Umjikelezo Wokuphila Wezitshalo uqala kusukela ngesikhathi sokuzalana ukuze udale olunye uhlobo olufanayo lwezinhlobo, oludlula ekuvuthweni futhi lugcine ngokufa. Akuzona zonke izitshalo ezizala ngendlela efanayo noma ezinesikhathi sokuphila esifanayo. Kulesi sihloko sikunikeza imininingwane enemininingwane mayelana nemijikelezo yempilo nezici zayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezitshalo.
Umjikelezo Wokuphila Kwezitshalo
Izitshalo, njenganoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo, zinomjikelezo wokuphila ozoba ngaphansi kohlobo lwesitshalo kanye nezici zaso. Nakuba lo mjikelezo uhluka ukusuka kwesinye isitshalo kuye kwesinye ngokwendlela yokuzala, izinyathelo zithathwa ngendlela efanayo kuzo zonke, okungukuthi, ziyazalwa, zikhule, zizalane futhi ziyafa, zishiya umjikelezo omusha.
Lapho izici zezitshalo zaziwa, zivumela ukuthi zithole okuningi kuzo futhi ngaleyo ndlela zizuze ukuthuthukiswa kwazo okuphelele nokukhiqiza. Lo mjikelezo uyadingeka futhi ugcwaliseka kuzo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, lapho isigaba esibaluleke kakhulu yileso sokuzalana noma ukuphindaphindeka, nakuba ingxenye ngayinye yomjikelezo ibalulekile, ukuhlukahluka kohlobo ngalunye kufanele kucatshangelwe.
Izingxenye zesitshalo
Kubalulekile ngempela ukwazi izitho ezingenelela ekukhiqizeni izitshalo njengoba zinezitho ezithile eziphethe ukufeza lesi sigaba. Lawa malungu yi-stamen, ehlanganisa yonke kanye ne-filament, lokhu okubizwa ngokuthi ingxenye yesilisa yesitshalo. Ngokuphambene i-pistil emelela ingxenye yesifazane futhi equkethwe ku-ovary, okuyindawo lapho imbewu ikhiqizwa khona, engaphakathi kwamaqanda. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isitayela sivumela impova ukuthi idlule esibelethweni futhi inhlamba yiyona eyitholayo ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa.
Ukuzala
Zonke izitshalo, njenganoma yisiphi isidalwa esiphilayo, kumele zihlangabezane nezigaba ezithile ngesikhathi sokuphila kwazo. Lezi zigaba zizonqunywa uhlobo ngalunye kanye nendlela yalo yokuzala, okungukuthi, uma kuwucansi noma ukunganaki. Le mijikelezo yokukhiqiza ihambisana nokushintshana okuthile. Kufanele futhi kucatshangelwe ukuthi akuzona zonke ezinezimbali, njengoba kwenzeka kuma-mosses nama-fern, angakhiqizi imbewu, kodwa akhiqiza izinhlamvu ezincane ezisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza.
ukukhiqizwa ngokocansi
Kungashiwo ukuthi izitshalo eziningi zizalanisa ngokobulili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuba khona kobulili obuhlukene, okuthi lapho kuhlangana kuzokwakha imbewu entsha ezokhiqiza isitshalo esisha. Lo mjikelezo uqala ngalokho okubizwa ngokuthi i-pollination, okungeyona into engaphezu kokudluliselwa kwempova ku-stamens, okuyisitho sowesilisa, ku-stigma, i-apparatus yesifazane.
Lolu hlobo lokuzala lungenzeka phakathi kwembali eyodwa noma ukusuka kwenye imbali kuye kwenye.Le nqubo ibizwa ngokuthi i-self-pollination, kodwa ingaba indaba yokuwela phakathi kwezimbali ezimbili zezitshalo ezahlukene.Lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-pollination.crusade.
Ukuzalanisa ngokuvumelana nempova yayo
Lezi zinqubo zempova zingenzeka ngenxa yesenzo sezinambuzane ezifaka impova njengezinyosi, izintuthwane, izimpukane zezimbali, izimvemvane, iminyovu. Kungenziwa futhi ngesenzo somoya, kuzo zombili izimo inqubo iyafana kuphela ngezindlela ezahlukene.
Impova Ngezinambuzane Nezilwane
Izinambuzane ezikhethekile zokuthuthwa kwempova. Izimbali ziklanyelwe ukuheha lezi zinambuzane ezifuna ukudla kuzo. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu banikezwe imibala egqamile futhi ekhangayo enenani elikhulu le-sweet nectar nephunga elimnandi, elivame ukunamathela, okwenza kube lula ukusuka kwenye imbali kuya kwenye.
Phakathi kwezinambuzane ezikhethekile enqubweni yokuthuthwa kwempova ikakhulukazi izinyosi, ama-bumblebees, ama-chironomids, iminyovu, amabhu, amabhungane, izintuthwane, izimvemvane nomiyane abathile. Ngokuqondene nezilwane ezifeza lo msebenzi amalulwane, ama-hummingbird, amehlo amhlophe aseJapane, ama-opossum, ama-lemur, ama-geckos, iminenke nama-slug, lezi ezimbili zokugcina zisiza ekusakazeni impova lapho zikhasa kwezinye izitshalo.
Wonke lawa ma-ejenti afaka impova avumela inqubo yokuvundisa kanye nokusebenzisana kwebhayoloji kanye nobudlelwano bazo ne-ecosystem. Kumele kuqashelwe ukuthi kukhona uhlobo lwezitshalo ze-vascular ezikhiqiza imbewu futhi lokhu kwenzeka kuphela uma izilwane zenza inqubo yokumpova. Uma lesi sigaba singakhuli ngendlela efanele, lesi sitshalo sizobe singabe sisaba khona.
Impova yomoya
Le nqubo yaziwa ngokuthi i-anemophily noma i-pollination eyenziwa ngomoya. Lesi simo senzeka ngenxa yokujwayela kwezitshalo eziningi ze-spermatophyte noma zembewu eziqinisekisa umjikelezo wabo wokuphila ngenxa yemiphumela yomoya njengoba ukuhlakazeka kwezinhlamvu kwenziwa emoyeni. Leli fomu le-abiotic, lapho i-pollinator ingahlanganyeli, incike ngokuqinile emoyeni.
Umoya ukunyakaza okuqhubekayo okuvela ezindaweni zokucindezela okukhulu kuya ezindaweni zokucindezela okuphansi, ngenxa yalokho, umoya obandayo ugcwalisa izikhala ezishiywe ukuphakama komoya oshisayo. Phakathi nale nqubo, impova yezimbali ihlakazeka kalula isuka endaweni eyodwa iye kwenye. Izitshalo ezivame kakhulu ngale nqubo ziyi-oki, i-birch, i-alder, ama-conifers amaningi noma utshani nezimbabazane.
Ngaphakathi kwalesi sigaba, izitshalo ezinezimpaphe ezizivumela ukuba zibambe impova ehlakazekile emoyeni kufanele zibekwe. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yemicu ye-staminal equkethe izimbotshana ezivezwe emoyeni.
i-hydrophilicity
Le nqubo ingolunye uhlobo olungavamile kakhulu lwempova olungenela emijikelezweni yokuphila yezitshalo ngamanzi. Lokhu kungenzeka ngenxa yokuchaphazwa kwamanzi okusiza ukususa okusanhlamvu esikhunjeni noma ukukwenza emanzini njengoba entanta aze afinyelele esithweni sowesifazane sokuzala sesinye isitshalo lapho ehlangabezana nenhlamba.
Ukuvundiswa kwezitshalo eziqhakazayo
Lolu hlobo lokuzala lwenzeka lapho impova ifinyelela esikhunjeni ngenxa yeshubhu eliqala ezinhlamvini futhi lidlule ngesitayela liye esibelethweni. Kulesi simo, ama-gametes wesilisa ayakwazi ukuhamba phansi kwe-tube ukuze afinyelele i-ovary ukuze ajoyine ama-gametes abesifazane. Le nyunyana ibangela i-zygote ezokhiqiza isitshalo esisha, ibe imbewu enempande futhi kamuva ibe namahlumela ahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela inikeze ukuqala komjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo.
Isigaba ngasinye sinikezwe umgomo othize wemvelo. Ukuze yonke le nqubo yenziwe ngendlela engcono kakhulu, lesi sitshalo kumele sibe nezakhi ezinjengamanzi, i-substrate enhle nokukhanya. Kunembewu ethile embozwe uhlobo lwesikhumba oluzisiza ukuthi zihlale ziqinile futhi yilapho zombili izici ze-biotic kanye ne-abiotic ziba nomthelela oqondile ukuze imbewu iqale umjikelezo wayo wokuphila.
Kulokhu, izilwane eziningi zidla izithelo, okusiza ekusakazeni imbewu.Isibonelo salokhu ama-orangutan nezimfene, ama-toucan, izingwejeje, kodwa ikakhulukazi amalulwane abambisana ekutshalweni kabusha kwamahlathi. Lokhu kungenxa yenqubo yayo yokugaya, lapho imbewu ikhishwa ngendle. Olunye uhlobo lokuhlakazeka yilapho bewisa noma bephonsa imbewu emhlabathini ovundile, lokhu kuqala umjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo.
Endabeni yomoya, imbewu ilula kangangokuthi iyakwazi ukuhamba emoyeni futhi iwele ku-substrate ngobumnandi obukhulu. Kukhona nezinhlobo zokuvundisa ngamanzi, njengoba imbewu, lapho isilula, iyakwazi ukuntanta ize ifike ezweni elomile. Ezimweni eziningi imvula nomoya kuyahlangana ukuze kukhiqizwe imijikelezo emisha. Okokugcina, kunento engavamile kakhulu, njengama-pods aqhumayo okuthi lapho ekhula, agcine esakaza imbewu emazweni angaphandle ukuze kukhule izitshalo ezintsha.
Umjikelezo Wempilo kusuka Ekuhlumeni
Inqubo yemvelo yokuhluma ngokuvamile isuka ekuhlukaniseni imbewu yizilwane futhi iwela emhlabathini ovundile enawo wonke umsoco nendawo ezungezile edingekayo ukuze imbewu ivuleke futhi ngaleyo ndlela iqale inqubo. Ngenkathi kwenzeka lokhu, ngabe yiziphi izimpande ezishona ngokujulile zifuna amanzi kanye nezakhi zomzimba ezakhiwe, esimweni sokuqubuka kuzohamba ngokufuna ukukhanya kwelanga.
Kancane kancane lesi sitshalo siqala ukukhula futhi siqala inqubo ebalulekile eyi-photosynthesis. Lapho sifinyelela ukuvuthwa, lesi sitshalo sizokhiqiza izithelo ezintsha noma imbewu ezoqala umjikelezo wokuphila omusha, lokhu kuphindaphindwa kaningi futhi ngenxa yalokhu singaba nezitshalo ezikhiqiza umoya-mpilo, izithelo nezimbali ngokuyinhloko.
Ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-Asexual
Lena inqubo elula kakhulu kunenqubo yokukhiqiza ucansi, ngoba ayidingi ukuthintana nezitho zocansi noma ukushintshaniswa kofuzo. Lokhu kungabuye kubizwe ngokuthi ukuphindaphinda kwe-vegetative, kusukela kule nqubo esinye isitshalo sizalwa ngaphandle kokuhlangana kwama-gametes. Lokhu kufezwa ngalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukusika noma ukuxhunyelelwa lapho ngalezi zinqubo impande yesitshalo ingakhiqizwa kabusha ngokusebenzisa ingxenye yesitshalo sokuqala kuphela.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngemvelo: Lolu hlobo lokuzala luqala esakhiweni sesitshalo ngokwaso, njengoba kunjalo ngama-bulb, izilimo eziyizigaxa, ama-rhizomes nama-stolons.
Ukukhiqiza kabusha ngokwenziwa: Kubizwa kanje ngoba ngenxa yokungenelela kwesandla somuntu, ukwakhiwa kwesitshalo esisha senzeka. Lesi yisimo sokusika, okubandakanya ukukwazi ukuthatha ingxenye yesiqu, igatsha noma ihlumela lesitshalo esitshalwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezidingekayo, i-substrate enhle, umswakama nokukhanya, kucatshangelwa izici zesitshalo ngasinye. .
Endabeni yokuxhunyelelwa, ucezu lwesiqu luyathathwa futhi lutshalwe eduze kwesitshalo sohlobo olufanayo noma oluhlukile. Le ndlela yokusabalalisa izitshalo idinga ukuthi izicubu zesitshalo zihlangane nesinye esesivele simisiwe, ukuze zikhule futhi zithuthuke njengento eyodwa.
Kunoma yiziphi izimo, ukukhiqizwa kwe-asexual kulawula ukufaka izingxenye eziningana ezigcina zinikeze esinye isitshalo, inqobo nje uma izimo zifanelekile ekuthuthukisweni kwaso, isibonelo, umswakama, inhlabathi eyanele, ukukhanya, izinga lokushisa kanye nokukhipha amanzi.
Ukuzalwa Nokukhula Kwesitshalo
Ukuze umjikelezo wempilo yezitshalo uthuthuke ngendlela egculisayo futhi ukwazi ukudala, ukukhula, ukuvuthwa nokuzala ngendlela enempilo, kuyadingeka ukuthi izimo zemvelo zivune zona. Lezi zimo, njengoba seziphawuliwe, zingaba zemvelo noma zokwenziwa.
Ukuqedwa Komjikelezo Wokuphila Kwezitshalo
Izitshalo, njengazo zonke izidalwa eziphilayo, zinesikhathi esithile sokuphila. Le mijikelezo isungulwa ngokuhambisana nesikhathi esisuka ekuhlumeni siye ekukhiqizeni imbewu. Phakathi kwezici zeqembu ngalinye lezitshalo, kuyabalulwa ukuthi mingaki imijikelezo yokuzala abangayenza. Endabeni yezitshalo eziqhakazayo, zidinga isikhathi lapho ukukhula, ukuthuthukiswa kanye nomsebenzi wokuzala kumisiwe okwesikhashana, lokhu kubizwa ngokuthi i-dormancy futhi ngale ndlela izithombo zingakhula.
Uma izimo zizinhle, isitshalo singabekezelela futhi sibe nokuphila okwengeziwe kunesilwane futhi kwezinye izimo ngisho nangaphezu komuntu. Kodwa lokhu kuzonqunywa kakhulu ukungcoliswa kwenhlabathi, isomiso, ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa, izici ezingezinhle zemvelo, phakathi kokunye. Ngezinye izikhathi kunezitshalo ezibonakala zingaphili futhi ezikudinga ngempela ukunakwa nokunakekelwa kancane zize ziphile ngokuphelele.
Ukwazi ukuthi umjikelezo wokuphila wezitshalo uvaliwe, kufanele uhlole izimpande zazo kuphela futhi ubheke uma ubona izifunda zokubola, zibuna ngokuphelele noma ziye zaba isisulu sokuhlaselwa kwezifo noma izinambuzane, kungashiwo ukuthi umjikelezo wabo usuphelile. Izihlahla eziningi ziyakwazi ukusukuma, kodwa kuvela ukuthi zonke izitho zazo ziye zayeka ukusebenza futhi isakhiwo kuphela ngaphandle kokukwazi ukuqalisa kabusha umjikelezo. Kulapho kumenyezelwa khona isitshalo esifile.
Ilukuluku mayelana Nomjikelezo Wokuphila Wezitshalo
Ubuwazi ukuthi igama elithi isithelo liwumsuka wezitshalo kanye nemifino ye-Culinary, yingakho ukhukhamba, utamatisi nama-aubergine kungabizwa ngokuthi izithelo nemifino. Izitshalo ziyakwazi ukubona ozakwabo ukuze zingancintisani ngokwezinsiza zokuzithuthukisa, okuyinto engenzeki uma zihambisana nezilwane zakwamanye amazwe. Izitshalo zinamandla okulawula izindawo ezigcina ukudla ebusuku. Izitshalo, njengabantu nezilwane, zizama ukuqhubekisela phambili lolu hlobo lwezilwane. Ama- orchid abizwa ngokuthi ama- ophry alingisa indlela abukeka ngayo isinambuzane afuna ukusiheha ngenqubo yawo yokuthutha impova.
Uma ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe nge-Life Cycle of Plants, ngikumema ukuthi ubukele ividiyo elandelayo.
Ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezitshalo landela lezi zixhumanisi, uzozithanda!