Ekupheleni kuka-1944, ngemva kokukhululwa kweFrance, amabutho Ahlangene alungiselela ukuwela iRhine futhi adlulele enhliziyweni yeReich. U-Adolf Hitler, nokho, usenekhadi elilodwa okufanele alidlale: i-counteroffensive ehlathini lase-Ardennes, umzamo wokugcina wokuguqula isimo sempi.

Naphezu kokumangala kokuqala, ukumelana okunonya kwamasosha aseMelika kanye nokusabela kukaGeneral Patton kuholela ekuhlulekeni kokusebenza kwamaJalimane. Isiphetho saseJalimane sivaliwe.

4 amabhulashi ku-Adolf Hitler

U-Adolf Hitler wazalwa ngo-April 20, 1889 eBraunau, e-Austria. Wachitha ubusha bakhe eLinz naseVienna kwathi ngo-1912 wathuthela eMunich, lapho ngo-August 1914 amukela ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala. Isilwi esilimele futhi esihlotshisiwe, UCorporal Hitler ufaka ngaphakathi ngokujulile okuhlangenwe nakho kwengxabano. Ngo-1919 wajoyina i-German Workers' Party. Ngenxa yekhono lakhe lokukhuluma ngokushesha waba umholi owaziwayo welungelo elisha, okwaholela ku-National Socialist Party ngo-1920.

Ngemva kokuhluleka kweMunich Putsch ngoNovemba 9, 1923, uHitler waboshwa futhi wachitha iminyaka embalwa ejele. Ngesikhathi eboshiwe wabhala "Mein Kampf" (Impi Yami) okwaba umbhalo wohlelo lwenqubomgomo eyalandelwa, kusukela ngo-1925, yi-National Socialist Party. Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, ukuvumelana phakathi kwezwe kwakhula kancane kancane. Ngo-January 30, 1933, uHitler wamiswa njengeShansela yeReich. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaqala ukubusa kobushiqela bamaNazi kweFührer, okwathatha iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Izisulu zokuqala zokunwetshwa kukaHitler kwaba yi-Austria neCzechoslovakia futhi, ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, iPoland, ukuhlasela kwayo. ngo-September 1, 1939, kwabangela ukugqashuka kweMpi Yezwe II. Ukuhlasela kwamaNazi kusakazekela enyakatho-maphakathi neYurophu, kodwa ngo-1942 igagasi lempi liyashintsha futhi iJalimane iboshelwe ukulawula okuqinile. Ukuphela kukaHitler kwenzeka e-Berlin Bunker, lapho ngo-April 30, 1945 umashiqela wazibulala nomkakhe u-Eva Braun, ezidubula ekhanda. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, kwaqala ukubusa kobushiqela bamaNazi kweFührer, okwathatha iminyaka eyishumi nambili.

Ngomsebenzi " Buka am Rhein "A" I-Herbstnebel ”: Uhlelo lukaHitler lokuhlasela kwe-Ardennes

Ekupheleni kuka-1944, i- I-Reich yesithathu Manje usezungezwe izitha. Empumalanga, amaSoviet afinyelele eVistula ePoland futhi alungiselela ukuqala enye inzondo enkulu. Ukuya eNtshonalanga, Izizwe Ezihlangene manje sezifinyelele osebeni lweRhine, umngcele ongokwemvelo waseJalimane. Ngasohlangothini olusentshonalanga, nakuba ngobunzima nangezindleko zokulahlekelwa okuningi, amaJalimane akwazi ukumisa kusengaphambili isitha, ekhungathekisa izifiso ezihlangene, ngenxa yochungechunge lwezimpi zokuzivikela ezinegazi. kulo lonke ucingo udonga olusentshonalanga noma Siegfried Line, umugqa onezivikelo eziqinile ovikela imingcele yasentshonalanga yeJalimane.

Umyalo omkhulu wama-Anglo-American, naphezu kokumiswa okwesikhashana okubavimbela ukuthi baqedele impi ngaphambi kukaKhisimusi, eqiniseka ngokuphelele ukuthi akunakwenzeka ukuthi amaJalimane athathe isinyathelo esicasulayo. Bacabanga ukuthi amaJalimane awanawo amandla noma inhloso. Umkhuzi waseJalimane weWestern Front ( OB West ), I-Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt, ubhekwa njengendoda ekhaliphile futhi elondolozayo, uchwepheshe wokuzivikela onekhono, kodwa ama-Allies alinganisela ngokweqile isisindo sakhe. kanye nomkhuhlane

Ngempela, kwakungu-Adolf Hitler, ngokusebenzisa abaphathi bakhe U-Wilhelm Keitel no-Alfred Jodl, ngokulandelana iNhloko ePhakeme kanye neNhloko yabaSebenzi be Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (OKW, Umyalo Ophakeme Webutho Lezempi LaseJalimane), ngubani wanquma izinyathelo okufanele zenziwe kuzo zonke izinhlangothi. Ngemuva kwalokho ukuzama ukubulala ngoJulayi 20 ka-1944 yiqembu lezikhulu zamasosha, UHitler wakhula ngokungathembeki "kunogada omdala wasePrussia" futhi wazungeza kuphela abathembekile bakhe..

Ukuhlasela kukaHitler kuyeza

El Fuhrer uyacasuka, uyasola, uyagula ngokusobala, onqenqemeni lwe-paranoia, kodwa uzimisele ngalokho. Unohlelo engqondweni, ukuhlasela okukhulu., futhi akalaleli noma ubani omlulekayo ukuba aqaphe. Ngakho, ngo-September 16, 1944, wahlangana Wolfschanze, indlunkulu yakhe, kuKeitel, uJodl noGuderian, okuwukuphela kwabo ayebathemba, futhi wachaza izinhloso zakhe.

Umbono kaHitler uwukuphinda igalelo elikhaliphile eFrance entwasahlobo ka-1940. Uhlose ukungena engxenyeni ebuthakathaka yebutho lesitha futhi akunqume kabili ukuthunyelwa kwayo.

Njengeminyaka emine ngaphambili, hhayi ize, indawo ebuthakathaka yama-Allies isiphinde yatholakala endaweni E-Ardennes. Kuyisifunda sezintaba esigcwele amahlathi anwebeka phakathi kweBelgium, Germany kanye neLuxembourg. Yindawo enzima ukuwela, engaphambili ngaphezu kwe-100 km, okuyinto nokho ephethwe kabi, ikakhulukazi amasosha aseMelika athathwa njengephansi kakhulu nangokwemfanelo kunawaseJalimane.

Ukusizakala nge isimo sezulu esibi ihlelelwe ukuphela kwekwindla ka-1944 (okwakuzovimbela ama-Allies ukuthi athembele ekuphakameni kwawo komoya obunzima) kanye isimanga, Los Amabutho aseJalimane kwakufanele awele i-Ardennes, finyelela emfuleni meuse (100 km ukuya entshonalanga) bese ugobela enyakatho, ngaphezulu I-Antwerp (cishe amakhilomitha angama-200 ukusuka ngaphambili). Ichweba ledolobha laseBelgian libaluleke kakhulu emzamweni wempi ye-Allied ukuthi liphinde liwunqobe, emqondweni kaHitler, bekuzobeka engcupheni ukuzinza kwayo yonke indawo esentshonalanga, kubangele "i-Dunkirk yesibili" nokuguqula igagasi lempi. Noma okungenani, ngalokho uHitler uqiniseka ngokuphelele.

"Amatshe omgwaqo" awamvimbi uHitler

Okungaqiniseki nakakhulu ojenene babo. Gerd von Rundstedt, umkhuzi oneminyaka engamashumi ayisikhombisa ubudala OB West, okwakuzokwenziwa ngaphansi komyalo wakhe ukusebenza, lapho ezwa ngohlelo, wathi:

"Antwerp? Uma singafika eMeuse kuzomele siguqe sibonge uNkulunkulu.

Ngisho i-quarterback Walter Model, umkhuzi we-Army Group B, umakhi wesu eliphumelelayo lokuzivikela elisetshenziswe kulezo zinyanga, nakuba evuma ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi aqalise ukuhlasela, uhlongoza "isixazululo esincane" kuHitler. Ukuhlasela okuncane, ukucupha inani elikhulu lezigaba zaseMelika, kodwa azinakwa.

UHitler, ngosizo lukaJodl kuphela, uqondisa yena ngokwakhe Amalungiselelo "esixazululo sakho esikhulu", uhlelo lwawo lokusebenza oseluvele lulungile ngo-Okthoba. Ekuqaleni, uhlelo lwathatha igama elithi » KusaKhisimusi ", kodwa cishe ngokushesha yashintshwa yaba » Buka am Rhein » ("Buka e-Rhine"), igama elisikisela ngamabomu noma yini ngaphandle kwezinhloso zangempela zamaJalimane.

Ukuhlinzwa, okuhlelelwe ukuphela kukaNovemba, kuhilela ukusetshenziswa kwamabutho amathathu, ingqikithi yezigaba eziyi-12 zamasosha kanye nezigaba eziyi-18 zezikhali. Isekelwe phezu izici ezimbili ezibalulekile: umphumela oyisimanga kanye nesimo sezulu esibi, okungukuthi, ezimbili ezingahleliwe, ikakhulukazi eyesibili.

Ukuze kuqinisekiswe okungenani isimo sokuqala, umphumela wokumangala, amalungiselelo enziwa ekusithekeni okukhulu. UKeitel, eqinisekile ukuthi uzobanjwa izinhloli zama-Allied, wasakaza umyalo ongamanga kubo bonke abaphathi be-Western Front. Wakhuluma ngokungenakwenzeka kokwenza izenzo ezicasulayo, kuyilapho uHitler ephathisa isikhulu se-SS. otto skorzeny ukuhlinzwa" Greif « (khanyisa. "tap").

Amaqembu Alungiswe Kahle

eqondiswe ngobuhlakani, amaqembu amasosha aseJalimane akhuluma isiNgisi kahle agqoke umfaniswano waseMelika angena ngemuva kolayini baseMelika ukwenza umonakalo. Lokhu bakwenza ngokusakaza imiyalo yamanga nokucekela phansi okuhlukahlukene. Ukuhlinzwa kube yimpumelelo. Amayunithi amaningi ase-US ayatatazela futhi ngesikhathi sokuhlasela kwamaJalimane bayobe besaphakathi kokudideka okukhulu.

Phakathi naleso sikhathi, izigaba eziningi zezikhali, kuhlanganise amayunithi amaningi ahoxisiwe ngaphambili empumalanga, igeleza ngendlela eyandayo enkulu eduze kwase-Ardennes. Endaweni ephakathi kwe udonga olusentshonalanga kanye nemifula iRhine neMoselle. Amasosha namathangi e-Wehrmacht ahamba ebusuku kuphela. Ngaphansi kobumnyama, kude nemigwaqo, kuvikelwe uhlaza oluwugqinsi.

Izikhali nezikhali zibe sezihlinzekwa ngamathani angaba ngu-15.000 14 ezinhlamvu kanye namalitha kaphethiloli ayizigidi ezingu-150. Okwanele ukumboza izidingo zamathangi cishe ku-XNUMX km kusengaphambili, okungenani ephepheni. Kungumzamo omkhulu wokwenza izinto, ongabonakali ngokuphelele, kodwa ocatshangelwa ngokuyimpumelelo njengoba ama-Allies edlula, eqiniseka ukuthi yizindlela zokuzivikela kuphela.

Konke sekumi ngomumo... kodwa kuzomele kulinde...

Konke sekumi ngomumo ekupheleni kukaNovemba, kodwa kuyadingeka kuhlehlisa ukuqala kokusebenza, okwamanje esishintshe igama laso laba yindida nakakhulu " I-Herbstnebel ” (“inkungu yasekwindla”). Eqinisweni, ama-Allies acindezela i-Aachen (enyakatho ye-Ardennes) futhi kuyadingeka ukuwabuyisela emuva. Ngaphandle kwalokho, izimo zezulu zisezinhle, eqinisekisa ikhava yesitha esivela phezulu. Kuzofanele silinde-ke isimo sezulu esibi, esifika maphakathi no-December.

Ngobusuku buka-December 15, 1944, Amasosha angu-250.000, izinkulungwane zamathangi nezimoto, izindiza ezingu-350, kuhlanganise nezintsha Izindiza zokulwa ze-Me-262 zase zilungele ukusebenza. Ibutho laseJalimane elihamba ngezinyawo lihlome kahle futhi lisanda kuhlelwa kabusha endaweni I-Volksgrenadier Division. Yakhiwe ngabancane kakhulu ababuthwayo kanye nomakadebona abanolwazi oluthe xaxa ababizwe noma abasuswe kweminye iminyango.

Izigaba zezikhali ekugcineni zihlonyiswe ngama-200 ingwe I kanye no-45 I-Tiger II, amathangi amasha asindayo enesisindo esingamathani angama-70. Bahlome ngesibhamu esingu-88mm, esibulala kakhulu kunozakwabo bamathangi ase-US. I-Moral, naphezu kwesimo esinzima eJalimane, iphezulu. Amasosha amancane we-Wehrmacht aqhutshwa umuzwa ojulile wokushisekela izwe, empeleni, isiphetho saseJalimane sincike empumelelweni yabo.