Zitholele nathi kulesi sihloko esithakazelisayo nesiyingqayizivele, konke mayelana namasiko e- I-Mayan Economy, inhlangano yayo nemisebenzi yezomnotho. Ungayeki ukuyifunda! futhi uzofunda ngezici amaMeya ayenazo emnothweni wawo.
Umnotho we-Mayan: Umlando, izici, uhlobo nokunye
AmaMayans ayengabantu abakhulu e-pre-Columbian America, ababenentuthuko enkulu kwezobuchwepheshe eyayingaphambi kwesikhathi sabo, kodwa babephila kanjani? Babedla ngani? Sikumema ukuthi ufunde lesi sihloko esithakazelisayo ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nomnotho wamaMeya.
Akekho owazi izimo zokunyamalala kwalo mbuso omkhulu, iqiniso liwukuthi ukuhlasela kweSpain kungenzeka ukuthi akuhlangene nakho. Benza intuthuko enkulu kwezomnotho, futhi njengomphakathi namasiko, babengabaklami bekhalenda ababekwazi ukukala ngaso ngokunembile isikhathi.
Umlando womnotho wamaMaya
Ngokomlando, amaMeya awakaze akhe umbuso, ngoba ayengamadolobha ahlukene azimele ngokuphelele futhi ayehlale elwa, nakuba ayekhuluma ulimi olufanayo futhi enamasiko afanayo.
Isici esiyinhloko sawo wonke amadolobha aseMeya kwaba umehluko wesimo senhlalo, owaziwa ngezinsalela zemivubukulo ezitholwe.
Njengenkampani, zazisezifundazweni zaseMexico iYucatán, iCampeche, iTabasco neChiapas, kulo lonke izwe laseHonduras naseBelize. Inhlangano yabo yezombangazwe ayizange ibe yiyunithi enjalo, njengoba idolobha ngalinye lalisebenza njengombuso ozimele, idolobha elikhulu laliyiYucatan, kodwa noma kunjalo, bakha umphakathi owodwa onesiko elifanayo, inkolo kanye nenhlangano yayinezinga eliphezulu kakhulu.
Umehluko ngezigaba: ezombangazwe, ezenkolo kanye nabalimi, babezimisele kahle kakhulu, babeyizifundazwe ezingokwasezulwini futhi umphakathi wabo wawunqunywa abazingeli nabaqoqi, kwase kusuka lapho kwavela amanye amaqembu omphakathi, ngisho nomnotho wawusekelwe kwezolimo, ukuzingela, ukudoba. kanye nokuhweba phakathi kwamadolobha. Njengabalimi, isivuno sabo esiyinhloko kwakuwumbila, kulandele ubhontshisi, ukwatapheya, ugwayi nokotini.
Izilwane eziyinhloko ababezingela kwakusehlathini nasezintabeni ezinkulu, lapho zazitholakala phakathi kwama-jaguar, izimfudu, izinyoka nezinkawu, zinezibhamu eziqhumayo, iminsalo nemicibisholo kanye nezicupho zokubeka, futhi ekudobeni zazisebenzisa izingwegwe ezenziwe ngamagobolondo olwandle.
Kwadingeka bafunde ukufuya izilwane, njengezinja nezinyoni, kuhlanganise namadada namajuba, bakwazi ukusebenzisa uju lwezinyosi kanye nengcina eyayiphuma kuzo.
Ukuhwebelana kwezizwe ngezizwe kwakudingeka kuleli siko njengoba babedinga ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu esifundeni ngasinye njengoba ngasinye sasikwazi ukuzimela ngokwengxenye.
Ingcebo ngayinye yedolobha ngalinye yayihlukile ngenxa yomehluko wezindawo nezindawo zomhlaba, ngakho ukuhwebelana kwamanye amazwe kwakufanele kube yinto ehamba phambili, ngokusekelwe emnothweni wamaMaya wangaleso sikhathi.
Uhwebo lwalumelelwe ukuthengiswa kwesikhumba, obhasikidi, izindwangu, izitsha zobumba, uju, ingcina, izinhlanzi, inyamazane, usawoti, ngisho nezinhlobo ezahlukene zezikhali.
Lolu shintsho lwenziwa imigwaqo eyatholakala iyindlela yamatshe, engenhle njengeyama-Aztec, yasebenzisa nemigudu ethile yamanzi, izindlela zabo zokuhwebelana kwakuwukushintshana, kodwa futhi babesebenzisa izinhlamvu zemali zokuhweba okungenzeka kube ulwandle. amagobolondo, ubhontshisi we-cocoa namagobolondo ethusi ayisicaba.
Izici Eziyinhloko zomnotho we-Mayan
a.- AmaMayans aqala njengedolobha eliqoqa izithelo, abese evuka ekubeni abazingeli, abadobi nabalimi besikhashana, aze aqiniswa ngokwezomnotho nokutshalwa kommbila. nezinye izinhlobo zokusanhlamvu.
b.- Okunye ukudla ababekulima ithanga, utamatisi, upelepele, ukhokho, i-oregano kanye nokwatapheya. amasimu ukuze bakhulise izilimo zabo, asebekwazi ukuzimela ngazo.
c.- Babengabokuqala ukusebenzisa uhlelo lwe-Milpa lokutshala, kwakuyisistimu yezolimo esetshenziswa abantu baseMesoamerican lapho izakhi zabo zokukhiqiza zazingummbila, ubhontshisi kanye nethanga (Auyama), kanti kwezinye izimo eChile (upelepele oshisayo).
d.- Impucuko yabo yathuthuka futhi bakwazi ukuba nezingcweti nabakhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo lapho baqala ukuhwebelana namanye amadolobha angomakhelwane.
Phakathi kwezingcweti zayo kukhona labo abazinikele ekwenzeni indwangu nobucwebe ngezinto ezihlukahlukene eziyigugu njengegolide, i-jade ne-obsidian.
e.- Babengazi igeja, umquba noma ukujikeleza kwezitshalo, uhlelo lwabo oluyinhloko kwakuwukusika nokuklaba, okungukuthi, bathatha ingxenye yehlathi, bagawula izihlahla. wabe esethungelwa ngomlilo bese etshalwa ngomoba noma izinti ezicijile ukuze enze imigodi futhi ahlwanyele imbewu, ngalesi simiso babeqiniseka ukuthi batshala izitshalo ezihlukahlukene kuze kube yilapho inani lendawo liphela futhi benza okufanayo kwenye indawo ehlathini .
Umsebenzi Wezomnotho waseMayan
Umsebenzi womnotho wamaMaya usekelwe ekuhlanganiseni ukuhweba okuhleliwe nokwendabuko kanye nokukhiqizwa okuyisisekelo. Ubudlelwano bayo bezentengiselwano buvumele imakethe yezolimo, ukuzingela, ukudoba kanye nokuxhashazwa kwemithombo ehlukahlukene yezimbiwa.
Impahla yendawo kwakungeyabantu abaphakeme bezenhlalakahle futhi lezi zabiwa noma zahlukaniswa ngokwezidingo zomphakathi ngamunye, ngale ndlela, zasetshenzwa futhi ukukhiqizwa okwaba umphumela kwaba ukuhlonipha inkosi ebizwa ngokuthi i-Halach Uinic.
Kamuva, kukho konke okwaqoqwa, kwakungokwengxenye yabantu futhi okunye kwakunikezelwe ukuhwebelana namanye amadolobha-dolobha.
Inhlangano yomnotho wamaMaya
Yonke iminotho isekelwe emikhakheni, umkhakha oyinhloko womnotho wamaMaya wawusekelwe kwezolimo usebenzisa inqubo ye-Milpa.
Ngakho kwadingeka bagawule ihlathi elalizosetshenziselwa izitshalo kamuva kuze kube yilapho lingasakwazi ukuthela, futhi bakwenza kwezinye izindawo, betshala ummbila, umdumbula, ithanga, ubhontshisi, utamatisi, ukwatapheya nokhokho. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, babuye bavuna i-copal, irabha, ukotini, ugwayi nezihlahla zesundu, lezi zamuva zikhiqiza imisebenzi yezandla.
Njengengxenye yemisebenzi yabo eyinhloko, babezingela izinyamazane, onogwaja, izingwejeje nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane zasolwandle endaweni yokudoba. Bakwazi ukuthambisa izinyosi ukuze basebenzise uju kanye nengcina. Kusukela emithonjeni yayo yemvelo, basebenzisa i-flint, i-jade, i-obsidian, i-pyrite nobumba, abenza ngayo amathuluzi ahlukahlukene, njengezibhamu nezitsha zasekhishini.
Imisebenzi yabo yesibili yadalwa ukuhwebelana neminye imiphakathi ukuze bazihlinzeke ngemikhiqizo abangakwazi ukuyikhiqiza noma ukuyithola. Lokhu bakwenza ngokuhwebelana, ngezinye izikhathi besebenzisa ikhofi noma ubhontshisi kakhokho njengemali emadolobheni.
Kwakudingeka bathuthe izinto zabo ezithengiswayo amabanga amade zilayishwe emakhanda abo nge-mecapal, eyayihlanganisa uhlobo oluthile lweduku olwaluboshwe esiphongweni kanye nesisindo ngemuva, basemngceleni wemigwaqo ababeyibiza ngokuthi i-sacbe'ob kanye nemifula yamanzi njengomfula iPasión komunye wemizila yawo emikhulu.
Lolu hlobo lwezohwebo selubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuba kuye kwakhiwa amachweba anjengeTikal eGuatemala, iSanta Rita eBelize, iRoatán eHonduras neTulum eMexico. Ongoti abaningi bakhomba ukuthi lolu hlobo lomnotho njengenjini yalesi siko yilo olunqume ukushabalala kwawo ngendlela engaqondakali.
Uhlobo Lomnotho Olwasebenza ngesikhathi samaMeya
Eminyakeni engaphezu kuka-4000 yomlando, sazi okuningi ngale mpucuko eyasungulwa phakathi kweNingizimu-ntshonalanga yeMexico neNyakatho Melika Ephakathi, ibusa ngokuphelele inhlonhlo yaseYucatan phakathi kuka-2000 BC nekhulu lesi-XNUMX, ngemva kwaleli khulu leminyaka amanye amadolobha aqhubeka ephila ekupheleni kuleli khulu leminyaka, le mpucuko yaqala ukushabalala.
Ukuthuthukiswa komnotho wayo kube nokuthuthuka okuhle kakhulu kwesakhiwo, izikhungo zesayensi yezinkanyezi, izifundo zezibalo, imisebenzi yezandla, ezobuciko nezinhlobo ezahlukene zamathuluzi, isakhiwo sayo somnotho sasiguquguquka kakhulu, okuhlanganisa ukuhwebelana, imakethe yangasese, umsebenzi wochwepheshe, ukuhweba nokungenelela kombuso.
Umnotho wayo wawuncike kuphela ekuxhashazweni kwemithombo yemvelo, ezolimo, amahlathi, izintaba, ukuzingela nezilwane ezidobayo, kanye nezisebenzi zeqembu eliphansi kakhulu lalo mphakathi.
Ukuhwebelana kwezomnotho kwamaMeya okusekelwe ezimpahleni ezizimele kwakukhona phakathi kwabantu abahlukene naphakathi kwamadolobha. Amathempeli amakhulu nezigodlo zazidinga umsebenzi kanye nokuphathwa kwezakhiwo zawo kwakuphakathi kwezicukuthwane eziphakeme kakhulu.
Kwakuwumphakathi wezizukulwane ezilandela amasiko amaningi owanquma ukuthi umhlaba uzokwabiwa kanjani, amasu okuzingela izilwane, obani abadlala imidlalo, ukuthi intela izokhokhwa kanjani, nokuthi izakhiwo zizokwakhiwa kanjani ngokwesimo sabantu:
Izazi zezinkanyezi, abalimi, abazingeli, izazi zezibalo, empeleni, ukuthengiselana kwezentengiselwano akwenziwanga ngokuqondile, kodwa ngabathengisi abenze lokhu kuthengiselana.
Njengoba kwakunezwe elingavamile okufanele balime ngenxa yohlobo lwendawo, kwakudingeka benze ukushintshana njalo namanye amadolobha futhi bafuye izilwane, izinja, amadada kanye nokuzalaniswa kwezinyosi ezaziwa kakhulu.
Umhlaba wawungowabantu abahlonishwayo futhi babethembele ekutheni okhokho babo bangowabo, baqinisekise ukuthi bayagqitshwa kule nhlabathi.
Le misebenzi yezohwebo yayiyisici esibalulekile esanquma ukuthi yiliphi idolobha elalinamandla kakhulu embusweni, futhi phakathi kwenamandla kunalawo anemigwaqo noma amachweba angcono kakhulu njengeTazumal, manje ese-El Salvador.
Uhlelo lwemakethe lwaluhlanganisa isikwele esikhulu esinesakhiwo esihlala njalo kanye nezindawo eziningi zokuhweba lapho babethengisa khona ukudla namathuluzi, lezi zindawo zazigadwa ama-ejenti onogada bombuso futhi labo ababethengisa lapho kwakufanele bakhokhe intela.
Ngemva kokuba izintela seziqoqwe, ziphinde zabiwe phakathi komphakathi wonke kanye nosopolitiki ukuze bagcine izikhundla namandla abo.
Amakhosi edolobha ngalinye yilawo ayekwazi ukwenza uhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe nezinye izifunda ezifana nePanama, iColombia neNew Mexico, phakathi kwemikhiqizo ebaluleke kakhulu yalaba bantu abaphakeme kwakungamatshe ayigugu afana ne-turquoise.
Ngokuhwebelana phakathi kwamadolobha, imibono emisha kanye nabantu abanolunye ulwazi nabo badluliswa, kuze kube yizikhathi zokugcina zale mpucuko, ukuhweba kwahlala kusebenza futhi kwanwetshwa ekuhwebeni kwezigqila nezinye izinhlangano ezazivele zivela eSpain.
Umnotho Wezenhlalakahle WamaMaya
Umphakathi wamaMaya wawuhleleke kakhulu futhi unomkhakha wezenhlalo, idolobha ngalinye noma izwe lalinegunya eliphakeme elibizwa ngokuthi i-Halach-Uinic (Isho Indoda Yeqiniso), lesi sikhundla sasiwufuzo, sasinomkhandlu wezicukuthwane noma izicukuthwane, lapho abaholi bawo babengamakhosi nabapristi. .
Bese kuba khona ama-Almehenoob ayeseqophelweni eliphezulu, izicukuthwane ezazizuze izikhundla zazo, nalabo ababenezikhundla zokuphatha nezempi.
I-Halach-Uinic yiyona eyabeka izinduna zesigodi ngasinye, esibizwa ngokuthi i-Bataboob, eyayinemisebenzi yezikhulu zomphakathi, zempi nezenkolo.
Umholi wamasosha noma iNacom wayekhethwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka emithathu, bese kuba nama-tupiles noma izikhulu ezisezingeni eliphansi namakhansela noma u-Ah Holpopoob.
Isigaba esiphansi sakhiwe izingcweti nabalimi noma u-Ah Chembal Uinicoob, owayesebenza emasimini ezolimo futhi ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezinjengamathempeli nezigodlo, kwakudingeka bakhokhe intela ezikhulwini nakubaphristi.
Ekugcineni, kwakukhona izigqila noma iPentacoob eyayiyiziboshwa zempi, izigebengu noma abantu ababengayikhokhi intela, laba bokugcina kwakuyilabo okwakumelwe basebenze kanzima baze bakhokhe izikweletu zabo.
Ukuhweba Emnothweni WamaMeya
Ukuhwebelana kwakuncike ekutheni amadolobha ahlukene asebenzisana kanjani kanye nezindawo zasemakhaya ezazilawulwa. Idolobha ngalinye lalinomholi futhi amandla alowo nalowo ayencike enhlanganweni yawo ukuze yande noma yehle.
Yingakho umnotho wakho ubone izinguquko eziningi kakhulu kwabasezingeni eliphezulu nasezimpahleni ezizosatshalaliswa. Babiza le miphakathi noma izifunda zamadolobha aseMeya ngoba bonke babenenkolo efanayo, uhlobo olufanayo lwezakhiwo kanye nesakhiwo esifanayo sezepolitiki, babehlala kwezolimo kusukela esikhathini sakudala cishe ngo-900 BC. c.
Abantu basemasimini babehlala ngokuzihlalela, belima ummbila, ubhontshisi nama squash, befuya nezilwane ezimbalwa abazaziyo.
Abantu basezindaweni eziphakeme noma ezindaweni eziphansi babe nenkinga efanayo yokutholela amanzi amasimu abo futhi bakwazi ukuwalawula, ezindaweni eziphansi babekwazi ukudala amadiphozi futhi bawaqede ngesikhathi sesomiso, futhi lezo zindawo eziphakeme zakwazi ukwenza imisele engaphansi komhlaba futhi ngaleyo ndlela. gwema izikhukhula.
Kunemibiko yokuthi amaMayya nawo abelima izinga eliphezulu lapho akha khona izinkundla ezibizwa ngamachinampas, kodwa athembele ekusikeni nasekushiseni.
Uhwebo lwalulude, kodwa ukuthi bahlela kanjani ukukwenza akwaziwa. Kunolwazi lokuthi ukuhweba kwasungulwa namadolobha ase-Olmec naseTeotihuacán, cishe ngo-1100 a. c.
Amatshe e-Obsidian, i-jade, ama-seashell kanye ne-magnetite aqala ukuthuthwa ezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinabantu abaningi, izimakethe zabanjwa ngezikhathi ezithile.
Uhwebo lwahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi kanye nabo bathola ukusekelwa kwenkolo nokwaziswa, kwaqala uhwebo olukhulu ngezitsha zobumba eziyinkimbinkimbi nezici ezingokomfanekiso, futhi ngendlela efanayo imibono yaqala ukusabalala phakathi kwezizwe nenkolo ngokwayo.
Okwaphushwa ngabaphathi abakhulu kanye nezicukuthwane eziphezulu ngoba yibona ababekwazi ukuthola impahla nolwazi olungcono.
Izingcweti ezifunwa kakhulu yilabo ababekwazi ukwenza ama-vases e-polychrome kanye nezibalo zamatshe eziqoshiwe, kodwa lezi zathengiswa kuphela ku-elite futhi yibona ababelawula lokhu kukhiqizwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ezindaweni eziphansi izingcweti zazizimele futhi zingenalo igunya lezombusazwe ngemva kwazo, ngakho zazikwazi ukwenza imisebenzi yezandla ezaziyifuna ikakhulukazi amathuluzi ayewadinga ukulima nokulima endaweni yawo, njengoba indawo yayiyingcosana futhi yasemakhaya. .
Ngemva kwesikhathi se-post-classical, indwangu kanye nekotini, usawoti, uju, nezinyosi, izigqila, izinsimbi eziyigugu, ngisho nezimpaphe ze-mauve zaqala ukudayiswa, phakathi nalesi sikhathi abesifazane badlala indima enkulu emnothweni wamaMeya, ngoba benza izindwangu kanye nezimpaphe ze-mauve. izingubo zokulala, futhi futhi waluka.
Ngokuhamba ngemikhumbi, ukuhweba kwaqala ukuba nomthelela omkhulu njengoba bekwazi ukufinyelela ogwini lweGulf. Ihamba ngasezindleleni zamanzi eziwela imifula nolwandle, yonke imiphakathi eseduze neGulf coast yenza umxhumanisi phakathi kwezindawo eziphakeme neziphansi, ikakhulukazi lezo zasePetén.
Lokhu kakade kwase kwenziwa ezikhathini zasendulo zamaMayan, kodwa phakathi nalesi sikhathi sokugcina, izikebhe noma izikebhe zazizikhudlwana futhi zikwazi ukuthutha okuningi, okusindayo kakhulu kunalokho lapho zikwenza ngezikebhe noma ngezinyawo.
UChristopher Columbus ngokwakhe ohambweni lwakhe wakwazi ukuthola omunye wale mikhumbi futhi wawuchaza njengomkhumbi ongaphezu kwamamitha amabili ububanzi, nokuthi abantu abangu-24 nokaputeni bangagibela kuwo, futhi kwakukhona abesifazane abambalwa ngisho nezingane. Ngaphakathi, kwakukhona ukhokho, imikhiqizo yensimbi njengezinsimbi nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezikhali, izinto zobumba, izingubo zikakotini, kanye nezinkemba zokhuni ezinamekwe ngamatshe ayigugu abazibiza ngokuthi iMacuahuitl.
Isifinyezo Sezici zayo Eziyinhloko
Ukufingqa lolu daba, amaMayans awazange asebenzise izinhlamvu zemali ukuze asungule ukushintshana kwawo namanye amadolobha, yonke into eshintshiwe, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi yayiyigugu, i-cocoa, usawoti, i-obsidian noma igolide, yayinenani elihlukile kulowo nalowo. bona. lapho amadolobha ekude kakhulu, imikhiqizo ethengiswayo iyigugu kakhulu.
Indlela yabo yokuhlalisana yayinokuthula, edolobheni ngalinye kwakukhona induna noma induna eyayisebenzisa amandla, iyona eyayikwazi ukwaba umhlaba owawuzuzisa umuzi wonke. Babenonkulunkulu babo ababebakhulekela noma ababebakhulekela ngokunikela imihlatshelo ezilwaneni nakubantu. Izakhiwo eziningi ezinjengamathempeli nezigodlo ezinezithombe ezinhle kakhulu ziye zasala emasikweni azo, okubonisa ukuthi zineqembu elihle lezingcweti. Umphakathi wabo wawusekelwe kwezomnotho kwezolimo.
Kubo, kwakukhona izinhlobo ezimbili zezinto zohwebo lwabo: izinto zokuvelela nezokuziphilisa. Okuhlonishwa kakhulu kwakuyizinsimbi eziyigugu, i-jade, igolide, ithusi, izitsha zobumba ezihlotshiswe kahle, ngoba abapristi babeyizindatshana zokwenza amasiko abo, noma iyiphi into engaba nesikhundla ku-elite yamaMaya yayifunwa kakhulu futhi yaziswa. .
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, izakhi ezisele yilezo ezingasetshenziswa nsuku zonke emadolobheni nasezindaweni zasemaphandleni, njengezingubo, ukudla, amathuluzi, izitsha zobumba zansuku zonke njengezitsha, usawoti, neminye imikhiqizo eminingi.
Idolobha ngalinye lakhiqiza imikhiqizo yalo yokulungisa, ikakhulukazi leyo esetshenziswa ezindaweni zasemaphandleni iningi labantu baseMayan.
Ukugawulwa nokushiswa kwamahlathi ukuze kutshalwe kungavumela ingxenye yezwe ukuthi itshalwe izikhathi eziningi ize ingasakhiqizi bese ilala ingalinywa. Izitsha ezisetshenziselwa ukupheka zingenziwa ekhaya noma ezinkundleni zokuxhumana.
Njengoba amadolobha echuma futhi ekhula, ukuhwebelana kwaqala ukwanda, futhi ukuhwebelana kwenza ubulungiswa ezinguqukweni. Amathuluzi, usawoti, noma amatshe kwakungatholakala kuphela ezindaweni ezithile, ukuze kudayiswe futhi kudayiswe abantu abangenazo.
Imiphakathi eyayinogu oluseduze noma umfula yayikwazi ukushintsha izinhlanzi zayo ngokushesha nemiphakathi eseduze.
Izinsimbi eziyigugu namatshe kwakufunwa kakhulu yizigaba eziphezulu zomphakathi wamaMeya. Inhloko kankulunkulu welanga u-Kinich Ahau yatholakala edolobheni lemivubukulo lase-Altun Ha, eliseBelize, lenziwe nge-jade futhi leli tshe lingatholakala emthonjeni otholakale kuphela eGuatemala yanamuhla. izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha ikakhulukazi e-Quiriguá.
I-Obsidian ngokwayo yayingenye yamatshe ayigugu anenani elikhulu kumaMeya, ukusetshenziswa kwayo emihlobiso nasezikhalini zemicikilisho kwakwaziswa kakhulu, leli tshe elivela ezintaba-mlilo liwuhlobo lwengilazi futhi lalitholakala ezindaweni eziningi zezwe. Isiko lamaMayan, kodwa umbala walo wawuhlukahluka kuye ngokuthi isifunda sasikuphi, isibonelo, iPachuca yayiluhlaza, futhi nabo ungasungula imizila yokuhweba eyayisetshenziswa amaMeya asendulo ukusungula ukuhweba kwawo.
Ngisho nanamuhla, leli siko kanye nabantu balo basacwaningwa, futhi kubo kunezindawo ezihlukahlukene zemivubukulo ezindaweni ezahlukene lapho leli siko lasungulwa khona futhi ngobuchwepheshe besimanje, kutholakala izinto ezintsha njalo. E-Chunchucmil, e-Yucatán, kunesiza esinabantu abambalwa esibonakala siyimakethe yenkathi yamaMayan, njengoba kutholwe iminonjana yamakhemikhali eminingi yezinto zokwakha kwenye indawo.
Izinga lomhlabathi liqukethe izinto eziphilayo eziphakamisa ukuthi kunezinhlobo eziningi zohwebo ezenzeke kule ndawo, okuhlanganisa nokudla.
Kusekuningi okusazotholwa mayelana naleli siko nomnotho walo, ikakhulukazi uma ukuhweba kuyalelwe yizikhulu eziphezulu, noma uma sekuvele kukhona ukwelashwa kwangaphambilini ukuze kwenziwe uhwebo, asazi futhi ukuthi yiziphi impatho ezatholwa yizingcweti nokuthi kungani. bamukelwa. Lo mnotho wabhidlika uma umuhle kangaka ufunwa amanye amadolobha, ngoba idolobha ngalinye lalinokuthile okudingwa amanye.
Le ngxenye yamaMayya nokuhweba kwawo kwakuseyimpicabadala enkulu, uphenyo lusenzima ngoba awukho umkhondo waleli siko, uthola okuningi ezimpini ababenazo phakathi kwabo kanye nezinduna zabo ezinkulu, kodwa abazange bahambe. noma yimuphi umkhondo wemizila yokuhweba ababenayo.
Imisebenzi primary umnotho Mayan
Emnothweni wamaMeya, umhlaba wawungowabantu abakhulu, kodwa-ke, basakazwa ngokuvumelana nezidingo zomphakathi, ukuze basebenze futhi, ngokukhiqiza kwabo, umbusi ophakeme kakhulu noma uHalach Uinic wahlonishwa. Njengoba ikakhulukazi abalimi, basebenzisa indlela ye-milpa, okungukuthi, bagawula indawo yehlathi ukuze balinywe, kuze kube yilapho izinsiza zomhlabathi seziphelile, benza into efanayo ezindaweni ezahlukene.
Ngakho, batshala ummbila, i-yucca, isikwashi, ubhontshisi, utamatisi, ukwatapheya nokhokho. Ngaphezu kwalokho, nge-copal, irabha, ukotini, ugwayi namahlamvu esundu, benza imisebenzi yezandla.
Eminye imisebenzi emikhulu yezomnotho ukuzingela izinyamazane, onogwaja, izingwejeje, izimfudu kanye nokudoba ezinye izinhlobo zasolwandle. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi babuye benza umsebenzi wokufuya izinyosi, lapho besebenzisa uju nengcina.
Baphinde basebenzisa ukunotha kwenhlabathi ukuze basebenzise imithombo yamaminerali efana ne-flint, i-jade, i-obsidian, i-hematite, i-iron pyrite, nobumba, ukwenza amathuluzi, izikhali, izinto eziwusizo, ngisho nodayi.
Ukuhweba emnothweni wamaMaya
Ngokuzanelisa, okusekelwa yimisebenzi yokuqala yomnotho wamaMaya, kwazalwa uhwebo oluqinile, phakathi kwamadolobha amakhulu aseMeya kanye namanye amasiko.
Ngaleso sikhathi, lokhu kwakuyimikhiqizo eyinhloko edayiswa phakathi kwamalungu ale mpucuko: i-cocoa, i-obsidian, i-ceramics, izindwangu, amathuluzi, ummbila, inhlanzi, ubucwebe, izinkuni, izikhali, ithusi, igolide, uju, usawoti, ubhontshisi kanye nokwatapheya.
Ngokuvamile, lo msebenzi wezohwebo womnotho wamaMaya wenziwa ngokuhwebelana, nakuba phakathi kwezakhamizi, ubhontshisi wekhofi wawuvame ukusetshenziswa njengohlobo lwemali edolobheni noma ezimakethe zepolom.
Ngokuqondene nohwebo lwangaphandle, amaMeya ayehambisa izinto ezithengiswayo amabanga amade esebenzisa i-mecapal, okungukuthi, umdweshu owawubekwe ngaphambili lapho imithwalo ilenga emhlane wawo.
Ngakho, bawela izindlela ezimhlophe ezibizwa ngokuthi i-sacbe'ob. Baphinde basebenzisa izikebhe ukuze bazulazule uxhaxha lwemithambo yegazi, begqamisa uMfula iLa Pasión njengomunye wemizila emikhulu.
Ukuhweba kwaba okubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi amachweba anjengeTikal eGuatemala, iSanta Rita eBelize, iRoatán Island eHonduras neTulum eMexico, phakathi kwamashumi amabili, akhiwa. Njengoba lesi sakhiwo sezomnotho, injini yesiko lamaMayan, cishe kuqinisekile ukuthi ukuwa kwayo kwaba yisinqumo ngokunyamalala kwayo okungaqondakali.
Kwakunjani Ukudla KwamaMeya?
Ukudla kwama-Mayan ngokuyinhloko kwakhiwe izici ezine: okusanhlamvu, ummbila, u-squash nopelepele. Njengoba amaMeya ngokuyinhloko ayengabazingeli, ukudla kwabo okuyisisekelo kwemifino kwakuhambisana nezinyoni, izinyamazane noma izinkawu ababezingela, kanye nezinhlanzi.
Ukudla kwabo ngokuyinhloko kwakuwukudla okusanhlamvu okusanhlamvu noma noma yiziphi izithasiselo ababenazo ababengahamba nazo. Izinhlamvu, ummbila, nesquash kubizwa ngokuthi "izelamani ezintathu" njengoba zinikeza zonke izakhamzimba ezidingekayo uma zidliwa ndawonye.
Leli siko lalinomkhuba wokuthi bazingela, bazibuthele futhi bazilime ukudla kwabo. Inyama evamile eyayizingelwa yayihlanganisa izinkawu, izinyamazane, oxamu, ama-armadillo, ama-manatee, izimfudu, amagwinya, ama-tapir, umkhonto nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinyoni. Ayedla nezimbaza, njengamalobster, izimfanzi, amagobolondo, ama-mollusk nezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zezinhlanzi.
Bakwazile ukusungula ukudla okuningi okudliwa njalo namuhla. Babeyimpucuko yokuqala yokwenza ama-tortilla ommbila futhi basebenzisa izitshalo zabo zikakotapheya ukwenza uhlobo lwasendulo lwe-guacamole.
Baphinde basungula ama-tamales, okungamashubhu ommbila agcwele inkukhu, ingulube nemifino. Ukwengeza, kuthiwa amaMayans ayengawokuqala awosa ubhontshisi kakhokho ukuze enze ushokoledi, nakuba inguqulo yawo yayingemnandi.
Ukudla kwamaMayan
Ukudla kwamaMayan kwakhula ngezinga elikhulu kanti ezinye zezitshalo ezivamile kwakuwupelepele, ukwatapheya, utamatisi, ugwava, uphayinaphu, upopo, u-squash, ubhatata, nobhontshisi obomvu, omnyama, nophinto.
AmaMayya ayevame ukudla ukudla kwawo kokuqala kosuku, okwakuhlanganisa amaqanda ashayiwe, ubhontshisi omnyama, nokhova. Ukuze bathole amaprotheni, benza ummbila ngezindlela ezahlukene. Lokhu kuhluka kuhlanganisa:
I-atol, iphalishi lommbila ogayiwe abalidla nopelepele, i-Posol, ingxube yamanzi nemvubelo ukumelana nomsebenzi onzima wezwe.
I-Tamale, evamise ukuxutshwa nopelepele we-Mayan, inyama nesipinashi, imifino ecebile ngamaprotheni etholakala eGuatemala. Ukudla okuyisisekelo kwakuwukudla kwenyama nemifino okunezinhlamvu zamathanga, u-squash nopelepele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kudliwe izinyamazane, ama-armadillo, onogwaja, izinhlanzi, amagundane, iminenke nezibungu zomnyovu.
Ucwaningo lwakamuva lubonise ukuthi inyama yayingaziwa ukuthi yenza umnikelo omkhulu ekudleni kwamaMayan ngaphambi kokuba abaseSpain bethule izinkomo, ama-turkeys, izingulube nezinkukhu.
I-Yucca
Umdumbula ulinywa kusukela ngo-600 BC. Eyaziwa nangokuthi i-yucca, ikhiqiza izilimo eziyizigaxa ezinkulu ezinothe ngama-carbohydrate. Lesi sigaxa senziwa lula ukugcinwa kwempucuko enkulu njengamaMeya. Ngaphambi kwesikhathi se-pre-classic, ukudla kwama-Mayan kukholakala ukuthi kugcizelele umdumbula nomdumbula kunombila.
Ummbila
Ummbila wawuyingxenye yezolimo eziyinhloko zamaMayan, uyingxenye eyinhloko yokudla kwabo. Ummbila wawusetshenziswa futhi udliwe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kodwa wawuhlala u-nixtamalized. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ummbila ucwilisiwe futhi uphekwe ngesisombululo se-alkaline.
Ngemva kokuba ummbila usuyi-nixtamalized, ngokuvamile wawugaywa phezu kwe-metate futhi ulungiswe ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ama-Tortilla ayephekwa ekomeni futhi ayesetshenziselwa ukusonga okunye ukudla okunjengenyama noma ubhontshisi. Ama-Tortilla anikeze amathuba amaningi okudala ukudla futhi avumele abantu abavela kuzo zonke izigaba zokuphila ukuthi badle ngokukhululeka.
tortilla
Ama-tortilla amakhulu ayehlanganisa inhlama ecishe ibe ngamasentimitha amathathu noma amane eyayiwugqinsi, enikeza isisekelo esiqinile sesitsha esiphekelwa kuso.
Lokhu kudla okuhlukahlukene kwakuvame ukuphakelwa uhlobo oluthile lwenyama futhi kwakuhlanganisa nokwatapheya nanoma yikuphi ukudla okuseceleni embuthanweni noma isiko.
Tamales
Ama-Tamales ayenziwa ngempuphu, eyayivame ukugcwaliswa, eyayigoqwa futhi ishunqiswe ekhoba lommbila. Kukholakala ukuthi zidalwe ngoba bekulula ukuzithwala.
Njengezinye izitsha eziningi ezithandwayo zesiko lamaMayan, i-tamale yayihlanganisa ukusetshenziswa kwamakhoba ommbila noma amakhasi kabhanana ukuze kubiliswe futhi kuthuthukiswe inqubo yokupheka ukudla.
Ngemva kokupheka, i-tamale yavulwa futhi imbozwe ngesoso encane; ama-tamales angakhonzwa phakathi nemikhosi yamaholidi kaMeyi.
Nakuba lezi zidlo zingadliwa njengoba zinjalo, ezinye izithako zengezwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukahluka okukhulu kwama-flavour. Lezi zinongo zazihlanganisa upelepele, ukhokho, u-anyanisi wasendle, nosawoti.
chocolate
I-cocoa itholakala emazweni ahlala abantu baseMayans, ababa ngabokuqala ukuthatha imbewu yezithelo futhi bayosa ukuze benze ushokoledi oshisayo.
Ngokungafani nempucuko yanamuhla, amaMayya awazange enze imigoqo kashokoledi noma engeze ushukela noma ubisi kukhokho. AmaMayans athatha ushokoledi njenge-elixir yomkhosi futhi njengesithuthukisi ukunambitheka.
Ubhontshisi we-cocoa ngokuyinhloko wawusetshenziselwa ukwenza inguqulo kashokoledi oshisayo lapho begazinga khona imbewu emanzini ukwenza isiphuzo esasisetshenziswa njenge-mood booster.
Lesi siphuzo sasiphuzwa nangezikhathi zemikhosi ngoba ngenxa yalesi siko, i-cocoa yayiyisipho esingcwele esivela konkulunkulu. Ngenxa yokuntuleka kwawo ushukela nobisi, ushokoledi waseMayan obilisiwe wawubaba futhi unegwebu.
Isitshalo sikakhokho, esihunyushwa ngokwezwi nezwi ekudleni konkulunkulu, sasithandwa yizo zonke izigaba zomphakathi zabantu baseMeya.
Ngenxa yemiphumela yaso evuselelayo, evuselelayo kanye ne-aphrodisiac, imibhangqwana yalesi siko yayiphuza lesi siphuzo esishisayo ngesikhathi somshado kanye nemikhosi yomshado.
ukwatapheya kanye guacamole
Ukwatapheya, ngenxa yesimo sawo sokudabuka eningizimu yeMexico naseGuatemala, uye wathandwa amasiko ahlukahlukene ngenxa yokunambitheka kwawo okucebile kanye nokuthungwa okunokhilimu; Kwakuyingcebo yamaMayan etshaliwe. Ukwatapheya wagaywa wahlanganiswa nopelepele noma u-anyanisi, kwenza i-guacamole endala.
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