Ngasekupheleni kuka-1944, ngemva kokukhululwa kweFrance, amabutho ase-Allied alungiselela ukuwela iRhine aqhubekele phambili aye enkabeni yeReich. Nokho, u-Adolf Hitler wayesenekhadi elilodwa lokudlala: umdlalo wokulwa e-Ardennes Forest , umzamo wokugcina wokuguqula isimo sempi.

Naphezu kokumangala kokuqala, ukumelana okunamandla kwamasosha aseMelika kanye nokusabela kukaJenene Patton kwaholela ekuhlulekeni komsebenzi waseJalimane. Ikusasa laseJalimane lavalwa.

4 amabhulashi ku-Adolf Hitler

U-Adolf Hitler wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 20, 1889, eBraunau, e-Austria. Wachitha ubusha bakhe eLinz naseVienna kwathi ngo-1912 wathuthela eMunich, lapho abona khona ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe I ngo-Agasti 1914. Njengesosha elalimele nelihlotshisiwe , uKoporali Hitler wagxila kakhulu kokuhlangenwe nakho kwempi. Ngo-1919, wajoyina i-German Workers' Party. Ngenxa yamakhono akhe okukhuluma, ngokushesha waba umholi oqashelwayo we-New Right, wasungula i-National Socialist Party ngo-1920.

Ngemva kweMunich Putsch eyahluleka ngoNovemba 9, 1923, uHitler waboshwa futhi wachitha iminyaka eminingana ejele. Ngesikhathi eboshiwe, wabhala "Mein Kampf" (Impi Yami) , eyaba umbhalo wezinhlelo zezinqubomgomo ezazilandelwa yiNational Socialist Party kusukela ngo-1925 kuqhubeke. Eminyakeni edlule, ukusekelwa kweqembu kwanda kancane kancane ezweni. Ngomhlaka-30 Januwari 1933, uHitler wamiswa njengoShansela weReich. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, kwaqala ubushiqela bamaNazi beFührer, obathatha iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Izisulu zokuqala zokwanda kukaHitler kwakuyi-Austria neCzechoslovakia, kwathi ngemva nje kwalokho, iPoland, okwathi ukuhlasela kwayo ngoSepthemba 1, 1939, kwaqala ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II. Ukuhlasela kwamaNazi kwasakazeka kulo lonke elaseYurophu eliphakathi nelasenyakatho, kodwa ngo-1942 igagasi lempi laphenduka, kwathi iJalimane yazithola ibanjwe ngaphansi kokulawulwa okuqinile. Ukuphela kukaHitler kwafika eBerlin bunker, lapho ngo-Ephreli 30, 1945, lo mbusi wazibulala khona, kanye nomkakhe u-Eva Braun, ngokuzidubula ekhanda. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaqala ubushiqela bamaNazi be-Führer, obathatha iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Ngomsebenzi " Buka am Rhein "A" I-Herbstnebel ”: Uhlelo lukaHitler lokuhlasela kwe-Ardennes

Ekwindla ka-1944, i- Third Reich yayisizungezwe yizitha. Empumalanga, amaSoviet ayesefikile eMfuleni iVistula ePoland futhi ayelungiselela ukuqala olunye uhlaselo olukhulu. Entshonalanga, ama-Allies ayesefikile osebeni lweRhine, umngcele wemvelo waseJalimane. ENtshonalanga, nakuba kwakunzima futhi ngezindleko zokulahlekelwa okukhulu, amaJalimane akwazi ukumisa ukuqhubekela phambili kwesitha, evimbela izifiso zama-Allied, ngenxa yochungechunge lwezimpi zokuzivikela ezichitha igazi eceleni kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi iWestern Wall noma iSiegfried Line , umugqa oqinile ovikela imingcele yasentshonalanga yaseJalimane.

Umphathi omkhulu wamaNgisi namaMelika, naphezu kokumiswa okuphoqelelwe okubavimbela ukuba baqede impi ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, uqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi amaJalimane aqale ukuhlasela . Bakholelwa ukuthi amaJalimane awanawo amandla noma intando. Umkhuzi wamaJalimane weWestern Front ( OB West ), uField Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt , ubhekwa njengendoda ehlakaniphile negcina imithetho, usomaqhinga wokuzivikela onekhono, kodwa ama-Allies athatha ithonya lakhe ngokweqile.

Ngempela, kwakungu-Adolf Hitler, ngokusebenzisa abaphathi bakhe uWilhelm Keitel no-Alfred Jodl , uMkhuzi Omkhulu kanye noMphathi Wezisebenzi ze- Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, uMkhuzi Omkhulu Wezempi ZaseJalimane), owanquma ukuthi kuzothathwa izinyathelo kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngemva komzamo wokubulala ngoJulayi 20 , 1944, yiqembu lezikhulu zempi, uHitler waqala ukungabethembi "abaqaphi bakudala basePrussia" futhi wazizungeza kuphela ngabasekeli bakhe.

Ukuhlasela kukaHitler kuyeza

UFührer wayekhathazekile, esolisa, ebonakala egula, esezophelelwa yithemba, kodwa wayezimisele kakhulu. Wayenecebo engqondweni, isenzo esikhulu sokuhlasela , futhi akazange alalele noma ubani owayemcebisa ukuba aqaphele. Ngakho-ke, ngoSepthemba 16, 1944, waqoqa uKeitel, uJodl, noGuderian—okuwukuphela kwabantu ayebathemba—eWolfsschanze , indlunkulu yakhe, wachaza izinhloso zakhe.

Umbono kaHitler uwukuphinda igalelo elikhaliphile eFrance entwasahlobo ka-1940. Uhlose ukungena engxenyeni ebuthakathaka yebutho lesitha futhi akunqume kabili ukuthunyelwa kwayo.

Njengoba kwakunjalo eminyakeni emine ngaphambili, indawo ebuthaka yama-Allies yayise- Ardennes futhi . Lesi sifunda esinezintaba, esinamahlathi sihamba phakathi kweBelgium, iJalimane, neLuxembourg. Kuyindawo enzima ukuyiwela, ngaphambili okungaphezu kwamakhilomitha ayi-100, nokho, engenabantu abafanele, ikakhulukazi amabutho aseMelika abhekwa njengaphansi ngokwezibalo nangokwekhwalithi kunamaJalimane.

Besebenzisa isibikezelo sezulu esibi sasekupheleni kwekwindla ka-1944 (esasingavimbela ama-Allies ukuthi athembele ekuphakameni kwawo okukhulu emoyeni) kanye nesici sokumangala , amabutho aseJalimane kwakufanele awele i-Ardennes, afike eMfuleni iMeuse (amakhilomitha ayi-100 entshonalanga), bese ephendukela enyakatho aye e -Antwerp (cishe amakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka ngaphambili) . Ichweba lomuzi waseBelgium lalibaluleke kakhulu emzamweni wempi yama-Allied kangangokuthi, engqondweni kaHitler , ukulithatha kabusha kwakuzobeka engcupheni ukuzinza kweWestern Front yonke, kubangele "iDunkirk yesibili" futhi kushintshe indlela yempi. Noma okungenani, yilokho uHitler ayeqiniseka ngakho ngokuphelele.

"Amatshe omgwaqo" awamvimbi uHitler

Okungaqiniseki nakakhulu ojenene bayo. UGerd von Rundstedt , umkhuzi we -OB West oneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ubudala , owayephethe lo msebenzi, lapho ezwa ngalolu hlelo, wathi:

"Antwerp? Uma singafika eMeuse kuzomele siguqe sibonge uNkulunkulu.

Ngisho noField Marshal Walter Model , umkhuzi we-Army Group B kanye nomqambi wesu lokuzivikela elisebenzayo elasetshenziswa phakathi nalezo zinyanga, ngenkathi evuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kuqale ukuhlasela okuphindiselayo, waphakamisa "isixazululo esincane" kuHitler: ukuhlasela okuncane okuzobamba inani elikhulu lezigaba zaseMelika. Lesi siphakamiso sashaywa indiva.

UHitler, ngosizo lukaJodl kuphela, waqondisa mathupha amalungiselelo "esixazululo sakhe esikhulu ," uhlelo lokusebenza olwaluselulungile ngo-Okthoba. Ekuqaleni, uhlelo lwaluqanjwe ngegama elithi " Christrose ," kodwa cishe ngokushesha lwashintshwa lwaba " Wacht am Rhein " ("Bukela iRhine") , igama elalisikisela ngamabomu noma yini ngaphandle kwezinhloso zangempela zamaJalimane.

Lo msebenzi, ohlelelwe ukuphela kukaNovemba, uhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho amathathu, ngezigaba ezingu-12 zezinyawo kanye nezigaba ezingu-18 ezihlomile . Uncike ezintweni ezimbili ezibalulekile: isici sokumangala kanye nesimo sezulu esibi — zombili ezingalindelekile, ikakhulukazi lesi sakamuva.

Ukuqinisekisa okungenani isimo sokuqala, into eyayimangaza, amalungiselelo enziwa ngasese. UKeitel, eqinisekile ukuthi uzobanjwa yi-Allied intelligence, wasakaza umyalelo wamanga kubo bonke abaholi be-Western Front. Wakhuluma ngokuthi akunakwenzeka ukwenza izenzo zokuhlasela, kanti uHitler waphathisa isikhulu se-SS u-Otto Skorzeny i-Operation Greif (okusho ukuthi "tap " ).

Amaqembu Alungiswe Kahle

Eholwa ngobuhlakani, amaqembu amasosha aseJalimane akhuluma isiNgisi kahle agqoke iyunifomu yaseMelika angena ngemuva kwemigqa yaseMelika ukuze adale umonakalo. Lokhu akwenza ngokusakaza imiyalo engamanga nokwenza izenzo ezahlukahlukene zokucekela phansi. Lo msebenzi uphumelele. Amayunithi amaningi aseMelika ayesaba futhi asephakathi kokudideka okukhulu ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwamaJalimane.

Okwamanje, izigaba eziningi ezihlomile, okuhlanganisa namayunithi amaningi akhishwe e-Eastern Front , ziya ngokuya zingena e-Ardennes, endaweni ephakathi kweWestwall nemifula iRhine neMoselle. Amasosha namathangi aseWehrmacht ahamba ebusuku kuphela, ebumnyameni, kude nemigwaqo, futhi avikelwe yizitshalo eziminyene.

Izikhali nezikhali zibe sezihlinzekwa ngamathani angaba ngu-15.000 14 ezinhlamvu kanye namalitha kaphethiloli ayizigidi ezingu-150. Okwanele ukumboza izidingo zamathangi cishe ku-XNUMX km kusengaphambili, okungenani ephepheni. Kungumzamo omkhulu wokwenza izinto, ongabonakali ngokuphelele, kodwa ocatshangelwa ngokuyimpumelelo njengoba ama-Allies edlula, eqiniseka ukuthi yizindlela zokuzivikela kuphela.

Konke sekumi ngomumo... kodwa kuzomele kulinde...

Konke sekumi ngomumo ekupheleni kukaNovemba, kodwa ukuqala komsebenzi kudinga ukuhlehliswa . Okwamanje, sekuqanjwe kabusha ngokuthi “ iHerbstnebel ” (“Inkungu Yasekwindla”) eyimfihlakalo nakakhulu . Ama-Allies acindezela i-Aachen (enyakatho ye-Ardennes), futhi kuyadingeka ukuwasunduza emuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isimo sezulu sihlala sisihle , siqinisekisa ukuvikeleka kwesitha kusuka phezulu. Ngakho-ke, kuzodingeka ulinde isimo sezulu esibi, esifika maphakathi noDisemba.

Ngobusuku bangoDisemba 15, 1944, amasosha angu-250.000, izinkulungwane zamathangi nezimoto ezinenjini, kanye nezindiza ezingu-350, okuhlanganisa nezindiza zempi ezintsha ze-Me-262, zazilungele ukulwa. Ibutho laseJalimane elalihlomile kahle futhi lalisanda kuhlelwa kabusha laba yiVolksgrenadier Division . Lalakhiwe ngamasosha asemasha kakhulu kanye namasosha anolwazi oluningi abizwe noma adluliselwe kwamanye amayunithi.

Izigaba ezihlomile ekugcineni zihlonyiswe ngamathangi angu-200 eTiger I kanye namathangi angu-45 eTiger II , amathangi amasha asindayo anesisindo esingaba amathani angu-70. Ahlome ngesibhamu esingu-88mm, esibulala kakhulu kunezakwabo zamathangi aseMelika. Ukuziphatha okuhle, naphezu kwesimo esibi eJalimane, kuphakeme . Amasosha asemasha aseWehrmacht aqhutshwa umuzwa ojulile wobuzwe; ngempela, isiphetho saseJalimane sincike empumelelweni yawo.