Noma ubani ofunde incwadi futhi odinga ukuyichaza ngesizathu nangokwahlulela uthola ithuluzi elibalulekile analo: umbiko wokufunda. Le dokhumenti (Umbiko wesigungu esiphezulu) ufinyeta, ahlaziye abuye ahlole umsebenzi Ngendlela ecacile, ehlelekile, futhi ewusizo kulabo abangakayifundi noma abafuna ukunquma ukuthi kufanelekile yini ukuyihlolisisa ngokujulile. Akusona isifinyezo esilula: sinikeza ukuqonda, isakhiwo, kanye nesiqondiso.
Ekilasini, isetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuqonda nokucabanga okujulile; embonini yokushicilela, kuyasiza ekunqumeni ukuthi umbhalo wesandla uyasebenza nokuthi ungawucwengisiswa kanjani. Umbiko ungaba wezemfundo (owesikole/enyuvesi) noma ube ngochwepheshe (owabashicileli nababhali)Kuzo zombili izimo, umgomo wabo uyafana: ukunikeza ukuqonda okunembile kokuthi umbhalo umayelana nani, ukuthi wakhiwe kanjani, nokuthi unikeza liphi inani.
Uyini umbiko wokufunda?
Umbiko ofundwayo ungumbhalo ochazayo futhi ovame ukuphikisa obhalwa ngemva kokufunda umsebenzi. Umsebenzi wawo ukufinyeza okuqukethwe, ukuchaza izindikimba ezimaphakathi kanye nokukhipha ukuhlola okunengqondo.Emkhakheni wezemfundo, ngokuvamile kuvame ukuhlanganisa ulwazi olubalulekile (isihloko, umbhali, umongo), isifinyezo sesakhiwo noma imibono, ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zangaphakathi (umxoxi, abalingiswa, isakhiwo), kanye nombono womuntu siqu osekelwe kahle.
Emkhakheni wokushicilela, yaziwa nangokuthi umbiko wokuhlela. Ilungiselelwa umfundi ochwepheshile ukuze ahlole ikhwalithi yombhalo namandla okuhweba ombhalo wesandla. ngaphambi kokuyithumela ku-ejensi, umshicileli, noma ukuzishicilela ngokwakho. Isebenzisa ulimi oluqondile, ihlonza amandla nobuthakathaka, futhi ingancoma izinguquko esakhiweni, iphimbo, ijubane, abalingisi, noma indlela yokusebenza.
Kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwalezi zindlela ezimbili ukuze ungahlanganisi izinhloso. Isifundiswa sibeka eqhulwini ukukhombisa ukuqonda nokuhlaziya, kuyilapho uchwepheshe futhi elinganisela ukuthi umbhalo ungathengiswa yini, yiziphi izethameli oqondiswe kuzo, nokuthi yiziphi izinyathelo ezingaba ezifanele ukuwuthuthukisa.
Isetshenziselwa ini futhi yiziphi izinzuzo zayo?
Izinzuzo ziyabonakala kubafundi, ababhali, nabashicileli ngokufanayo. Thuthukisa ukuqonda kokufunda ngokusiphoqa ukuthi sihlanganise, sibeke phambili imibono futhi sithole ukuxhumana okufanele phakathi kwezingxenye zombhalo.
Iphinde iqhube nokuzehlulela. Thuthukisa ukucabanga okujulile ngoba kudinga ukuhlola izimpikiswano, ukuhambisana kwesakhiwo, imvelaphi nesitayela, nokuqinisekisa umbono ngezibonelo ezivela embhalweni.
Kwezemfundo, iyithuluzi lokuhlola elisebenzayo. Ivumela uthisha ukukala ukuqonda, ukuhlanganisa kanye namakhono okukhulumisana ngomkhiqizo obhaliwe oveza izinqubo zokufunda ezijulile.
Endaweni yobungcweti, kuyisihluthulelo sokwenza izinqumo. Isiza ekunqumeni ukuthi umbhalo wesandla kufanele ushicilelwe, umiswa kanjani kabusha, noma yiziphi izethameli okufanele ziqondiswe, yonga isikhathi sabashicileli abagcwele okwangempela.
Indlela yokwenza umbiko wokufunda isinyathelo ngesinyathelo
Ngaphambi kokubhala, kufanele ufunde ngempela. Funda ngokucophelela, ngokuphelele, futhi ngamanothi. ekhomba iziqephu ezibalulekile, abalingiswa, ukusonta, imibono ephindaphindayo nemibuzo. Gwema ukushushuluza: udinga ukubamba inhloso, iphimbo, ukwakheka, nama-nuances.
Ngemva kokufunda kokuqala, uhlaka lunconywa. Yabelana ngemicabango yakho, izingcaphuno ezibalulekile kanye nemibuzo lokho kukusiza ukuthi ugxile ekuhlaziyeni kwakho: iyiphi ingqikithi ebusayo? Yini eyadonsa ukunaka kwakho? Uhloseni umbhali? Yini esebenzayo nengasebenzi?
Umongo wocwaningo kanye nombhali lapho wengeza inani. Buyekeza idatha yokushicilelwa, uhlobo, isikhathi nokwamukelwa okubalulekile ukuqonda kangcono umsebenzi. Uma kusebenza, dala isigaba esigunyaza ubunikazi, idethi, umshicileli, nomongo wamasiko.
Yakha i-synopsis ngokuzibamba. Fingqa ngesigaba esisodwa noma ezimbili ukuthi umbhalo umayelana nani, ingqikithi yayo enesihloko, nokulandelana okuyinhloko. Gwema ukonakalisa isiphetho uma inhloso ingakudingi, futhi ungaphambanisi i-synopsis nesibuyekezo: isiqondiso sibalulekile lapha.
Ukuhlaziya okubucayi kuyafika. Linganisa ukuqina kwezimpikiswano, ukucaca kwesakhiwo, okwangempela kanye nesitayelaEkulandiseni, ihlola umxoxi, amazwi, isikhathi, indawo, ukukhula komlingiswa, ukuhambahamba, kanye nobuqiniso; enganekwaneni, ihlola ukunemba, ukucaca kokuchayeka, ukusekelwa komthombo, kanye nokusetshenziswa komfundi.
Faka phakathi umbono wakho siqu, onesisekelo esihle. Chaza ukuthi yini oyithandile, yini ebimangazayo nokuthi kungani., njalo ngezibonelo. Ngaphandle kokuwela emfundisweni: ukuzithoba kwamukelekile uma kusekelwa umbhalo.
Qeda ngesiphetho esihambisana nenhloso. Fingqa ukuhlola konke futhi, uma kufanele, uncome noma ungakufundi., echaza ukuthi ubani engase imfanele.
Uma usebenzise imithombo ethile noma izinguqulo, sicela wengeze izithenjwa. I-bibliography ihlinzeka ngokusobala nokwethembeka, ikakhulukazi emaphepheni emfundo.
Isakhiwo sakudala (inkambu yezemfundo)
Nakuba kuwumbhalo oguquguqukayo, kuyatuseka ukulandela isakhiwo esibonakalayo. Lesi sakhiwo sisiza ukufunda ngokushelelayo kanye nokuhlola okuhlelekile.:
- Ikhava: isihloko sombiko, igama lombhali wombiko, isikhungo, usuku kanye nedolobha.
- Isingeniso: ulwazi lokuqala mayelana nomsebenzi (umbhali, umongo, uhlobo), ingqikithi nenjongo.
- Indlela noma i-synopsis: ukwethulwa kwesakhiwo noma imiqondo esemqoka, abalingisi nezigameko ezibalulekile.
- Buyekeza/Isilinganiso: ukwahlulela okubucayi komfundi, ngezimpikiswano nezibonelo.
- Ukuvala: : isifinyezo kanye nombono wokugcina (noma ngaphandle kokuncoma).
- I-Bibliography: idatha yokuhlela yomsebenzi nemithombo okuxoxwe ngayo.
Ezincwadini, izakhi zangaphakathi kufanele zicaciswe. Thola umxoxi, abalingiswa abakhulu nabalingiswa abasekelayo, nesakhiwo (ukulandelana, ukungqubuzana, umphumela). Yengeza, uma yengeza, okubhekiwe kurejista yolimi kanye nezibalo zokukhuluma.
Ithiphu eliwusizo ngenkathi ufunda: thintana nenkomba kanye ne ingxenye yekhathalogi (kanye ne-ISBN) ukuthola uhlobo nokulindela ukwakheka komhlaba wonke.
Isibonelo esiqondisiwe: isifanekiso sombiko omfushane
Cabanga ngombiko wenoveli yomlingo wamaqiniso oyizifanekiselo ebhalwe owine uMklomelo KaNobel waseColombia. Ungavula ngokuguqula umbhali, isikhathi, nokuhambisana.; chaza ukuthi lo msebenzi uhlanganisa izizukulwane ezimbalwa zomndeni edolobheni lezinganekwane futhi uhlobanisa izinto zansuku zonke nezimangalisayo njengokungathi ziyafana.
Ku-synopsis, ufingqa i-saga yomndeni kusukela ekusungulweni kwedolobha kuze kube sekupheleni. Yisho izibalo eziyinhloko (isb., inzalamizi, uzakwabo, izizukulwane eziyinhloko, nezibalo eziyisithonjana) nokuthi izehlakalo zomlando zizungeza futhi zibeke kanjani izimpilo zabalingiswa abayinhloko.
Ukuze uhlole, hlaziya ukuthi ulimi, isakhiwo sesikhathi esiyindilinga kanye nezimpawu ezingokomfanekiso zisekela kanjani ulwazi lokufunda. Chaza ukuthi kungani ukuphathwa kwesizungu, uthando noma ukufa kukhumbuleka. nokuthi zihlanganiswe kanjani nendwangu elandisayo.
Sengivala, beka umsebenzi kulabo abangase babe ngabafundi. Yincome ngekhono layo lokudala umhlaba owawo kanye nomthelela wawo wamasiko., eqondiswe kulabo abajabulela izinganekwane eziminyene ezinezimpawu namasiko.
I-bibliography ikhawulelwe kuhlelo olusetshenzisiwe. Kubandakanya umbhali, unyaka, isihloko, umshicileli kanye nendawo okushicilelwe kuyo ukuze noma ubani akwazi ukuyithola kalula.
Umbiko Wokufunda Womsebenzi Wababhali Nabashicileli
Emsebenzini wokushicilela, umbiko wokufundwayo ufeza omunye umsebenzi owengeziwe. Isebenza njengokuxilongwa kwemibhalo kanye nekhampasi yokuhweba. ukunquma ukuthi uzoshicilela ini, ungayithuthukisa kanjani, nokuthi ibekwa kanjani. Ibhalwa ngabafundi abangochwepheshe (abahleli, abahloli bamaphutha abanolwazi, izifundiswa, noma ababhali abangomakadebona).
Iphimbo lakhe licacile futhi liqondile. Fingqa, hlaziya futhi uphakamise intuthuko ethile (hlela kabusha izahluko, qinisa i-arc yomlingiswa, hlanganisa izwi elilandisayo, lungisa ijubane, yenza ngcono ulimi) futhi uhlole ukulingana kwemakethe nezethameli eziqondiwe.
Namuhla ingacelwa noma yikuphi. Abashicileli nezinsizakalo ezikhethekile basebenza ku-inthanethi eSpain naseLatin America., ngokuthunyelwa ngeposi nemihlangano ekude. Kuyisevisi ebaluleke kakhulu uma uzishicilela.
Qaphela izithembiso ezingafezeki. Umbiko wokufunda wekhwalithi awumahhala futhi awenziwa umshini.. Kudinga ukwahlulela komuntu okuchwepheshile kanye nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo ukuze kugwenywe ubungozi bokukopela noma ukuvuza.
Izingxenye zombiko wokuhlela (imodeli yamabhulokhi angu-7)
Isakhiwo esijwayelekile sokuhlola kwababhali ngokuvamile sihlanganisa izigaba eziningana ezihlukene. Lolu hlaka olunamaphuzu ayisikhombisa luyasebenza futhi lubanzi.:
- Idatha yobuchwepheshe: isihloko, uhlobo, ubude, ulimi, izethameli nolwazi lomfundi ochwepheshe.
- I-Back Cover Synopsis: cishe amagama ayi-100 akhangayo nathembekile kokuqukethwe ukuze athwebule umfundi.
- Ukuhlaziywa kokuqukethwe nesakhiwo: izahluko, ukulandelana, amazwi, izikhathi nezikhala; ukuhambisana kwangaphakathi.
- Ubulili, ulimi kanye nesitayela: irejista, iphimbo, izinsiza, ukufaneleka kwezithameli kanye nokusebenza ngempumelelo komyalezo.
- Amandla: ubusha betimu, ukucaca kwephrozi/ivesi, abalingiswa abanamandla, ukufunda kalula.
- Izincomo: : uhlu oluphathekayo lwentuthuko (kusuka ku-orthotypography ukuya ekuklanyweni kabusha kwesakhiwo).
- Ukulinganisa kwezentengiso: amandla okuthengisa, i-niche, izinkomba eziqhathanisekayo namasu aphakanyisiwe.
Izibonelo ezine ezijwayelekile (inoveli, inganekwane, izinkondlo kanye nezindaba ezimfushane)
Ukuze ubone lokhu ngeso lengqondo, cabanga ngamacala amane amele abanye. Kunoveli yephrozi ecacile nesigqi esisheshayoUmbiko ungase ukushayele ihlombe ukufundeka kwawo nokuba nesihloko, kodwa uxwayise ngezinkinga zokunemba kwezisusa zabalingiswa, izinguquko zezwi ezingazinzile, kanye nezikhala zesikhathi. Ngingaphakamisa ukukhetha izwi elilodwa elilandisayo, ukuhlela kabusha ukulandelana, nokususa abalingisi besibili abangafaki sandla; kungaba namandla okuhweba uma ukungqubuzana kucaciswa futhi kuxazululwe ngendlela enokwethenjelwa.
Endabeni engeyona eqanjiwe efinyeleleka kalula, ethathwe kuthisisi, ukulingana phakathi kokuqina nokusabalalisa kuzogqanyiswa. Kungase kunconywe ukuthi kunwetshwe lapho kusilela khona, amagama alungile (amagama ezinhlanganisela, isibonelo), futhi kuncishiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezigatshana ezingaphansi ukuze kucace. Izithameli eziqondiwe zizocaca (ochwepheshe nalabo abajwayelene nesihloko), futhi ifomethi ye-ebook izothuthukisa ukufinyelela kwayo.
Eqoqweni lezingoma zezinkondlo ezigxile othandweni, Ukukhethwa kwezichazamazwi, isigqi kanye nokusha kwetimu kunganconywaUma isethulo sithembisa ivesi elikhululekile kodwa kukhona izinkondlo ezinemitha engashintshi kanye nemvumelwano, ukuhambisana okusemthethweni kungadingeka ngokulungisa le mibhalo. Ngokwezentengiselwano, izethameli zingaba banzi, ngisho noma izinkondlo zithengisa kancane; i-audiobook ingavula imakethe.
Ngomthamo wezindaba ezihambisana nemibhalo ezidizayinelwe abafundi abanereferensi yakudala, ingcebo yokucwayiza kanye ne-erudition enedosi kahle izogcizelelwa, kodwa mhlawumbe intambo efanayo ayikho ukuze ihlanganise yonke into. Izwi langaphandle lokuxhuma izingcezu lingathuthukisa isipiliyoni, futhi ekukhangiseni, ikhava ekhuluma ngamamodeli we-niche nezenzo emiphakathini ehlobene ingaphakanyiswa.
Ukulawulwa Kwekhwalithi: Amaphutha Avamile Atholwe Embikweni
Umfundi ochwepheshile ukhomba ukungqubuzana umbhali avame ukukushaya indiva. Ukungahambisani kwesikhashana noma okuyimbangela, iziqalo ezingathandeki, amazwi angazinzile, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemibono engaguquki, ukugcwala kolwazi noma izincazelo umfundi angabelana ngazo zingamaphutha ajwayelekile.
Ezinganekwaneni, izinkinga zokucaciswa kokuchayeka ziningi. Ukweqiwa kobuchwepheshe obungachazeki, izigaba eziminyene kanye nezigatshana ezingaphansi Behlisa ijubane ukufunda futhi bafihle umyalezo. Isixazululo siwukuhlukanisa imibono bese ubeka phambili izibonelo ezicacile.
Kunkondlo kanye nephrozi yamagama, ukungaboni ngaso linye phakathi kwezinkondlo ezimenyezelwe kanye nesimo sangempela kudala umsindo. Uma ivesi elikhululekile lithenjiswa, kufanele lihlonishweUma ukhetha imvumelwano, mayibe ngamabomu, ihluke, futhi ihambisane.
Ingabe ngidinga umbiko wokufunda?
Uma uqeda umbhalo wesandla futhi ungabaza ukuhambisana kwawo, ukuhambahamba, noma izethameli, udinga amehlo angaphandle. Uma abalingiswa bengavezwanga, isakhiwo asigculisi noma kunezingxenye ezibuthakathakaUmbiko ukunika umhlahlandlela wokuthuthukiswa. Lokhu kuyiqiniso futhi uma ufuna ukuhambisa kubashicileli futhi ufuna ukugqama ngokuhlolwa kochwepheshe kwangaphambilini.
Kubafundi, uma ucelwa umbiko wezemfundo, ungathuthukisi. Funda ngendlela, bhala amanothi, bheka inkomba kanye nohlobo ekukhathaleni., futhi ilandela isakhiwo esicacile: isingeniso, amazwibela, ukuhlaziya kanye nokuhlola.
Umhlahlandlela oluwusizo 6 ukunyakaza
Uma uthunywe ukwenza okukodwa esikoleni noma enyuvesi, ungasebenzisa lo mzila ukuze ukusekele. Okokuqala, ukufunda okujulile ngamanothi (izinhlamvu, izindawo, izikhathi ezibalulekile). Okwesibili, i-synopsis emfushane yesiqondiso. Okwesithathu, isifinyezo sesakhiwo (izahluko, amazwi, isikhathi). Okwesine, ukuhlaziya uhlobo nezimiso zalo. Okwesihlanu, izici eziphawulekayo. Okwesithupha, ukugxeka kwakho okwakhayo.
Lolu hlelo, uma lusetshenziswa kahle, lwembula izimpawu, imidlalo yesikhashana kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwabalingiswa. Futhi kuyisinyathelo esihle kakhulu sokuqala sokuhlolwa okuzayo. ngokuthuthuka okukhulu kwethiyori.
Ukubhala: isitayela nesethulo
Lapho ubhala, namathela emishweni ecacile nokuhleleka okunengqondo. Isigaba ngasinye kufanele sithuthukise umqondo oyinhloko bese uxhuma kokulandelayo ngaphandle kokugxuma okungazelelwe. Gwema i-verbosity: umfundi uyakwazisa ukufinyeza kanye nengqikithi.
Engxenyeni ebalulekile, gwema okujwayelekile. Zonke izahlulelo kumele zisekelwe yizibonelo ezivela embhalweni. (izingcaphuno ezimfushane noma izinkomba zezigcawu, izahluko, noma izigaba). Lokhu kwengeza isisindo ekuhloleni kwakho.
Nakekela i-orthotypography. Hlola izimpawu zokuphimisela, izimpawu zokuloba, izimpawu zokucaphuna nosonhlamvukazi, ikakhulukazi uma uhlanganisa amagama obuchwepheshe noma i-bibliography. Umbhalo owethulwe kahle udlulisela igunya.
Izindleko, ukufinyelela kanye nokugcinwa kuyimfihlo (ububanzi bomsebenzi)
Izintengo zombiko wochwepheshe ziyahlukahluka kuye ngobude, uhlobo, nokujula okudingekayo. Ivamise ukuba nenani ngenani lamakhasi noma amagama., ezinemibandela ethize yezincwadi zezindaba ezimfushane ngenxa yeziqephu zazo.
Namuhla kulula ukufaka isicelo ukude. Kusuka eSpain noma eLatin America ungaqasha umfundi wokuhlela oku-inthanethi, vumelana ngezinsuku zokugcina futhi bathole idokhumenti enemininingwane enokuxilonga kanye nemephu yomgwaqo.
Qaphela ama-bargain. Izithembiso ezifana "nombiko we-inthanethi wamahhala" azinangqondoIkhwalithi idinga amahora okufunda ngokucophelela nokwahlulela kochwepheshe. Njalo hlola izinqubomgomo zobumfihlo kanye nokuphathwa kwemibhalo yesandla.
Amathiphu asheshayo okulungisa umbiko wakho
- Chaza inhloso (imfundo iqhathaniswa neyokuhlela) futhi ivumelanise iphimbo, ububanzi kanye nencwadi yezincwadi.
- Chaza izethameli okuqondiswe kuye umsebenzi futhi ahlole ukuthi irejista nesakhiwo sifanele yini.
- Ibhalansi isifinyezo nokuhlaziya: ungasileli kumongo noma ulahleke emibonweni engenasisekelo.
- Phakamisa ukuthuthukiswa okungase kwenzeke lapho kufanele khona: izinguquko eziqondile nezibekwe eqhulwini.
Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi uyafunda, uyabhala, noma uyahlela, umbiko omuhle wokufunda uwukutshalwa kwezimali ekucaciseni. Kukusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono umbhalo, ukhulume ingqikithi yawo futhi wenze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. ngekusasa layo (lezemfundo noma lokuhlela) ngezimpikiswano, indlela kanye nokugxila.
