El I-Monasticism ingenye yezinto ezidalwe kakhulu zobuKristu. Futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, kuyisenzakalo esihilela amasiko okuzindla kwezinye izinkolo eziningi. Kusukela kubahlali bokuqala abangena ezingwadule zaseGibhithe kuya ezigodini zaseBenedictine ezakha iYurophu yasendulo, le ndlela yokuphila ishiye uphawu olujulile emlandweni ongokomoya, wamasiko, nowenhlalo kokubili waseNtshonalanga naseMpumalanga.
Phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, indela yobuKristu iye yavela ekubeni a umuntu onganakiwe obalekela iBandla elizithela ngabandayo ukuze abe indawo eyinkomba yezimfundiso, amandla okushayela ezithunywa zevangeli, umnakekeli wesiko lasendulo, umguquli weBandla, umxhumanisi wenkolo yamabandla, ngisho nebhuloho lezingxoxo phakathi kwenkolo. Ukuze siqonde umlando wezindela, kuyadingeka ukuhlola umsuka wako weBhayibheli nowamaJuda, ukwakheka kwawo eGibhithe, ukwanda kwawo eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga, izinguquko ezinkulu zenkathi ephakathi, umthelela weNguquko YamaProthestani, nokuvuselelwa kwawo kwangaleso sikhathi.
I-Monasticism: isenzakalo senkolo samazwe ngamazwe
Ngaphambi kokugxila ebuKristwini, kufanelekile ukukhumbula lokho i-monasticism njengendlela ehlelekile yokuphila kokuzincisha injabulo Ayigcini nje enkolweni yobuKristu. Izinkolo eziningi ziye zasungula amaqembu amadoda nabesifazane abahlukene ngokwengxenye emphakathini ukuze bafune ukuphelela ngokomoya.
Wonke lawa masiko abelana ngezinto ezaziwa kakhulu: ukwehlukana nezwe elijwayelekileizifungo noma izithembiso zokuzibusa, impilo elula nempofu, ukulalela uMthetho kanye nezikhathi eziphakeme zokuthandaza noma zokuzindla, isikhathi sokuvivinywa noma sokuvuselela kabusha, umkhuba ohlukile, kanye nesimiso esithile sokulungiswa kwangaphakathi noma ukujeziswa (njengaku umlando wezindela zeShaolin).
Ngokwesibonelo, eNdiya, ubuHindu bucabangela i i-sannyasis njengesimo sesine esikhulu sokuphilaAmadoda ashiya imindeni nempahla ukuze azinikele ekuhambeleni, ecela, nasekufuneni i-Absolute. Kwe UbuBuddhaI-monasticism ivela ekuguquleni kukaBuddha ngokumelene ne-Brahmanism, eqeda ama-castes nokudala imiphakathi ezinzile yama-bhikshus nama-bhikshunis aphila ngezipho kanye nokuzindla, kanye nokubuka kwabo ku-nirvana.
UbuJain, ngakolunye uhlangothi, buthuthukisa mhlawumbe uhlobo olunzima kakhulu lwempilo yezindela, nge izifungo ezinhlanu ezinkulu zokungabi nabudlova, ukuba neqiniso, ukwethembeka, ubumsulwa, kanye nokuhlukana okukhuluIzindela, ngokuvamile ezijikelezayo, zithatha ngokweqisa ukulahla yonke impahla nanoma yiluphi uhlobo lokulimaza, ngisho lungahlosile.
Ngokuphambene, ezinkolweni ezinjengobuSulumane, ubuJuda besimanje, ubuSikh, noma iBaha'i Faith, I-monasticism efanele ayizange yenziweKunezibalo ezifanayo, ezifana namaSufi dervishes, ama-ascetic fraternities, noma ama-acetic fraternities, noma ukungcweliswa kwasendulo njengamaNazaretha, kodwa ayikho imiphakathi yezindela ezinzile ngendlela yobuKristu noma yamaBuddha.
Izimpande zebhayibheli nezamaJuda zobuKristu bezindela
I-monasticism yobuKristu ayizange ivele lutho ngekhulu le-3rd: Isuselwa kusizinda esicacile sebhayibheli nesiJudaETestamenteni Elidala kuvela izibalo namaqembu okuthi, ngaphandle kokuba izindela ngomqondo oqinile, alindele izici zempilo yenkolo yobuKristu yesikhathi esizayo.
Phakathi kwalezi zibonelo, okulandelayo kuyagqama: MaNazarethaAbesilisa nabesifazane, okwathi isikhathi noma ukuphila kwabo konke, bayeka iwayini, balahlekelwa ukugunda izinwele, futhi bagwema ukungcola njengophawu lokuzinikela ngokuphelele kuJehova. Kuphinde kukhulunywe ngemiphakathi yabaprofethi ehlobene no-Eliya no-Elisha, ebonakala ngobumpofu, ukuphila komphakathi, nokulahlwa okungokwesiprofetho.
Eceleni kwabo sithola ama-recabites kanye nokuhambaUkunyakaza kokubuyela ekuphileni okulula kwasogwadule kanye nokugcinwa okuqinile koMthetho. Izincwadi zamaKristu okuqala, ezinababhali abanjengo Jerome UGregory waseNazianzus kamuva uzowaveza njengezibonelo ezikude zobuKristu bokuzincisha injabulo.
Ku-Second Temple Judaism, amaqembu e-heterodox anomlingisi ocacile "we-proto-monastic" nawo avela. Isibonelo esidume kakhulu yileso se- Ama-Essene aseQumranihlelwe emiphakathini enezinsiza ezabiwe, imithetho eqinile, amasiko ayo, kanye nokungezwani okunamandla kwe-eschatological. Eceleni kwabo kukhona abelaphi abachazwe nguPhilo wase-Alexandriaowayehlala eGibhithe ezinikele ekuzindleni, ukufunda imiBhalo kanye nokuhluzeka okuqinile.
I-historiography yesimanje iqaphe kakhulu: Umuntu akakwazi ukukhuluma ngokuqhubeka okungokomlando okuqondile kusuka kulawa maqembu angamaJuda kuya ku-monasticism yobuKristukodwa kukhona ukufana okucacile kwezenkolo nokuziphatha. Isizukulwane sokuqala sezindela sithola kule mifanekiso uhlobo lwesibuko esingazibona kuso.
UJesu, imiphakathi yokuqala kanye negciwane le-ascetic
Empilweni kaJesu asitholi lutho olufana nesigodlo sezindela, kodwa siyaluthola ukukhetha okuqinile okuzophawula kakhulu ingokomoya lezindelaUkungashadi kwakhe, ubumpofu bakhe abahambahambayo, ukukhululeka kwakhe ezimisweni zezenhlalo nezomndeni zangaleso sikhathi, kanye nobizo kwabanye ukuba “bashiye yonke into” ngoba uMbuso kamuva wawuyofundwa njengezimpande zevangeli lobumonasticism.
Incwadi yeZenzo zabaPhostoli iveza umphakathi waseJerusalema lapho Ukwabelana ngezimpahla, ukukhuleka njalo, kanye nobuzalwane kuyingqikithiLelo Bandla lokuqala alizange lihlehlele ogwadule futhi alizange lizihlukanise nemizi, kodwa izindela eziningi zaziyobona kulo umgomo ababefisa ukuwenza kabusha ezigodlweni zabo: impilo yobuphostoli ejulile eyenziwa, yebo, ngendlela eyabehlukanisa nezwe.
Ezincwadini zikaPawulu, izinhlobo ezichazwe ngokwengeziwe zokuzincisha injabulo ziqala ukuvela. USanta uPawulu uyazindla umshado nobuntombiUtusa ukukhululeka njengendlela efanelekile yokukhonza uJehova futhi utusa isimo sezintombi nabafelokazi abazinikezele, nakuba egcizelela ukuthi lesi yiseluleko, hhayi isibopho somhlaba wonke.
Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lokuqala nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-2 sekukhona ubufakazi izintombi ezingcwelisiwe emasontweni ahlukahlukene, futhi ekhulwini lesi-3 ukuba khona kwawo kwanda. Abefundisi abanjengoTertullian, uCyprian, noHippolytus baseRoma baphoqeleka ukuba bashaye imithetho ephathelene nendlela yabo yokuphila. Lokhu kuzincisha abesifazane kuzobonakala kunamandla: ezintombini kwakuzovela izinhlobo eziningi zakamuva ze-monasticism yabesifazane.
Phakathi namakhulu amathathu eminyaka okuqala, iBandla laliphila ngaphansi kosongo oluvamile lokushushiswa. Inhloso ephezulu kakhulu ... Ukufela ukholo njengobufakazi bobuqotho bokwethembekaI-asceticism yansuku zonke (ukuzila ukudla, imilindelo, ukuhoxiswa kwamalungelo omphakathi) kuqondwa njengokulungiselela lowo mphumela owedlulele.
Ukusuka ekufel' ukholo kuye kwi-monasticism: umongo womlando wekhulu lesi-3
Lapho ukushushiswa kuqala ukudamba futhi ubuKristu benza ukuthula ne I-Edict of Milan ka-313Amakholwa amaningi anomuzwa wokuthi kukhona okubalulekile okulahlekile. Ukholo luya luvame kakhulu, amasiko aya ngokuya exega, futhi abanye ababhishobhi nabefundisi baqongelela ingcebo namandla. KumaKristu amaningi, iBandla libonakala linganakile ngendlela eyingozi.
Kulowo mongo, ingxenye yomoya omdala wokufela ukholo idluliselwa ohlotsheni olusha lwe-radicalism: ukubalekela ogwadule kanye nokuzalwa kwezindelaEsikhundleni sokuchitha igazi phambi kombulali, kuhlongozwa “ukufel’ ukholo okungenagazi”, okuhlanganisa ukuba wedwa, ukuzila ukudla, ubumpofu obuphelele, umthandazo oqhubekayo, nomzabalazo ongokomoya.
I-historiography yamanje iyavuma ekubekeni i- Umsuka we-monasticism yobuKristu ehleliwe ekupheleni kwekhulu lesi-3ikakhulukazi eGibhithe, eSiriya nasePalestine. Ngaphambili, kwakunabantu abazincisha injabulo ababephila ukuphila okunzima edolobheni noma emikhayeni yabo; manje kukhona okusha okuvelayo: ukuhlukana okungokomzimba nendwangu yomphakathi ukuze uhlale wedwa noma emiphakathini emincane.
Kubalulekile futhi ukukhumbula isizinda sezepolitiki: ukuwohloka koMbuso WaseRoma WaseNtshonalangaIzingqinamba zomnotho, ukungezwani kwe-apocalyptic, nomuzwa wokuphila enkathini eshintshayo. Ukuhlehla ogwadule akukona nje ukukhetha okungokomoya; futhi kuwuhlobo lokubhikisha buthule ngokumelene nezwe elithathwa njengelikhohlakele nelingazinzile.
Ababhali abanjengoCassian, uJerome, no-Eusebius waseKesariya bahumusha le nhlangano ngokuthi ukusabela ngokumelene nokuba sivivi kwe-ecclesialNakuba benza amaphutha omlando ngokuxhumanisa izindela ngokuqondile nomphakathi wabaphostoli noma nabelaphi, baqinisile ephuzwini elilodwa eliyisisekelo: ubumonasticism buzalwa njengobizo lokubuyela ku-radicalism yeVangeli.
I-Egypt, inzalo yobuKristu bezindela
Cishe bonke ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi I-Egypt yayiyilabhorethri yokuqala enkulu ye-monasticism yobuKristuikakhulukazi iThebaid kanye nezindawo eziwugwadule eduze kweNayile. Isimo sezwe sanikeza lokho ama-ascetics ayekufuna: ukuba yedwa, ukuphila okunokhahlo, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusondela okuthile ezindaweni ezihlala abantu ukuze babasize baphile.
Kulo mongo kuvela inombolo eyinganekwane ka UPawulu waseThebes, ngezinye izikhathi ayebhekwa njengomfundisi wokuqala ongumKristu, futhi ikakhulukazi lowo ka Antonio Abadumthelela wayo uzoba mkhulu. U-Antonio, ethintwe iVangeli elimema umuntu ukuba athengise konke futhi alandele uKristu, aba impahla yakhe, ahoxe kuqala emaphethelweni edolobha lakubo bese eya ehlane.
Impilo ka-Antony, njengoba ichazwe ngu-Athanasius wase-Alexandria, yandisa umbono we i-anchorite ebhekene nodeveli eyedwaOkuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe kuhlanganisa umsebenzi wezandla, umthandazo ongaphezi, ukuzila ukudla okuqinile, kanye nempi ejulile yangaphakathi emelene nezilingo, efanekiselwa imibono yamademoni ukuthi isiko lobuKristu nobuciko bayobubonisa ngokuphindaphindiwe.
Maduze u-Antonio kanye nezinye izibalo ezinkulu ezizimele zizovela maduze amakoloni ama-hermitsAmaseli noma amaqhugwane ahlakazekile ezungeze isonto lapho kugujwa khona i-Ekaristi, ngezinye izikhathi ngaphansi kokuqondisa kokuziphatha komdala. I-Nitria, i-Scete, kanye namaCell iba amagama enganekwane, ahlotshaniswa nezibalo ezifana ne-Macarius yase-Egypt, i-Macarius yase-Alexandria, i-Pambo, i-Arsenius, noma i-Evagrius Ponticus.
Eceleni kwamadoda, umlando wamanje uqokomisa ubukhona balokho okuthiwa omama basogwaduleLaba besifazane baphinde bamukele ukuhlala bodwa noma i-semi-communal kulezi zindawo ezinobutha. Izinto abazishoyo nezilandisayo, nakuba zimbalwa ngenani, zembula isimo esingokomoya esifana nesabafowabo.
Izinhlobo zokuphila kwezindela emisuka
Kusukela ekuqaleni kwayo, i-monasticism yobuKristu yakhiwe ngaphakathi izindlela ezintathu ezinkulu ezizohlala zikhona phakathi namakhulu eminyaka, enama-nuances amaningi nezinhlanganisela phakathi kwakho.
Owokuqala yi- I-eremitism eqinileIndela (i-hermit noma i-anchorite) ihlala yodwa emhumeni, esitokisini, noma eqhugwaneni, iphila ngomsebenzi wezandla zayo kanye nezipho ezimbalwa. Ukuphila kwakhe kuncishiswe ekukhulekeleni buthule, ukufunda imiBhalo, ukuzila ukudla okunzima, kanye nomzabalazo ongokomoya. Kwesinye isikhathi, ngokumelene nawo wonke ama-logic, lezi zibalo ezizimele ziba ngabaluleki ezixukwini eziza zizofuna isiqondiso sazo.
Indlela yesibili, eyabhalwa maduze, yile amakoloni ezinyoni ezihlala zodwaAma-Anchorite azihlanganisa endaweni ethile, azazi ukuthi angamalungu omndeni owodwa kamoya, ayasizana ngokwezinto ezibonakalayo futhi agubhe izinkonzo zangeSonto noma amadili athile ndawonye, kodwa alondoloze ingqamuzana yawo siqu kanye nokuzimela okukhulu.
Ekugcineni, i i-cenobitismOkungukuthi, ukuphila komphakathi ngaphansi komthetho ozinzile kanye nophakeme. Umuntu obalulekile lapha nguPachomius, owayengumhedeni owaguqukela ebuKristwini, obona izingozi zokungalawuleki (imibono engemihle, ukuzikhohlisa, ukuqhudelana) bese ehlongoza imodeli entsha: ukuhlala ndawonye, ukusebenza ndawonye, ukuthandaza ndawonye.
Izindela zasePachomian, ezivalwe ngezindonga, zihlela izindela zibe izindlu ngokwemisebenzi yazo (abalimi, abeluki, abathungi bezicathulo…), ngohlelo oluqondile olushintshanayo. inkonzo yenkonzo, umsebenzi wezandla, ukufunda okungokomoya nokuphumulaU-Pachomius wabhala uMthetho wokuqala omkhulu we-cenobitic ogciniwe, ozohunyushwa nguJerome futhi ube nomthelela omkhulu olandelayo.
I-Basil yaseKhesariya kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwe-monasticism yaseMpumalanga
UBasil, owazalelwa eKhaphadosiya futhi wafunda ezikoleni ezingcono kakhulu zesikhathi sakhe, ukuya eGibhithe, Palestine kanye neSyria ukuze bazifundele mathupha ngempilo yezindelaLapho ebuyela ezweni lakubo, uqoqa umphakathi eduze nomfula i-Iris, ehlanganisa indawo engavamile nokuphila komphakathi, futhi uqala ukunikeza isiqondiso esibhaliwe kulabo abafisa ukulandela leyo ndlela.
Okubizwa ngokuthi "Imithetho" akuyona ikhodi evaliwe, kodwa izimpendulo zemibuzo ethize mayelana nendlela yokuphila iVangeli emphakathiniU-Basil ukholelwa ukuthi umKristu okhetha ukuphila kwezindela kufanele enze ngokugcwele imiyalo nezeluleko zevangeli, nokuthi indlela efaneleke kakhulu yokwenza lokho iwubuzalwane, hhayi ngokuzihlukanisa.
Phakathi kwamagalelo akhe okuqala yi- ukuphikelela ekulaleleni nasekuzithobeni, ukugxekwa kwe-gigantism yamanye ama-monasteries e-Pachomian (okwathiya impilo yomndeni yeqiniso) kanye nokuxhumana okuphilayo kwesigodlo nesifundabhishobhi kanye nezidingo zomphakathi: ukunakekelwa kwabampofu, abagulayo, izintandane, njll.
I-Basil yakha usuku lwe-monk nxazonke izikhathi eziyisishiyagalombili zomkhulekoIhlanganisa umsebenzi owenziwa ngezandla nowobuhlakani, futhi yenqaba izijeziso eziyimfihlo eziwubukhazikhazi ezondla okuyize. Imodeli yayo, emaphakathi futhi ejulile yevangeli, izokwamukelwa izigodlo eziningi zoMbuso WaseByzantium futhi, kamuva, yizisekelo zaseRussia nezamaSlavic.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindela zaseBasilian zazizoba izikhungo eziwujuqu zesiko nemfundiso yenkolo, ikakhulukazi eConstantinople nasezikhungweni ezifana neNtaba i-Athos, kamuva eyayizoba “i-republic ye-monastic” enkonzweni yamaSonto Obu-Orthodox.
Ukunwetshwa kwe-monasticism eLatin West
Ngenkathi iseMpumalanga i-monasticism yahlanganiswa ngaphansi kokuphefumulelwa kukaPachomius noBasil, ENtshonalanga, izindaba mayelana nezindela zaseGibhithe zifika kancane kancaneU-Athanasius, phakathi nokudingiselwa kwakhe eRoma, wethula u-Anthony nabafundi bakhe; yakhe Impilo ka-Anthony izungeza kabanzi futhi ivusa isifiso sokulingisa obaba basogwadule.
Ngokushesha bayavela amakoloni of hermits kanye nezindela ezincane e-Italy, Gaul, Hispania naseNyakatho AfrikaIzibalo ezinjengoMartin waseTours, uHilary wasePoitiers, noPaulinus waseNola bakhuthaza imiphakathi yokuphila ngasese, ngesikhathi esifanayo, esekela ukushunyayelwa kwevangeli ezindaweni zasemaphandleni.
ENyakatho Afrika, umzila we Augustine of HippoNgemva kokuguquka kwakhe, wakha umphakathi nabangane eTagaste, wasungula isigodlo sezindela eduze nesonto lombhishobhi laseHippo, futhi, njengombhishobhi, wahlela i-cenobium yabefundisi emzungezile. Kulokhu kwavela uMthetho kaSaint Augustine, omfishane futhi ogxile ebunyeni benhliziyo, isisa, ubumpofu, kanye nokusebenzela iBandla lendawo.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, eBritish Isles, i I-Celtic monasticismYayithonywe kakhulu isimo sezwe kanye nemizwelo yenkolo yendawo. E-Ireland, lapho iRoma ingazange ibeke khona ukwakheka kwayo, iBandla ngokushesha lathatha isibonelo esiqinile sezindela: izindlu zezindela zaziyizikhungo zokukhulekela, zokufunda, kanye nemishini, futhi ababhishobhi abaningi nabo babeyizinduna.
Izindela like I-Columbanus Bawela ulwandle bathola izindlu zezindela kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu, kusukela eGaul kuya e-Italy, beshumayela abantu abangamaqaba futhi beletha ingokomoya elinzima, ngokuzincisha injabulo, ukuzisola okuqinile kanye nokuqwashisa okuphilayo ngokudlula kwezwe lamanje.
USanta Benedict waseNursia kanye ne-Western Monasticism
Kulesi simo esihlukahlukene, isibalo se Benedict of Nursia Kuzogcina kuyisinqumo. Wazalelwa e-Umbria, e-Italy, waziyeka izifundo zakhe eRome, ehlanjalazwe umoya wokuziphatha wedolobha, wahoxa njenge-anchorite e-Subiaco. Udumo lwakhe lwaheha abafundi; ngemva kokwehluleka okuthile njengo-abbot wemiphakathi ekhona, waqoqa abalandeli bakhe futhi ekugcineni wazinza eMonte Cassino.
Lapho, wakha indlu yezindela emanxiweni ethempeli lamaqaba futhi wabhala elidumile Umthetho kaSaint Benedictokuhloswe ukuba kube yisiqondiso salabo “abafisa ukufuna uNkulunkulu,” umbhalo uhlanganisa ukuhlakanipha okujulile okungokomoya nokusebenza okuphawulekayo nobuntu. Ayifuni izinto ezimangalisayo, kodwa kunalokho a "isikole senkonzo yeNkosi" esisekelwe ekuzinzeni, ekulaleleni, ekuthobekeni, nasekulinganiseni phakathi komthandazo, umsebenzi, nokuphumula..
Isiqubulo sikaBenedictine, esivame ukufingqwa ngokuthi “ora et labora” (thandaza futhi usebenze), sikuveza kahle lokhu kuhlanganisa. Indela inikela isikhathi esanele eHhovisi Laphezulu kanye... lectio DivinaKodwa futhi benza umsebenzi wezandla nowobuhlakani, ukwamukela izivakashi nokusebenzela umphakathi. Umphakathi uba umndeni ozinzile, owenganyelwe u-abbot njengobaba futhi ekugcineni unesibopho sokunakekela imiphefumulo.
Udadewabo kaBenito, I-EscolasticaLokhu kwakhuthaza ubundela besifazane baseBenedictine, futhi ngokushesha kwavela izindlu zezindela zezindela, okuthi, ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo, zilandele uMthetho ofanayo. Ezimweni eziningi, kwavela izindlu zezindela eziphindwe kabili, ezinamagatsha axhumene owesilisa nowesifazane, isici esivamile esitholakala nakweminye imiyalo ye-monastic yangaleso sikhathi.
Ngemva kokubhujiswa kweMonte Cassino yokuqala ngamaLombard, izindela zamaBenedictine zahlakazeka; kodwa uMthetho wabo, osekelwa opapa abanjengoGregory Omkhulu namakhosi aseCarolingian, kancane kancane wawuzomiswa njengo umthetho owodwa noma oyinhloko ezindaweni eziningi zezindela zaseNtshonalangaNgokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-monasticism yaseBenedictine yaba umgogodla we-Medieval Christian Europe.
I-Middle Ages: inkathi enkulu yezindela
Phakathi kwekhulu lesi-5 nele-12, iNtshonalanga yabhekana nalokho izazi-mlando eziningi ezikubiza kanjalo "Kwakuyi-monastic"Izindela zaseBenedictine (kanye nezinguquko zazo zesikhathi esizayo) azizona nje izindawo zokuthandaza, kodwa futhi ziyizikhungo zamasiko, ukuthuthukiswa kwezolimo, ukungenisa izihambi, kanye nenhlangano yezenhlalakahle.
Njengoba isakhiwo samaRoma siwohloka, izindela ziba amanxusa wokwakha kabusha okubonakalayo nokomoyaBasusa umhlabathi, bethula amasu okulima, bakopishe imibhalo yesandla yasendulo neyobuKristu emibhalweni yabo, bafundise abefundisi bakusasa, futhi, ezimweni eziningi, babe ngabeluleki bamakhosi nezikhulu.
E-Hispania, eGaul, e-Italy noma eBritish Isles, Izindela ziyachichima, ezakha indawo kanye nempilo yansuku zonke.Ababhishobhi abaningi abangcwele, abanjengo-Augustine waseHippo, uCaesarius wase-Arles, noma u-Eusebius waseVercelli, basungula izigodlo zezindela eduze nezindawo zabo zobubhishobhi futhi bahlongoza indlela yokuphila evamile yabefundisi besifunda-bhishobhi, egqugquzelwa uMthetho ka-Augustinian noma wamaBenedictine.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, i-monasticism ngokwayo idinga izinguquko zangaphakathi. Isibonelo esinomthelela omkhulu yileso sika I-ClunyEyasungulwa ngekhulu le-10 ngaphansi kokugujwa okuqinile kukaBenedictine kanye nokuvikelwa okuqondile kukaPapa, amaCluniacs akhuthaza inkonzo yenkolo enesizotha, umgomo wokuhlanzeka kokuziphatha kwabefundisi, kanye nokuguqulwa kwamasiko esonto okwakuyoholela kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi "iNguquko kaGregory."
Nokho, ukuqoqwa kwengcebo namandla kuletha ukuchezuka okusha. Ngekhulu le-12, okulandelayo kwavela: Ukuguqulwa kweCistercian, eyaqalwa ngo-Cistercians futhi yasakazwa ngezibalo ezifana Bernard waseClairvaux, okubiza ukubuyela ekuhluzekeni kwezakhiwo, ebumpofu bangempela nokuphila okulula kokuthandaza, kude nokweqisa kokuhlobisa.
I-monasticism yabesifazane kanye nezindela ezimbili
Umlando we-monasticism uvame ukutshelwa ngombono wesilisa, kodwa Kusukela ekuqaleni, abesifazane bebelokhu behamba phambili.Izintombi ezingcwelisiwe zenkathi yabaphostoli neyokuthanda izwe ngokushesha zaguqukela emiphakathini ezinzile yezindela, evame ukusungulwa noma ephelezelwa abantu besifazane abakhulu.
Zibhalwe eMpumalanga naseNtshonalanga izindela zesifazane ezinethonya eliphawulekayo kwezenhlalo nangokomoyaUdadewabo ka-Augustine ugijima eyodwa eHippo; UPaula, umfundi kaJerome, wathola abaningana eZweni Elingcwele; I-Scholastica ihola igatsha labesifazane baseBenedictine; ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ama-abbesses anjengoHildegard waseBingen noma uBridget waseSweden azovela enegunya elikhulu lokuziphatha.
Isenzakalo esithakazelisayo yi- izindela ezimbililapho imiphakathi yabesilisa nabesifazane ihlala ndawonye ezindaweni ezihlukene ngaphansi kwegunya, ezimweni eziningi, lokubi. Le modeli, ekhona emindenini ehlukene yezindela, inikeza isibonelo sakuqala sokubambisana phakathi kwabesilisa nabesifazane abazinikezele, nakuba ngokuhamba kwesikhathi izobe ivinjelwe ngenxa yezizathu zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe.
UMkhandlu waseTrent, ngekhulu le-16, uzophoqelela ukuvalwa kukapapa kwezindlu zezindela zabesifazaneLokhu kuphoqe wonke umuntu ukuthi ahlale emadolobheni noma ezikhungweni ezinabantu abaningi ukuze aqinisekise ukuvikeleka kwabo futhi alawule izimpilo zabo zangaphakathi ngokuningiliziwe. Noma kunjalo, abesifazane abaningi baqhubeka nokukhuthaza izinguquko futhi basungula izisekelo ezintsha zokucabangela phakathi nenkathi Yasekuqaleni Yanamuhla.
I-East-West Schism, Mount Athos kanye ne-Byzantine monasticism
EMpumalanga, ukuthuthukiswa kwezindela kwalandela indlela yako siqu, ehlobene eduze nokuguquguquka koMbuso WaseByzantium futhi, kamuva, KwamaSonto Esizwe Obu-Orthodox. IConstantinople iba isikhungo esikhulu sezindelaenezindlu ezifana ne-Studion, u-abbot u-Theodore azodlala indima ebalulekile ekuvikeleni izithombe ngesikhathi senhlekelele ye-iconoclastic.
Ngekhulu le-10, enhlonhlweni ye INtaba i-AthosU-Athanasius wase-Athoni wasungula iLavra Enkulu, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi eyayizoba idolobha langempela lezigodlo zezindela. Ngezimiso zayo ezigunyazwe ababusi abanjengoNicephorus II Phocas kanye noJohn Tzimiskes, i-Athos yasungulwa njengohlobo “lobukhosi obungokomoya” obubuswa ama-protos kanye nomkhandlu wama-abbots, indawo eyinkomba yazo zonke izindela zama-Orthodox kuze kube namuhla.
Izindela zaseByzantine zihlangene ukugcinwa koMthetho we-Basilian ngezinqubo zasendaweniukushintshana phakathi kwezindela eziqinile, ama-laura asemi-anchoritic, nezikebhe ezincane. Ngokusakazeka kobuKristu kubantu baseSlavic, imodeli yathunyelwa eSerbia, eBulgaria, eRomania, ikakhulukazi eRussia, lapho i-monasticism yathola khona umlingiswa ohluke kakhulu.
E-Ethiopia, elinye isiko leBandla laseMpumalanga elihlukene nenkolo yamaChalcedonian, ubumonasticism bukhula cishe njengoba umgogodla wempilo yesontoIsiko likhuluma "ngabaNgcwele abayisishiyagalolunye" abavela eSiriya, abasunguli bezindlu zezindela eziseziqongweni ezicishe zifinyeleleke njengeDebra Dammo, ezingafinyelelwa kuphela ngezintambo.
Ukuhlasela kwama-Arab, ukwanda kwe-Islam, futhi kamuva, imibuso yamaKhomanisi eMpumalanga Yurophu izoletha. amagalelo abhubhisayo ngobumonastic baseMpumalangaLokhu kwakuhlanganisa ukucekelwa phansi kwezigodlo zezindela, ukushaqwa kwempahla nokushushiswa ngokuqondile. Naphezu kwakho konke, imiphakathi emincane yamelana, futhi ngemva kokuwa kwe-Soviet bloc, izindlu eziningi zaseRussia nezinye zaseSlavic zakwazi ukuvulwa kabusha.
INguquko YamaProthestani kanye Nenhlekelele Yezindela ZaseNtshonalanga
Ikhulu le-16 lethula inguquko entsha emlandweni wezindela zaseNtshonalanga. Abashisekeli benguquko bamaProthestani, ekuqaleni babelinganisela ezifungweni zenkoloKancane kancane bazoshintshela ekugxekweni okuphambili kwesistimu yezindela, ikakhulukazi umbono "wesimo sokuphelela" ebekelwe abambalwa abakhethiwe.
UMartin Luther, owaphila yena njengendela ka-Augustinian, ugcina egxeka izifungo ngokuthi izithembiso zabantu ezisongela inkululeko yevangeliEmsebenzini wakhe wezifungo zezindela, uyahlulela ngokuthi azihambisani nokulungisiswa ngokholo futhi, empeleni, ukhuthaza ukuchithwa kwezindlu zezindela ezindaweni ezamukela iNguquko.
Ezifundeni ezinamaLuthela, amaCalvinist, noma amaSheshi amaningi, Izindela eziningi zanyamalala phakathi nekhulu le-16 nele-17Impahla yabo ayinazwe noma idlulela ekulawuleni izikhulu namadolobha; ezinye izindela nezindela bayashada, abanye bayahlakazeka. I-monasticism icishe inyamalale ngokuphelele endaweni yamaProthestani amakhulu eminyaka ambalwa.
ESontweni LamaKatolika, uMkhandlu waseTrent awubuzi ubuqiniso benkolo yobumonasticism, kodwa ikhuthaza izinguquko zokuqondiswa kwezigwegwe: ukulungiswa kokuhlukumeza, ukuphikelela ekuqeqeshweni, ukusungulwa okucacile kwendawo ebiyelwe abantu besifazane kanye nokuzwela okusha okuzokwazisa kakhulu imiyalo esebenzayo enikelwe ezinhlanganweni ezisiza abampofu kanye nomsebenzi.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i- ama-mendican order (amaFrancisca, amaDominican, njll.) futhi, kamuva, namabandla abaphostoliNakuba bengezona izindela ngokuqinile, bathatha izici eziningi zendlela yokuphila yenkolo: ukuphila komphakathi, izifungo, ukulalela uMthetho, kodwa ngokugxila kakhulu ekushumayeleni, ekufundiseni, nasekusizeni abampofu.
Inkathi yesimanje kanye nesimanje: ukushushiswa, ukuvuselelwa kanye nezingxoxo
Kusukela ngekhulu le-18 kuya kwelama-20, ukukholelwa kwezindela, ikakhulukazi eYurophu, kwaduma amagagasi amasha okucindezela nokuvuselelaINguquko YaseFrance yaphuca izigodlo zezindela, yaphoqelela abantu abaningi bezenkolo ukuba bahlukane nenkolo, futhi yahlakaza yonke imiphakathi. Izinqubomgomo ezifana ne-Josephinism e-Austro-Hungarian Empire zivale izindlu ezibhekwa "njengezingasetshenziswa kancane" kuhulumeni.
Imibuso yamaKhomanisi yekhulu lama-20 yathatha lobu butha yadlulela kakhulu: eSoviet Union, ePoland, eLithuania nakwamanye amazwe aseMpumalanga Bloc, cishe zonke izindlu zezindela ziyathathwaIzindela eziningi zadingiswa noma zagqunywa ejele, futhi ukuphila kwezindela kwehliselwa ekubeni okomshoshaphansi noma ukudingiswa.
Kuyaxaka ukuthi lezi zishushiso zineqhaza e ukwanda kwe-monasticism kwezinye izifunda zomhlabaIzindela ezixoshwe eFrance noma eJalimane zathola imiphakathi eNgilandi, e-United States noma eLatin America; AmaBenedictines namaCistercians asungula izindela ezindaweni ezazineningi lamaProthestani, lapho ngokokuqala ngqá kusukela kuNguquko kwaphinde kwezwakala ukuhuba kweHhovisi Laphezulu.
Ikhulu lama-20 nalo laletha ukuvuselelwa okujulile. UMkhandlu Wesibili WeVatican unxusa yonke imiyalo namabandla ukuba abuyele emithonjeni yawoukufunda kabusha iVangeli kanye nokuqonda kwabasunguli balo nokuzivumelanisa nezimpawu zezikhathi. Emkhakheni wezindela, imithetho-sisekelo iyabuyekezwa, i-lectio divina iyaqiniswa, futhi amasonto endawo anikezwa ukuvelela okukhulu.
Izinhlobo ezintsha zempilo ye-monastic kanye ne-semi-monastic zivame ukuvela yemvelo exubile (ibeke futhi ihlukaniselwe, i-celibate futhi ishadile), njengoMndeni Omncane Wokumenyezelwa kwe-Dossetti, ama-monastic fraternities ase-Jerusalem noma umphakathi wase-Bose, ozalwe njengesipiliyoni se-ecumenical lapho amaKatolika, ama-Orthodox namaProthestani behlala ndawonye ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa.
Ngokuhambisanayo, Amanye amasonto obuProthestani aphinde athola ukubaluleka kwenkolo yezindelaEBandleni LaseSheshi, i-Oxford Movement yekhulu le-19 yagqugquzela ukusungulwa kwemiphakathi yezenkolo; kuLuthela, kwavela amadiaconate, okwathi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, athatha izici ezicacile zobumona. Okuhlangenwe nakho okufana ne-Taizé, eyasungulwa uRoger Schutz, inikeza isibonelo somphakathi othandazayo ovulekele abantu abasha bazo zonke izinkolo, ogcizelela kakhulu ukubuyisana.
Ekugcineni, i-monasticism yobuKristu ibamba iqhaza ngenkuthalo ku inkhulumomphendvulwano yenkoloIzindela ezinjengoThomas Merton zahlola ukuxhumana neZen Buddhism noma ubuHindu; imibuthano yezizwe ngezizwe yahlanganisa amaBenedictine, amaCistercian, izindela zaseTibet, kanye nezinduna zeZen ukuze babelane ngokuzindla, ukuthula, kanye nokufuna uNkulunkulu. Ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ubunjalo bayo, imiphakathi eminingi yaba izindawo ezihlakaniphile zokuhlangana nezinkolo ezihlukahlukene.
Uma uthathwa usuwonke, umlando wezindela ukhombisa a ukuzivumelanisa nezimo okuhlaba umxhwele kanye nokwethembeka kokudala eVangeliniKusukela emigedeni yeThebaid kuya ezindlini zezindela zasemadolobheni zanamuhla, okuhlanganisa nezindela zasendulo zaseBenedictine, ama-lauras asePalestine, iNtaba i-Athos, kanye nokuhlolwa kwesonto lanamuhla, ukuphila kwezindela kube umbhikisho ongokwesiprofetho omelene nezwe, isiphephelo somkhuleko, i-workshop yesintu, futhi, ngokuvamile ngokuthula, enye yenkumbulo eqinile yobuKristu.
