Izingxoxo ngezemvelo ziyizinqubo ezenziwa izinhlaka zikahulumeni, izikhungo ezihlonishwayo kanye nongoti ezindabeni zemvelo. Phakathi kwezincazelo zayo okuxoxwe ngazo kakhulu isayensi yemvelo nendawo ezungezile, edala ukukhathazeka ngokufana nokungalingani phakathi kwakho kokubili, yingakho isihloko esilandelayo sizogqamisa Umehluko phakathi kwe-Ecology ne-Environment.
I-Ecology kanye Nemvelo
I-Ecology imele igatsha lesayensi elinesibopho sokutadisha ukuxhumana kwezidalwa eziphilayo nendawo ezihlala kuyo; kuyilapho imvelo iyikho konke okuzungezile izinto eziphilayo, ezakhiwe ngezinto zemvelo kanye nalezo zokwenziwa, ezizihlobanisa nazo zize zilungiswe. Lapho ubheka, zombili izincazelo zixhunyaniswa nezindaba zemvelo futhi zihlobene nokuvela kwemvelo.
I-Ecology ithathwa njengegatsha le-biology egxile ekuzalweni, ekukhuleni, ekuthuthukisweni nasekuphileni kwezinto eziphilayo endaweni efanayo yemvelo, ehlanganisa izifundo ngemiphakathi eyakhiwe ngumuntu njengezikhungo zasemadolobheni, ingqalasizinda yasemaphandleni, izandiso ezinkulu zezitshalo, phakathi kokunye. Ngenxa yalokhu, i-ecology ibilokhu ibhekwa kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo njengesifundo sendlu, ihunyushwa njengocwaningo ngendawo yokuhlala yezidalwa eziphilayo.
I-ecology kanye nemvelo kuhlobene, ngoba eyokuqala ihlanganisa i-ecosystem lapho impilo yazo zonke izidalwa ikhula, imele indawo ngayinye eyakha iplanethi yomhlaba; ngakho-ke, akunakugwenywa ukubhekisela kuzo zombili izincazelo ezingxoxweni zokongiwa kwemvelo futhi zidale ukudideka okuthile ngencazelo yaleyo naleyo.
Umehluko Phakathi Kwemvelo Nemvelo
Imvelo ingenye yezifundo ezibalulekile ezenziwa ngumuntu, njengoba konke okusizungezile kwenziwa ngayo futhi intuthuko esiye yatholwa esintwini ingenxa yemithombo yayo yemvelo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo zamagama nezincazelo ezinomthelela kule timu, kulokhu kuzogqanyiswa i-ecology kanye nemvelo.
Zombili lezi zihloko zingase zibukeke zifana kodwa ezikhathini ezithile zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanayo, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi zihlobene nendawo ezungezile, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo nokunakekela imvelo. Naphezu kwalokhu, kunomehluko obalulekile okufanele usetshenziswe esimweni esifanele naphezu kokufana kwabo, ngezansi sizobhekana nalokho okubhekisela kusihloko okukhulunywa ngaso.
Imvelo
Igama elithi i-ecology livela kwelesiGrikhi ukholo, eyenziwe yi oikos kusho indlu noma indawo yokuhlala futhi ama-logos Kusho ukuthini ukufunda? Kunezincazelo eziningi ezihlobene ne-ecology, ngokwemibandela evamile ibhekwa njengesayensi enesibopho sokutadisha ukusebenzisana kwezidalwa eziphilayo (abantu, izilwane, izitshalo kanye nama-microorganisms) nomunye nomunye kanye nemvelo ebazungezile. Iphinde ihlanganise ukuvikela imvelo kanye nokuvikelwa kwemvelo.
Ngokusebenzisa i-ecology, zonke lezo zici zemvelo zimbozwe njenge-abiotic, ziphatha lezo ezingenakho ukuphila njengomswakama, izinga lokushisa, amanzi, phakathi kokunye; Izinto eziphilayo zibandakanya zonke lezo zidalwa eziphilayo ezitholakala endaweni eyodwa njengezilwane, izitshalo, abantu kanye nama-microorganisms. Ngakho-ke, kuhlanganisa ukuthuthukiswa, ukuguqulwa kanye nokuziphatha zonke lezi zakhi ezinazo ezinhlobonhlobo ezihlukahlukene.
Igatsha le-Ecology
Itemu elithi i-ecology lihamba phambili kakhulu kunocwaningo lwesayensi, lihlanganisa inani elikhulu lokuqukethwe okugxile ekuthuthukisweni kwempilo ezindaweni zemvelo, ngakho-ke, izigaba ezi-3 eziyinhloko zasungulwa ngokusekelwe emazingeni ocwaningo lwentshisekelo:
I-Autoecology
Kubhekwa njengezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokufunda ngaphakathi kwe-ecology, ukusungula inethiwekhi yocwaningo yomuntu othize, ihlaziya ukuziphatha kwabo nokuzivumelanisa nezimo endaweni ethile.
I-Synecology
Iqukethe izinga elijulile lokufunda, elidinga izinga lokuhlaziya okuphelele nokujulile, kulokhu uphenyo lwamaqembu ahlukahlukene ezinto eziphilayo luyenziwa, kuhlanganise nokusebenzelana kwazo nezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kanye nemvelo ezizungezile.
i-macroecology
Iwucwaningo lwamaphethini emvelo okungenzeka abe khona endaweni ngezikali ezinkulu.
Amazinga Enhlangano Yezemvelo
Izazi ze-ecology beziphethe ukusungula amazinga enhlangano ye-ecology, ukuze zifundwe ezilinganisweni ezahlukene:
Abantu
Iqukethe iqoqo lezinto eziphilayo ngaphakathi kwezinhlobo ezifanayo ezihlala endaweni ethile ngesikhathi esithile, lezi zinambuzane zinethuba lokuzalanisa zodwa kodwa azikwazi ukuzalanisa abantu besinye isizwe sohlobo olufanayo, ngenxa yethonya lemvelo. izici kanye nendawo.
Umphakathi
Ikhuluma ngezibalo zabantu ezihlukene ezihlala endaweni ethile phakathi nesikhathi esithile. Ukuzibheka njengazo zonke izinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zale ndawo, kuba kuhle ekukhiqizeni izinhlobo zezilwane, uchungechunge lokudla olufanele, phakathi kokunye; kodwa futhi kubi, okubangela ukucekelwa phansi kwezinhlobo zezilwane.
Isimiso semvelo
Iqukethe izindawo zemvelo lapho abantu bexhumana khona kanye nendawo ezungezile, imele isici esibaluleke kakhulu ekunikezeni indawo enempilo nelinganiselayo. Kunezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezinhlelo zemvelo emhlabeni, ezihlukaniswa njengezasemhlabeni njengamahlathi, ama-savannah, izindawo ezishisayo, amahlathi, izingwadule, phakathi kokunye; emanzini njengolwandle, izilwandle, imifula, amachibi, amachibi, phakathi kokunye.
I-Biosphere
Igama elithi biosphere livela esiGrekini i-bios elimele ukuphila kanye sfaira kusho indawo, ngakho-ke, ithathwa njengomkhakha wempilo; Kuyisethi yazo zonke izimiso zemvelo ngaphakathi kweplanethi engumhlaba, ezaziwa ngokuthi izifunda ezihlala abantu abaphilayo.
Izincazelo Ezihlobene Nemvelo
I-Ecology isayensi ehlanganisa imininingwane eminingi ehlobene nemvelo, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukukhumbula izincazelo ezilandelayo ukuze ugqamise:
I-Biotic kanye ne-Abiotic Factors
Izinto eziphilayo zimelela zonke lezo zidalwa eziphilayo ezinomthwalo wemfanelo wokwakha indawo ezungezile yemvelo, okuhlanganisa izitshalo, izilwane, abantu, kanye nama-microorganisms; kuyilapho izici ze-abiotic yilezo zakhi ezakha imvelo njengenhlabathi, umoya, amanzi, phakathi kokunye, kufaka phakathi lezo ezidalwe ngumuntu njengezakhiwo, imigwaqo, phakathi kwabanye.
Habitat
Kuleyo ndawo lapho izinhlobo zezilwane zihlangana khona futhi zikhule phakathi kwazo, ngokuvamile kuyindawo enenzuzo yokwanda kwabantu, ezivumela ukuba ziphile futhi zizalane. Zonke izinhlobo zinendawo yokuhlala ekhethwayo, kuye ngesimo sazo somzimba kanye nemvelo, ingaba yasemhlabeni noma emanzini. Njengoba izindlulamithi zihlala ezindaweni ezihlala emahlathini, amabhere abonakala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi kanti izingwenya zibonakala emaxhaphozini.
I-Ecological Niche
Kumayelana nendlela yokuphila lapho ubudlelwano bezemvelo benziwa khona, njengokuzala, ukondla, phakathi kokunye. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi yindawo lapho umuntu onentshisekelo ehlala khona, imele indawo lapho yonke imikhuba yabo yenziwa khona kanye nezindlela zabo zokuphila ezihlukene. I-ecological niches ibhekene nesigaba lapho lezi zinhlobo zihlala khona.
Imvelo
Yakha iqoqo lezakhi eziyingxenye yemvelo, umphakathi, isiko, impilo kanye nazo zonke lezo zakhi zokwenziwa. Ngakho-ke, zihlanganisa izimo zangaphandle lapho isidalwa esiphilayo senza khona imisebenzi yaso, ehlanganisa konke okusizungezile. Ngokujwayelekile incazelo yemvelo inikezwa yona, kodwa indalo yesakhiwo eyasungulwa ngumuntu nayo kuthiwa idalwe yikho.
Imvelo ihlanganisa izingxenye zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji, zezenhlalo namasiko. Ihambisana nazo zonke lezo zakhi ezibambekayo nezingaphatheki njengesimo sezulu, i-geology, amanzi, abantu, umnotho, izinkulumo zamasiko, i-urbanism, phakathi kokunye. Ngamunye wabo uxhunywe komunye nomunye futhi uvumele ukuthuthukiswa kwempilo yamanje.
Igama elifakwe phakathi kwegatsha le-ecology, ngoba lihlanganisa izinkulumo zemvelo ezizungeze izidalwa eziphilayo, ezifana nomkhathi, uhlaza, izilwane, abantu, i-ecosystem, ama-microorganisms, phakathi kokunye. Imele iphuzu lokulinganisa phakathi kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezilwane ezihlala endaweni eyodwa futhi enothisa zonke izifunda zeplanethi yomhlaba.
Ukugcina imvelo
Iplanethi engumhlaba inothe ngezinhlobonhlobo ezinkulu zezakhi zemvelo eziyimithombo eyinhloko yamandla kubo bonke abantu, ngakho-ke umuntu uye wasungula imikhuba ehlukahlukene ukuze athole lezi zinsiza futhi ahlangabezane nesidingo somphakathi; Lezi zinhlobo zemisebenzi ziye zaletha imiphumela emibi kakhulu, njengokulahlekelwa kwemvelo, ukushabalala kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, ukungcoliswa kwemvelo kanye nokuwohloka kweplanethi. Ngalesi sizathu, kuye kwasungulwa izinyathelo zokongiwa kwemvelo, ezifingqiwe ngale ndlela elandelayo:
- Gwema ukungcoliswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile (imifula, amachibi, iziphethu, phakathi kokunye) namanzi anosawoti (izilwandle nolwandle)
- Yehlisa ukukhishwa kwamagesi abamba ukushisa (i-carbon dioxide, i-nitrous oxide, phakathi kokunye) okonakalisa ungqimba lwe-ozone.
- Sebenzisa amandla ahlanzekile navuselelekayo ngendawo ezungezile efana nomoya, ilanga nogesi wamanzi.
- Qinisekisa ukusetshenziswa ngokuqaphela kwazo zonke izinsiza zemvelo ezifana namanzi nezinhlobo zezitshalo.
- Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo egayiwe ekhiqiza inani elikhulu lemfucuza.
- Sebenzisa amasu okugaya kabusha ukuze uhlukanise imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo nalezo ezingasetshenziswa kabusha.
- Sebenzisa ezinye izinto zokuhamba ezingakhiqizi amagesi anobuthi emkhathini, njengokuhamba ngebhayisikili.
Sithemba ukuthi le ndatshana ibe wusizo, sikushiyela abanye ozokuthakasela ngokuqinisekile:
Izinzuzo kanye Nokubi Kwentuthuko Esimeme