Ukuze uqonde kangcono kancane yonke into ehlobene Inca umnothoFaka lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi uzofunda okwengeziwe ngale mpucuko ethokozisayo neyasendulo yaseNingizimu Melika. Lapha uzothola ulwazi obungalwazi ngokuqinisekile.
Umnotho we-Inca: inhlangano, izisekelo kanye nemisebenzi yombuso
Umnotho wama-Inca ubhekise ezinhlelweni zokukhiqiza nezohwebo ezakhiwe yimpucuko yesiQuechua ngesikhathi sombuso wama-Inca. Lo mnotho waqala ukuthuthuka kusukela ngonyaka we-1200 a. C, lapho kuphakama amadolobha namadolobhana okuqala esifundeni esisogwini olusenyakatho yePeru yanamuhla.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, izikhungo zenkolo zamaQuechua zashintsha zaba izikhungo zasemadolobheni ezihlala abantu, izimakethe, izindikimba zokuphatha, zezombangazwe nezenkolo.
Umnotho wama-Inca walezi zikhungo wawusekelwe ikakhulukazi ekuthuthukisweni nasekulawuleni izindawo ezinkulu zomhlaba ezinikezelwe emnothweni wezolimo nemfuyo. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kwafinyelela umvuthwandaba ngesikhathi sokubusa kwe-Inca Pachacutec (1433-1471).
Ngale ndlela, ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaPachacútec, umbuso we-Inca wahlelwa futhi umbuso wanda, uhlanganisa izindawo zamanje zasePeru, eBolivia, e-Ecuador kanye nengxenye yeColombia, Chile ne-Argentina.
Inhlangano yomnotho we-Inca
Kubalulekile ukukhombisa ukuthi umnotho we-Inca akufanele uhlaziywe futhi uqondwe ngokwemibono yezomnotho esetshenziswa namuhla.
Ngakho-ke, ukuze uyiqonde, umuntu kufanele aqale ohlakeni lobudlelwano bomndeni, obuhlanganisa amalungu omndeni owandisiwe ngezibopho ezimisiwe. Izisekelo nemisebenzi yomnotho wombuso we-Inca bekuyilokhu:
Isistimu yokubuyelana emnothweni we-Inca
Ekuqaleni kokunwetshwa kwezindawo zokuhlala ze-Inca, igunya alizange lisetshenziswe ngokuqondile, kodwa labulawa ngokubuyisela kanye ne-minka (okuhumusha ngokuthi "nxusa othile ukuthi angisize ngokuthembisa okuthile"). Ukuvumelana kwavumela ukushintshana okusekelwe ezinzuzweni zomsebenzi, okwakuhlelwe ngobudlelwano bokuzalana. Ngakho-ke, ingcebo yayincike emsebenzini otholakala emphakathini hhayi enanini lezimpahla eziqoqwe umuntu othile.
Mayelana nalokhu, abacwaningi bachaza izitezi ezimbili zokuzuzisana: iqoqo elihlanganiswe izibopho zokuzalana kanye nesifunda se-Inca esizungezwe amasosha kanye nezinsiza zokuphatha ezithakazelelwa izinkonzo zezifundo zakhona, okusala kwazo kwaphinde kwasatshalaliswa.
Ukuthi ukubuyisana kwafinyelelwa kanjani
Uhlelo lwama-Inca lokuphindiselana luye lwafezwa ngokulandela lezi zinyathelo ezilandelayo: Okokuqala, i-Inca Pachacútec, emihlanganweni namakhosi amadolobha angomakhelwane, yanikela ngenani lokudla, iziphuzo nomculo, kanye nokuhwebelana ngabesifazane ukuze basungule izihlobo.
Okwesibili, i-Inca yakha "isidingo" esasihlanganisa isidingo sokwakhiwa kwamadamu. "Isicelo" sesibili savumela amanye amalungiselelo ukuthi agcwalise izitolo zokudla. Endaweni yesithathu neyokugcina, amakhosi amadolobha angomakhelwane, eqinisekisa "ukuphana" kwePachacútec, amukela izimfuno zama-Inca.
Njengoba kunqotshwa okusha, inani lamadolobha namakhosi ahlonishwayo ajoyina umbuso ngobudlelwano obufanayo lakhula, okwaphumela ekubeni kube nenqwaba yezisebenzi.
Umnotho we-Inca kanye nokwakhiwa kwezikhungo zokuphatha
Njengoba ukukhula koMbuso Wama-Inca kwanda, ababusi babhekana nobunzima obuthile bokuvumelana, okwabambezela izinhlelo zabo zezomnotho.
Ukuze kuncishiswe inkinga, izikhungo zokuphatha zakhiwa kuwo wonke uMbuso, lapho amakhosi esifunda ahlangana khona nezibalo ezibalulekile zikahulumeni; ngale ndlela, imicikilisho kanye nezimfuneko zokubuyisana zingafezeka.
Okubaluleke kakhulu kulezi zikhungo, ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamadiphozithi, kwakuyi-Huánuco Pampa. Emibhalweni eminingi egciniwe izinkomba eziphawulekayo zitholwe enanini lezitshalo nokokufaka okumiselwe i-Huánuco Pampa.
Amasistimu okusebenza emnothweni we-Inca: i-minca, i-ayni kanye ne-mita
Minka
Kwakuwuhlelo lomsebenzi olwenzelwe ukwanelisa isidingo esivamile esihilela ubudlelwano obufanayo, obuzibophezele futhi obuhambisanayo. Isibonelo salesi simiso sasiwukukhulisa isivuno seqembu lomkhaya ngokubuya ngokushesha, okungaba ukudla okunezinhliziyo noma ukuzibophezela okufanayo esikhathini esizayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo
U-Aynis kwakuyizinzuzo ilungu ngalinye leqembu elalingazifuna kwamanye futhi kamuva okwakudingeka zibuyiswe. Ngokuvamile zazihlotshaniswa nokulinywa kwendawo nokunakekelwa kwemfuyo.
UMita
Kungumsebenzi wamashifu owenziwe ngezikhathi ezithile. Abasebenzi bashiya imiphakathi abadabuka kuyo futhi badluliselwa kwezinye izifunda ukuze bafeze izibopho eziceliwe, ezixhunywe nokukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezingasatshalaliswa kabusha.
Abaphathi abathathu: i-Inca, iLanga kanye nabantu
Babenomqondo ohluke kakhulu wendawo kunanamuhla, owawusho indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa umhlaba. Imilando ikhuluma ngezwe lamaInca, ilanga kanye nabantu.
Amazwe amaInca ayekhona kuwo wonke uMbuso. Imisebenzi yenziwa abantu bendawo futhi inzuzo yalezi zindawo yahanjiswa kumadiphozithi kahulumeni. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, lokho okwakumiselwe iLanga kwakusetshenziselwa ukugcina sonke isakhiwo senkolo sombuso, kanye namahlelo, abapristi namathempeli.
Ekugcineni, lokho okwakukhiqizwa umuzi kwabelwa ngokulinganayo kubo bonke abakhileyo. Ukusatshalaliswa komkhiqizo wezwe kwenziwa ngokwesilinganiso esibizwa ngokuthi imvukuzane. Kwakuyinani elinqunyiwe lemikhiqizo. Imvukuzane eyodwa yanikeza iduna elikhulile, futhi lapho umbhangqwana kwakheka, insikazi yathola ingxenye.
Inca ezolimo
Ezolimo zaziwumsebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho wama-Inca, zidlula kude ezinye izimpucuko zangaphambi kweColumbian kulo msebenzi. Ukuthuthuka kwayo okumangazayo kwamathala okulinywa kudumile, okungaba amashumi amamitha ububanzi futhi kufike kumamitha ayi-1500 ubude.
La masimu akhiwa ezindaweni okwakungafinyeleleki kalula kuzo ngezinye izikhathi, njengemithambeka yezintaba, ukuze kamuva zigcwaliswe ngomhlaba, ngaleyo ndlela zithole indawo entsha yokulinywa.
Imfuyo
Ama-Camelid adlala indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukiseni amasiko ase-Andean, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme, lapho imithombo yokudla yayilinganiselwe. Sasingekho isilwane esiwusizo kangaka endaweni yase-Andean njenge-lama, ngoba ukusetshenziswa kwaso kwakukuningi.
Izinhlobo ezimbili ezifuywayo kwakuyi-llama (Lama glama) kanye ne-alpaca (Lama paco). Ezinye izinhlobo ezimbili zasendle kwakuyi-vicuña (Lama vicugna) kanye ne-guanaco (Lama guanicoe).
Kanye nokotini otshalwe ogwini, uboya be-llama bakha imicu yokuluka indwangu (abasca), eyayisetshenziswa abantu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-vicuña ne-alpaca wool yayisetshenziselwa ukwenza izindwangu ezicolekile nezinethezeka kakhulu (i-cumbi).
Ngaphezu kwalokho, inyama ye-llama ephelelwe amanzi emzimbeni kanye neyomisiwe elangeni yayinenzuzo yokuthi igcinwe kalula futhi igcinwe ezindaweni zokugcina impahla.
amadiphozithi wombuso
Ukuthola insalela enkulu ekukhiqizweni kwezolimo okusetshenzelwa ukuthi kwabiwe kabusha ezingeni likahulumeni futhi kubhekelele izidingo zokufana. Le nzuzo ibibanjwe ngenani elikhulu lamadiphozithi kahulumeni.
Amadiphozithi ayetholakala emithonjeni yesifundazwe ngasinye nasedolobheni laseCusco. Lokhu kwanikeza uhulumeni wama-Inca inqwaba yezimpahla ezinenzuzo ezazifanekisela amandla awo. Ukulandela imithetho efanayo ebekiwe yezitshalo nezitshalo bekubalulekile empumelelweni yalezi zindawo zokugcina izimpahla, okusho ukuthi bekunabaphathi abebengangeni ezinqolobaneni abazigadayo.
Ngale ndlela, yonke into yayigcinwa ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla futhi, naphezu kokunqotshwa kweSpain, abantu bomdabu baqhubeka nokugcwalisa izindawo zokugcina izimpahla njengokungathi uhulumeni wama-Inca ukhona, njengoba becabanga ukuthi uma sekubuyiselwe ukuthula bazocabangela izimpahla ezikhiqizwa kuze kube manje. ngaleso sikhathi.
indawo yokugcina impahla
Ezinqolobaneni, yonke into yayigcinwa ngendlela ehlelekile futhi ukuqina kwemikhiqizo kwakucatshangelwa. Lezi zindawo zokugcina impahla ngokuvamile zazakhiwe emithambekeni yamagquma, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni eziphakeme, ezipholile nezinomoya. Ayebukeka njengama-turrets akhiwe ngemigqa futhi ahlukaniswe ukuze avimbele ukubhebhetheka komlilo uma kwenzeka umlilo.
Indlela yokugcina imikhiqizo
Imikhiqizo yayigcinwe ngokucophelela, okwenza kube lula ukurekhoda ama-akhawunti ku-quipu ephethe i-quipucamayoc. Ummbila wawugcinwa ungenawo amakhoba ezimbizeni ezinkulu zobumba, nezitsha ezincane ezimboziwe; Amazambane, njengamaqabunga e-coca, ayegcinwa kubhasikidi womhlanga, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi inani eligciniwe liyalingana.
Ngokuqondene nezingubo, inani elithile lazo lahlanganiswa. Izithelo ezomisiwe nezimfanzi ezomisiwe zazifakwa emaphaketheni amancane omhlanga.
I-Arithmetic Notation System
I-Inca State, nakuba ingabhalanga, ihlukaniswa ngezinga layo eliphezulu lokusebenza kahle ekulawuleni umnotho. Lokhu kwafezwa ngokuthuthukiswa kwe-quipu, okuwuhlelo lwe-arithmetic notation.
I-quipu iqukethe intambo eyinhloko nezinye izintambo ezilenga kuyo. Ekugcineni, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwamafindo olubonisa amanani, kuyilapho imibala imelela imikhiqizo ethile noma izihloko.
Isikhulu esasigcina ama-akhawunti nge-quipu sasibizwa ngokuthi i-quipucamayoc. Bambalwa abantu abebebazi ukuphathwa kwalolu hlelo kwazise ukufundisa kwalo bekugcinelwe izikhulu ezithile namalungu ezicukuthwane.
Lonke ulwazi olukhiqizwe i-quipus lwalugcinwa ezindlini ezikhethekile ezitholakala edolobheni laseCuzco. Lawa madiphozithi asebenze njengomnyango omkhulu wezomnotho.
Inhlangano Yezomnotho ku-Inca Empire
Kulandela izincazelo zababhali bekhulu leshumi nesithupha, kwakunenkolelo yokuthi impumelelo yezomnotho yama-Inca yayiwumphumela wokusatshalaliswa kahle kwezinsiza kanye nokukhiqizwa okuchichimayo kwezolimo nezilwane.
Ngale ndlela, ukuqedwa kobumpofu nendlala bekuyofezwa. Kodwa-ke, namuhla siyazi ukuthi umnotho we-Inca ungaqondwa kuphela esimweni sobudlelwane bomndeni, obubophe amalungu omndeni owandisiwe ngezibopho ezisungulwe ngokwesiko.
Umnotho we-Inca wawusekelwe ohlelweni lokuhlobana okuningi. Lokhu kwavumela ukushintshana okusekelwe enzuzweni yezabasebenzi ehlelwe ngobudlelwano bokuzalana.
E-Tahuantinsuyo kwakungekho mali, imakethe, ukuhweba, akukho nkokhiso, njengoba sibazi namuhla. Ngakho-ke, ingcebo nobumpofu kuncike ekusebenzeni umphakathi onakho hhayi enanini lezimpahla umuntu aziqongelelayo.
Ngokwamagama ase-Andean, indoda empofu noma i-huaccha - okusho ngolimi lwesiQuechua ukuthi "intandane" - kwakungumuntu ongenabazali.
Ezolimo
Ezolimo kwakuwumsebenzi omkhulu wezomnotho, owaqiniswa ngokusetshenziswa nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe obuzuzwe njengefa emasikweni ngaphambi kwawo.
Enye yezinto ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kwakuwukwakhiwa kwamapulatifomu avumela ukwanda kwendawo yezolimo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukwanda koMbuso WaseTahuantinsuyo kwabavumela ukuba babe nezinsiza ezihlukahlukene kakhulu; ikakhulukazi njengezitshalo zommbila namazambane.
Ubunikazi bomhlaba
Umqondo wendawo ohluke kakhulu kulowo waseNtshonalanga, owawusho indlela ehlukile yokuhlukanisa umhlaba. Nakuba imibhalo ikhuluma ngezwe lamaInca, iLanga kanye nabantu, namuhla kuyaxoxwa ngalokhu kuhlukana, njengoba cishe bavunywa ngabanqobi ukuba baqhubeke nokwehlulela kwamazwe kuBukhosi baseSpain.
Ama-Inca athola umhlaba emaqenjini ezizwe abusayo, ayesedluliselwa endaweni yawo. Ukukhiqizwa "kwezwe lamaInca" kwakusiza ukondla labo ababesebenzela abaphathi kanye nokwabiwa kabusha.
Lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "izwe lelanga" kwakusetshenziselwa ukuhlinzeka ngamathempeli kanye nezisebenzi ezinikezelwe enkolweni, futhi insalela yokukhiqizwa kwawo yayimiselwe ukwabiwa kabusha.
Imvukuzane
Ukwabiwa komhlaba kwenziwa ngokweyunithi yesilinganiso ebizwa ngokuthi i-topo. Kwakungelona itulo, njengoba abanye becabanga, kodwa inani lemikhiqizo. Ngale ndlela, imvukuzane eyodwa yanikeza umuntu omdala futhi yahlanganisa owesilisa, futhi lapho i-pair yakhiwe, insikazi yathola ingxenye.
Ukukhulisa izinkomo
I-llama, i-alpaca, i-vicuña kanye ne-guanaco kwasetshenziswa kakhulu ama-Inca. Endabeni ye-llama, kwasetshenziswa inyama yayo, isikhumba, uvolo ngisho nendle eyomisiwe, okwakuwumanyolo nophethiloli omuhle kakhulu. Futhi, amakamela ayeyizilwane ezithwalayo.
Ama-curacas kanye nawo wonke amanye ama-ayllu angase abe neqembu lamakamela. Lezo ezazisetshenziswa emihlatshelweni nasemihlatshelweni eyaphakanyiswa kumahuacas.
Ijazi lasekuseni
I-chaqué noma i-rodeo ihilela izindawo ezizungezile ezinkulu ezinezinkulungwane zabantu kanye nokwelusa ama-vicuña emapenini amatshe lapho esikwa khona bese ekhululwa. Inkolelo yokuthi onkulunkulu basezintabeni banezilwane zasendle yenza i-vicuña yaba isilwane esingcwele kumaInca. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi ngesikhathi seTahuantinsuyo kwakunamakhanda angaba yizigidi ezimbili e-Andes yasePeru.
Uvolo waso wawusetshenziselwa ukwenza izingubo ezikhethekile zezicukuthwane. Ukuze bathole imicu, amaInca ayehlela ukuthwebula izithombe embusweni ngamunye njalo eminyakeni emithathu noma emihlanu. Imibhalo emivubukulo ibonisa ukuthi le nqubo yokubamba izilwane zasendle yatholwa izakhamuzi zasendulo zase-Andes.
Ukuphathwa Kwezomnotho
Izikhulu eziqokwe ama-Inca zakha i-bureaucracy eyayisebenzisana nenhlangano kanye nokuphathwa kombuso. Ngokuvamile, izicukuthwane zaseCuzco yizo ezaziphethe izikhundla ezibaluleke kakhulu. Phakathi kwalokhu, okulandelayo kuyagqama:
El Tocricoc: umbusi wesifunda
El Tucuyricuc: umhloli wendawo kanye nomlamuleli wezingxabano ezincane.
I-Quipucamayoc: Uchwepheshe ekuphatheni i-quipus.
Qhapac ñan tocricoc: Umakhi wemigwaqo yasebukhosini.
Le Collac camayoc: Umphathi wediphozithi.
i-quipu
I-quipu yayiwuhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-arithmetic notation olwakhiwe uchungechunge oluyinhloko namanye amaketango asemaceleni ayelenga kuwo. Ekugcineni, kwenziwa uchungechunge lwamafindo, olubonisa amanani, kuyilapho imibala imelela imikhiqizo ethile noma izihloko. Isibopho sokuhumusha i-quipus sincike kwi-quipucamayoc. Lo msebenzi wawuwuhlobo lwesiko lomndeni, elidluliselwa kubaba liye endodaneni.
Izindlela ze-Inca
I-Capac Ñan noma umkhondo omkhulu wama-Inca bekuyinethiwekhi yezindlela ezinqamula yonke i-Tahuantinsuyo. Imigwaqo ivumele ukudluliswa kwezimpahla ezikhiqizwe ezifundeni ezahlukene ngenxa ye-mita, eya ezindaweni zokugcina izimpahla ukuze isatshalaliswe kamuva. Ngokunjalo, bavumele ukunyakaza kwamaqembu ahlangene ukwenza i-mita. Le mizila yayisetshenziswa ama-chasquis, ephethe ukuthumela imiyalezo kulo lonke elaseTahuantinsuyo.
Uma uthole lesi sihloko sithakazelisa, sikumema ukuthi ujabulele lezi ezinye: