Kulesi sihloko ngizokhuluma ngazo zonke izinhlobo iulwazi mayelana nomthala ai-ndromeda. Ngalo mqondo, i-Andromeda Galaxy ethandwayo, ephinde iphathwe njenge-M31 noma i-NGC 224, iwumthala omkhulu ozungezayo, oseduze kakhulu nathi futhi obonakala ngeso lenyama, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ukude ngeminyaka yokukhanya eyizigidi ezingu-2,5.
Futhi, i-Andromeda iyingxenye yeqoqo lamabandla abizwa nge-"Local Group of Galaxies", ephethe ama-magnas amabili. imithala ama-spirals, okungukuthi, Andromeda futhi i IMilky Way. Ngaphezu kwalokho, yonke eminye imithala okukhulunywa ngayo njengegalaksi yamaqembu endawo, engu-30 mincane; Ngamanye amazwi, eziningi zazo zingamasathelayithi enye yalezi eziphakeme.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqiniso elingenaphutha mayelana nolwazi mayelana ne-Andromeda galaxy liwukuthi yiyona galaxy efundwa kakhulu, njengoba kungenzeka ukuqaphela kuwo, ngaphandle, zonke izimfanelo zomthala, okungukuthi, umthethosisekelo wawo ojikelezayo, amaqoqo ayindilinga futhi avulekile, izinto ezibonakalayo, i-nebulae i-astral, imfucumfucu ye-supernova kanye ne-axis yendawo yonke.
Kungenzeka ukuthi ngendlela efanayo lezi zici nazo zitholakala kuyi-Milky Way, kodwa akwenzeki ukuzibona ngokunemba okungaka njengoba sicwile kuyo, njengoba iningi lomthala wethu lifihlwe wuthuli. isikhala.
Okuningi Ulwazi mayelana ne-Andromeda Galaxy
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuye kwabonakala ukuthi i-Andromeda ne- IMilky Way zisondelana ngobunono ngesivinini esingaba ngu-500.000 3.000 km/h. Lokhu kufanekisela ukuthi ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalaba ababili kwakuzobangelwa phakathi neminyaka engaba yizigidi ezingu-XNUMX. Uma kubangelwa, ukungqubuzana okunjalo akufanele kucatshangwe njengokufana okwenzeka phakathi kwemizimba emibili eqinile, kodwa ukuthi imithala izophambana. Ngenxa yalokho, ingxenye yengxenye yakho kokubili yayizohlakazeka futhi enye idale umthala. okweqanda okukhulu kakhulu.
IMisa ye-Andromeda Galaxy
Andromeda, inesisindo esinqunyiwe esicishe sibe ngokuphindwe nengxenye kunobunzima be- IMilky Way, futhi icwebezela ngokuphindwe kabili kunayo. Ibonakala ngeso lenyama futhi yaqashelwa isazi sezinkanyezi sasePheresiya u-Abd-al-Rahman Al-Sufi, owayeyimele futhi wayidweba ngonyaka ka-964 AD Cishe okungenhla, kuyaziwa ukuthi yavela futhi ebalazweni lendawo laseDutch. ngonyaka we-1500.
Ngokufanayo, isikhathi eside kwakukholelwa ukuthi "i-Andromeda Nebula Enkulu" yayiseduze kakhulu uma iqhathaniswa nezinye. Futhi, uWilliam Herschel wahlulela, ngephutha kunjalo, ukuthi indlela yakhe ayihambanga kude nendlela eya eSirius (iminyaka eyi-17.000 yokukhanya); ihlukanise ngokuthi ihlangana kakhulu”indawo yonke-island”, efana neyethu.
Ngokufanayo, uWilliam Huggins waphawula umehluko phakathi kwe-gaseous nebulae, nombono wabo wemigqa, kanye "nebulae ephethe inkanyezi" manje esiyazi njengemithala. I-Andromeda ibonise imigqa ye-spectral engapheli, efana neyezinkanyezi. Ngokufanayo, ngo-1887, u-Isaac Roberts wathola izithombe zokuqala ze- Nebula ye-Andromeda, edalula ngokokuqala ngqá izici zasendulo zenhlangano yabo ezungezayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngo-1912, u-VM Sliphe we- Ukuqapha U-Lowell ubale isivinini se-radial se-Andromeda Galaxy, wathola ukuthi inejubane elisheshayo elake lahlolwa, cishe u-300 km ngomzuzwana.
U-Heber Curtis wembula ngo-1917 eziyishumi nambili izinkanyezi itholakala e-Andromeda. Lapho eqinisekisa ukuthi lezi zazinobukhulu obuyi-10 obubuthakathaka kunalezo ezahlolwa kuyi-Milky Way, wacabanga ukuthi i-Andromeda yayikude ngeminyaka yokukhanya engu-500.000 1920 nokuthi kokubili yona nezinye izinto ezifanayo, ezazivame ukutholakala ngaleso sikhathi njengama- spiral nebulae, kwakungewona umkhathi kodwa kwakuyimithala ekhululekile. Ngo-XNUMX uCurtis noHarlow Shapley benza ingxabano evuthayo. UShapley wathi i-Andromeda empeleni yayiyi-nebula eseduze.
Nokho, ngo-1925 u-Edwin Hubble wathola izinkanyezi ze-Cepheid ezithombeni ze-Andromeda. Lokhu kutholakala kwakwenza kwacaca ukuthi izingqikithi ezinjalo empeleni ziyimithala ecishe ifane ne-Milky Way, emabangeni amakhulu kuphela, kangangokuthi i-Andromeda Nebula (isihloko esatholakala emibhalweni yakudala) yagcina iphathwe njengoMthala we-Andromeda. Ngo-1929, u-Hubble wabika i-thesis yakhe edumile ye-Andromeda Nebula njenge- uhlelo lwenkanyezi umthala owengeziwe, okungukuthi, ongaphandle komthala wethu.
Maqondana nalokhu okungenhla, ngo-1943 uWalter Baade waba ngowokuqala ukuqonda izinkanyezi endaweni emaphakathi yomthala i-Andromeda, futhi ngendlela efanayo wathi kunezinhlobo ezimbili zomthala. cepheids, eyayifanekisela ukukhiqiza kabusha ibanga layo kunani elivele liseduze kakhulu nalelo elivunyelwe namuhla.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma siqala ukuthola ukwaziswa okwengeziwe ngomthala i-Andromeda, isibonakude sasemkhathini. I-Spitzer yembula ukuthi i-Andromeda inezinkanyezi eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane, izikhathi eziphindwe kashumi kunenani lezinkanyezi ezisesigabeni .
I-Hubble Space Telescope iphinde yathola ukuthi i-Andromeda galaxy M 31 ine-axis ekabili. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi mhlawumbe inamacores amabili akhanyayo, mhlawumbe ngenxa yokuthi “idle” umthala omncane owake wangena eksisini yawo, noma ukuthi izingxenye zenkambo yawo eyodwa zifiphazwe ingxenye emnyama.
Indawo ye-Andromeda Galaxy
Olunye ulwazi nge-Andromeda Galaxy ukuthi ngenxa yendawo ekuyo, iyinto esingayilinganisa ngeso lenyama, nokho itholakala ebangeni elingama-light-year ayizigidi ezingu-2.5, inkombandlela ekhomba umlaza we-Andromeda. Ukuze sikwazi ukuyibeka ngobuchule, kufanele sithinte isikwele sasePegasus, futhi ukusuka lapho kuzoba lula ukuyibeka. Ingabonakala kusukela phansi nge-oval enkulu, i-oval shape encane ene-contours ehlukene kakhulu, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo inikeza ukukhanya okuningi.
Isakhiwo se-Andromeda Galaxy
Ngakho-ke, i-Andromeda inesakhiwo esiphindwe kabili, futhi inezindawo ezimbili ezishisayo zenuzi futhi zihoxisiwe iminyaka embalwa. ukukhanya. Olunye ulwazi selubhalisiwe ukuthi ama-nuclei abawajabulelayo anganyakazisa enye ngokuhlonipha kwenye futhi lezi ziye zahlukaniswa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
I-nuclei yemithala enezindawo ezinodlame lokunyakaza kanye nokumelwa kwe izimbobo super strong blacks. Olunye ucwaningo luveza ukuthi imithala inezinsimbi phakathi nendawo, ngakho kungathiwa iyafana neMilky Way.
Izazi zezinkanyezi ziye zasho nokuthi ukukhanya kwangaphandle kwezinkanyezi kuyingxenye yendilinga yomthala. Kuthiwa, ngokwamasiko athile, lo mthala ushintsha ube umthala onezingikazi, lapho kuqoqwa khona umhwamuko nothuli emasongweni aseduze nendawo. I-Andromeda kuthiwa kungenxa ye-hydrogen engathathi hlangothi ngakho ukuqondanisa kwezinkanyezi kuyaqhubeka futhi kunamandla. Inemithala eminingi yesathelayithi, futhi eminingi yayo isendaweni efanayo.
Amaplanethi we-Galaxy Andromeda
Okunye ukwaziswa ngomthala i-Andromeda ukuthi ososayensi abaningi baye bazama ukuwuhlola besebenzisa izibonakude. amandla adonsela phansi thola amaplanethi angalingani kumthala we-Andromeda. Okuwukuphela kwento yasezulwini abakwazile ukuyifanisa inesisindo esiphindwe ka-6 noma ka-7 kune-Jupiter. Izazi zezinkanyezi nezazi zisola ukuthi leli kungaba umhlaba wokuqala emthaleni i-Andromeda.
