kodwa imikhiqizo etholakala ezingxenyeni zayo ingathunyelwa ukuze kuzuze umphakathi womhlaba wonke futhi ama-Afrika angathola inzuzo eyengeziwe kulesi sitshalo esitholakala kule ndawo.
Ingemuva
Okokuqala okumele kukhulunywe kulesi sigaba ukuthi lesi sihlahla sivela ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, ukusetshenziswa kwaso ezintweni ezahlukene sekuneminyaka eminingi kuqhubeka, ochwepheshe bezomlando kanye nezindawo zemivubukulo bathole ukuthi lesi sitshalo sasisetshenziswa ngisho iminyaka engu-9000 ngaphambi kukaKristu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ithela izithelo, ezinobukhulu obufana neplamu eyaziwa njengamanje, okuthi uma isivuthiwe iphuzi, ngaphakathi ibe ne-pulp eyanele, eletha ijusi eyanele futhi inephunga, inembewu ensundu, i-walnut. -njengaye.
Imbewu itholakala ngaphakathi kwaleli pip, ngokuvamile elingeqi izimbewu ezintathu, futhi kuvela kulezi lapho amafutha alesi sitshalo avela khona, azonikezwa imininingwane eyengeziwe ezingxenyeni zakamuva. Ngokunjalo yisithelo esinambitheka esifana nezithelo eziningi ezaziwayo njengoba kukhona abasichaza ngokuthi sinongwe ngamagwava, uphayinaphu kodwa kukhona nabathi ukunambitheka kwaso kufana nalokhu. i-apula ne-lychee.
Iqiniso elimangalisayo mayelana nalesi sihlahla, nokunye okuningi mayelana nesithelo saso, litholakala ezindlovuni, izilwane ezinesibindi sokuhamba amabanga amade ngenhloso eyodwa yokudla lesi sithelo, ezithandayo. Lokhu kuqukethe amanani aphezulu kavithamini C, obangele abantu abaningi ukuba bahlale eduze kwalezi zihlahla, njengoba bekwazi ukwenza iziphuzo nezinye izakhi.
Izici eziyinhloko
Lesi sihlahla sinezici ezithile ezisivumela ukuthi sihlukaniswe kwezinye izihlahla, asijwayelekile, njengoba kuzobonakala ngezici ezilandelanayo, okuyilezi ezilandelayo:
Ngomzimba kuyabonakala ukuthi inesiqu esisodwa kanye nomqhele.
Amaqabunga awo aluhlaza.
Ngokuqondene nokuphakama kwayo, uma ikhula kahle, ngoba isimo sezulu nomhlabathi kufanelekile, khona-ke ingathola amamitha ayishumi ubude.
Izimo zokuthuthuka kwayo okuhle kakhulu ukuthi itholakala ezindaweni ezivulekile, kodwa futhi ukuthi ukuphakama kuphansi.
Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, kubhekwa ukuthi izimbali zayo zingaba owesilisa nowesifazane.
Uma lapho kutshalwe khona kukhona izibonelo zesilisa noma zesifazane kuphela, khona-ke ngeke kube nesithelo.
Izithelo zalesi sitshalo zingaba izinhlobo ezimbili: i-globose noma i-ovoid.
Ngokuqondene ne-pulp, inejusi eningi, evame ukuba mnandi.
Ngesithelo ungenza iziphuzo ezidakayo, eziye zathengiswa kakhulu ngabantu base-Afrika iminyaka eminingi, zivubela isithelo ngaphambili.
Ezindaweni, nakuba zibonakala ezindaweni ezahlukene zase-Afrika, kunendawo eyodwa lapho kunenqwaba yalezi zihlahla futhi kuse-Bantu.
Imbewu yayo inamaprotheni amaningi, iphinde ibe namafutha athathwa njengempilo.
indawo yokuhlala yase-marula
Njengoba sekushiwo kakade, lesi yisihlahla esenzeka ezwenikazi lase-Afrika, okungukuthi, sihlala njalo, kodwa izibonelo zalesi sihlahla zingabonakala nasesiqhingini saseMadagascar. Ukutshalwa kwayo kuyo yonke indawo eseningizimu yeSahara, okuyo yonke indawo eseningizimu yezwekazi okukhulunywa ngalo.
Izifundo ezehlukene zenziwe kulesi sihlahla, okuholele ekutheni lesi sitshalo asikaze sitholakale ngaphezu kwamamitha ayinkulungwane namakhulu ayisithupha ngaphezu kwezinga lolwandle. Multifoliolata, S. birrea subsp. I-Caffra kanye ne-S. birrea subsp. i-caffra.
Nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ezinye zalezi zinhlobo zingatholakala endaweni engaphezu kwamamitha ayizinkulungwane ezimbili ngaphezu kolwandle, kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi ukusatshalaliswa kwalesi sitshalo ezwenikazi akuhlobene kuphela nokuphakama.
Ukusetshenziswa kwemarula
Sekukhulunywe ngakho ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezinikezwa lesi sihlahla, njengoba senza imisebenzi eminingi njenge isihlahla se-cherimoya, kodwa kulesi sigaba sizoxoxa kabanzi ngakho, njengoba kuyisitshalo esiba usizo kakhulu njengoba isikhathi sihamba.
Kunotshwala obuthengiswa ngesithelo sesihlahla iMarula.
Embewini ungathola umthombo omkhulu wamaprotheni, lapho uwadla uzobe udla amafutha anempilo, ukunambitheka kwawo kufana nokwamantongomane, ngakho-ke uma udla ukudla, lokhu kuyindlela enhle kakhulu.
Okunye ukusetshenziswa kwembewu ukukhishwa kwamafutha, asetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo yobuhle.
Ngokufanayo, kuye kwatholakala ukuthi uwoyela okhishwa kulesi sitshalo ungashintshwa ube i-ethanol njengophethiloli.
Okulandelayo, kufanelekile ukugcizelela ukusetshenziswa kokwelapha okubaluleke kakhulu futhi kubhekisela ekuvimbeleni umalaleveva, njengoba amagxolo enza inzuzo enkulu ngalo mqondo.
Ukwenza itiye usebenzisa amaqabunga alesi sihlahla kuyoba nenzuzo kakhulu kulabo abangenawo ukugaya okuhle, njengoba ubuhlungu babo buzokwehla kakhulu.
Ibuye isetshenziswe kahle kakhulu ezilwaneni eziningi, ikakhulukazi izindlovu.
Lezo zilwane ezidle lesi sithelo ngokweqile ziye zadakwa, yebo, lapho isithelo sivutshiwe, ngoba sikhipha utshwala.
Ukuhweba
Kuseyisihlahla esinomlando weminyaka engaphezulu kwenkulungwane, kuyimanje njengoba sesiyaziwa emhlabeni wonke, yingakho ukudayiswa kwaso kuncane kakhulu, sithuthelwa ikakhulukazi emiphakathini esondelene nokulinywa kwaso, okungukuthi, endaweni; Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukumaketha kwawo kuhloswe kakhulu ukwenza ugologo okhilimu, obaziswa kakhulu e-Afrika ngakho-ke udingeka kakhulu.
Inkampani eyenza lesi siphuzo yiSouth African Distell Group. Abesifazane abaningi babona kulesi sithelo ithuba lokuhweba nemali eyengeziwe, ikakhulukazi eNamibia, insimu ehlala isebenzisa lesi sithelo ngenjongo ethile.
Kuyaphawuleka futhi ukuthi imisebenzi eminingi yokuhweba abayenzayo ehlobene nalesi sithelo noma isihlahla sisonke ihlukaniswa njengengakahleleki, futhi ngokuvamile ihambisana nalo msebenzi nanoma yimuphi omunye, njengoba ukuthengiswa kwemikhiqizo eyenziwe ngesihlahla okukhulunywa ngaso kuvame ukukhuphuka phakathi nesizini.
Kodwa kusukela ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka elidlule lapho inkampani yaseNamibia ibona amandla amakhulu ukuthi lo mafutha ayenawo ukuwuguqula ube yimali engenayo yezomnotho ye-embargo enkulu, ngakho-ke yaqala ukuyikhiqiza ngamanani amakhulu nasezingeni eliphakeme kunalawo ayaziwa kuze kube yileso sikhathi, futhi yawuthengisa kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngokusekelwe ezimonyo ezihlukahlukene ezenziwe ngamafutha alesi sitshalo; Abesifazane abangaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezimbili bahileleke ekukhiqizeni lo mkhiqizo.
Izimo ze-Edaphoclimatic
Iphuzu lokuqala okumelwe lishiwo mayelana nalokhu isimo sezulu, esihluka kakhulu kusuka kolunye uhlobo kuya kwesinye, ukuthi izinhlobo eziseduze ne-equatorial zone, okuye kwaba yi-birrea, amabanga agcinwa ngokusimama okukhulu futhi ephakeme kunaleyo. ezitholakala eningizimu, amazinga okushisa avamise ukuba phakathi kwamashumi amabili nambili namashumi amabili nesishiyagalolunye degrees Celsius.
Ngaseningizimu, amazinga okushisa ehla kancane, afinyelele eshumini nesishiyagalolunye kuya ku-XNUMX degrees centigrade; nokho, lawa mazinga okushisa alinganiselwa unyaka wonke, kodwa kungenzeka ukuthi ngezinsuku ezithile noma izikhathi zonyaka amazinga okushisa anyuke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona okuhlobene nomhlabathi, okumele kube nokuthungwa okungagwegwesi, okusho ukuthi kunesihlabathi, kodwa kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona ama-specimens ahlolisisiwe futhi lawa anobumba oluthe xaxa. nenhlabathi, kodwa kufanele njalo babe nesihlabathi; umhlabathi osindayo awulungele marula.
Ngokufanayo, i-pH yomhlabathi kufanele ibe phakathi kwesihlanu nesikhombisa, okusho ukuthi ine-acidic kancane. Okwesithathu, kunendaba yokuna kwemvula, ngoba lolu hlobo, oludinga kakhulu, imvula kufanele ibe phakathi kwamakhulu amahlanu nenkulungwane namakhulu amabili, kodwa lokhu kungahlukahluka kuye kolunye uhlobo; Uhlobo olubekezelela kakhulu izikhathi zesomiso yi-birrea.
Izidingo zokutshalwa
Sekuvele kukhulunywe ngezici ezithile engxenyeni yendawo yokuhlala, njengoba ihlobene kakhulu nayo, njengoba lapho isidalwa esiphilayo sikhula ngokwemvelo kusho ukuthi izimo ziyakuvumela.
Isici esiyinhloko yiqiniso lomswakama, ngoba abantu abaningi bacabanga ukuthi ngenxa yokuthi kwenzeka kuma-savannas akudingi umswakama, kodwa iqiniso liwukuthi liyayidinga le nto, ngaphandle kwalokho ngeke ithuthuke kahle, ikakhulukazi ngenkathi isaqhubeka. yokuhluma, khona-ke lokhu kuncipha.
Phakathi nalesi sigaba esifanayo, okungukuthi, leso sokuhluma, amazinga okushisa angcono kakhulu asezindaweni ezishisayo, ngakho-ke, amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu awawona afaneleka kakhulu futhi angeke amelane nawo.
Ngokufanayo, akufanele ubeke lesi sitshalo emthunzini, ngokuphambene nalokho, kufanele usinike ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile, njengoba kwenzeka lapho sisendaweni yaso yemvelo. Inhlabathi kufanele igcine amanzi kodwa futhi ibe namandla okuwakhipha, ngaphandle kwalokho ingase ikhukhule futhi ekugcineni ife.
Uma izinga lokushisa liphezulu kufanele uyinisele njalo ezinsukwini ezintathu, khumbula ukuthi ayifuni ngokunisela, kodwa awukwazi ukuyikhohlwa ngokuphelele, uma lina akufanele uyinisele, ngoba izobe isithole umswakama owanele. izinsuku ezimbalwa.
Ukuhluma kwembewu ye-Marula.
Ukuze lesi sihlahla sihlume, kuyadingeka ukuthi siphendukele embewini yaso, ongoti baveze ukuthi sinesikhathi sokuncelisa futhi kungalesi sikhathi lapho kufanele sivuswe khona, ngoba uma singasebenzi sizophuka kule nqubo elandelayo. .
Ukuze wenze lokhu, udinga ukususa i-pulp ye-nati. Kamuva kufanele uthathe ama-walnuts noma ama-walnuts, njengoba kungenzeka, elangeni, okungenani isonto, uma izinga lokushisa eliphakeme, kodwa uma liphansi, kufanele libe lide.
Kamuva, okufanele ukwenze ukugcina amantongomane azobe omile kakade endaweni lapho kunomoya, kodwa enomthunzi, kuleli qophelo kufanele abe ngaphansi kwama-degree Celsius.
Uma ufuna ikhule ngokushesha kunokujwayelekile, okufanele ukwenze ukukhulula i-operculum futhi ngenxa yalokhu okumele ukwenze nje ukucwilisa imbewu okungenani amahora angamashumi amabili nane aqhubekayo.
Yonke le nqubo izohluka kuye ngesimo sezulu, inhlabathi, kanye nenani lokunisela umuntu ngamunye elinikezayo, kodwa ngokuvamile, futhi ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele, ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu ungawadlulisela ensimini Ngaphambi kokuqeda lesi sigaba, kubalulekile ukusho ukuthi isikhathi esihle kakhulu sokuwadlulisela ensimini yilapho kuqala inkathi yemvula, njengoba lokhu kuzovumela intuthuko engcono kakhulu.
Uwoyela weMarula usebenzisa
Elinye lamaqiniso anelukuluku mayelana nowoyela okhishwa embewini ye-marula ukuthi e-Afrika kunabantu abaningi abakhetha ukuyisebenzisela ukuhlanzeka ngaphambi kokusebenzisa amanzi.
Ngokunjalo, la mafutha acutshungulwa ukuze akhe ama-antioxidants, kanye neminye imikhiqizo yezimonyo ehlala ihlobene nokunakekelwa kwesikhumba okufanele, njengama-creams; Kukhona ngisho nama-topics alungele isikhumba somntwana, esithambile kakhulu kunesabantu abadala, futhi sisekelwe kulawa mafutha amangalisayo.
Iphinde ibe nokusetshenziswa kwayo ku-gastronomy, njengoba isetshenziselwa ukuthosa ukudla okuhlukene; ukwakha okokugqoka, amasaladi nokunye.
Izithelo
Lesi yisihlahla esinikeza isithelo esicebile kakhulu, kodwa hhayi nje ngenxa yokunambitheka kwayo, kodwa ngoba sinezakhiwo ezihlukahlukene ezizuzisa kakhulu umzimba, futhi abantu abaningi baze bafake lesi sithelo ekudleni kwabo.
Ukuma kwalokhu kuyi-obovoid, ngaphakathi kwayo kunezinhlamvu ezimbili noma ezintathu, ubukhulu besithelo bufana ne-walnut kodwa enkulu kancane, kuyilapho isithelo sikhula sibe luhlaza, kodwa lapho sivuthwa siphuzi.
Mayelana nalesi sithelo kumqoka sikuveze ukuthi asivuthwa sisesihlahleni kodwa uma siwela phansi okuyilapho umbala waso ushintsha khona, yize uma sivulwa uyabona ukuthi i-pulp yaso mhlophe. Uma uyizama uzobona ukuthi imnandi kakhulu, ngaphezu kwalokho uma uyithinta uzobona ukuthi ithambile, abantu abaningi baqhathanisa kokubili ukuthungwa kanye ne-flavour nomango.
Obunye ubufakazi buthi ezinye izithelo zingase zintule ukunambitheka; Phakathi kwezinto zayo kukhona i-vitamin C, yingakho ivame ukusetshenziswa; Kodwa akusona ukuphela kwendawo leyo; futhi kuyazuzisa kakhulu ukugeleza kwamanzi, yingakho abantu abahamba endaweni lapho bevame ukubathatha uhambo olude, njengoba kukhiqiza amandla kanye ne-hydration.
Lesi sithelo singadliwa sisha noma siphekwe, kuye ngokunambitheka nezidingo zomuntu ngamunye, njengoba kungenziwa ama-jam, ama-sweeteners, ama-syrups, amajusi, uphuzo oludakayo, ubhiya nokunye.
Izakhiwo zokwelapha ezibangelwa i-marula
Kuwo wonke unyaka kunemisebenzi eminingi yokwelapha enikezwe uMarula, nakuba kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi akukho neyodwa imigomo eye yafakazelwa izici zesayensi, kodwa lezo eziye zahlola isitshalo, imbewu, uwoyela, ngezicelo zokwelapha ukuthi isebenza ngokugcwele.
Isibonelo, amagxolo alesi sihlahla asetshenziselwe izikhathi eziningi ukwenza ama-infusions nokukhishwa ukuze kukhululwe izimo noma izimpawu ezilandelayo:
- Diabetes
- Umalaleveva
- Izilonda zesisu
- I-Dysentery
- Ama-hemorrhoid
- antidiarrheal
Le esetshenziswa kabanzi ngeyomalaleveva, kodwa ayinasisekelo sesayensi ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo akuzange kusabalale. Endabeni yokusebenza njenge-antidiarrheal, kuye kwafakazelwa, ngoba lesi sitshalo siqukethe i-procyanidin.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqabunga alesi sihlahla nawo anempahla engaba khona, okuyi-flavonoids, ngakho-ke, ezimweni lapho kukhona ukusikeka, ukulunywa noma okunye okunjalo, isetshenziselwa ukuthambisa isikhumba. Ngokukhethekile eTanzania isetshenziselwa utwayi, ebibilisiwe ngaphambilini bese izimpande zibekwe endaweni ethintekile.
Endabeni yokuhlushwa yi-dysentery, amagxolo neziqu ezixutshwe ne-carbonate ziyasetshenziswa.
ukusetshenziswa komkhuba
Kuso sonke lesi sihloko, kuye kwakhulunywa ngokusetshenziswa okuhlukahlukene okunikezwa i-marula, ikakhulukazi njengesimonyo nanjengomuthi, kodwa akuzona kuphela izinto ezinikezwa lesi sithelo, ngoba e-Afrika zibheka noma yisiphi isici. Ukuze bakhiqize okunye ukusetshenziswa kwalesi sihlahla nesithelo saso, bafuna izindlela zokwandisa ukubaluleka kwaso, bandise ukutshalwa kwabo.
Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, ezingeni lamasiko, umphakathi wase-Afrika uyisebenzisa emikhubeni yawo, isibonelo endaweni yaseNigeria, bavame ukusebenzisa amagxolo, ukuze banikeze ukuvikeleka ekulunyweni kwezinyoka.
Ngokufanayo, ukukhishwa kwamagxolo kusetshenziselwa ukuhlanza umzimba ngokugeza; Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ngxenye efanayo yomuthi isetshenziselwa ukuzingela, lapho ubulala isilwane, i-extract idliwe ngaphambili, kukholelwa ukuthi lokhu kunikeza isivikelo somphefumulo wesilwane esizobulawa.
Okunye okungeke kushaywe indiva ukuthi i-extract yalesi sitshalo ibuye isetshenziswe ekucupheni izangoma ezehlukene nokususa iziqalekiso ezahlukene kumuntu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu base-Afrika bavame ukuhlangana eduze kweMarula ukuze benze izinhlobo ezahlukene zemikhuba.
Imbewu
Imbewu etholwe kulesi sitshalo kukhulunywe ngayo izikhathi eziningi kuso sonke lesi sihloko, kodwa lesi sigaba sizoxoxa ngayo kabanzi.
Into eyinhloko okufanele siyikhulume yiqiniso lokuthi isithelo ngasinye singaba nembewu emibili kuya kwezintathu, kodwa into engakaze ikhulunywe ukuthi ingadliwa ngokuqondile noma ingadliwa ngamalungiselelo athile, njengamafutha okukhulunywe ngawo ngenhla; Ngokunjalo, iphinde igaywe ukuze kwenziwe ufulawa futhi ekugcineni yenze ezinye izitsha ze-gastronomic zivame ezwenikazi lase-Afrika.
Ngokwe-flavour yayo, ifana kakhulu neyamantongomane, iyisici esiqukethe izakhi eziningi, yingakho kunconywa kakhulu ekudleni nasekusetshenzisweni ngokujwayelekile, ngoba umzimba udinga lolu hlobo lokudla. Le mbewu isendaweni yase-Afrika uphawu olusho ukuzala.
Uma ukhipha amafutha kuMarula, ungawasebenzisa ezinweleni zakho, njengoba ezonothisa, ngokunjalo nesikhumba sakho singazuza ezintweni zembewu namafutha, ikakhulukazi uma unesikhumba esomile, lokhu koma kuzokwehla. futhi ububomvu buzokwehla, kunikeza isikhumba sakho nezinwele ukubukeka okungcono.