Umsebenzi wesikole samabanga aphansi ubulokhu ubonakala eminyakeni eminingi.Kuhlelwe iziteleka zomsebenzi wasekhaya, kwaphasiswa izincwadi zesifunda, kwabhalwa izincwadi nezihloko ezisekelayo neziphikisayo, futhi emakhaya amaningi, ziyingxenye yezingxabano zansuku zonke ngemva kwesikole. Naphezu kwakho konke lokhu, zihlala cishe ziyinto yonke futhi azivamile ukubuzwa ngokuphelele ezikoleni.
Uma ubufakazi besayensi buhlolwa ngokuseduze, isithombe siba nzima kakhulu: Umsebenzi wasekhaya emabangeni okuqala awubonakali uthuthukisa amamaki ngokusobala.Kodwa-ke, zingakhuthaza imikhuba namakhono athile uma ziklanywe kahle futhi zingasetshenziswa ngokweqile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umthwalo womsebenzi omningi ungandisa ukucindezeleka, ukunganeliseki esikoleni, kanye nokungalingani phakathi kwabafundi. Kulesi sihloko, sibuyekeza ngokuningiliziwe lokho okwaziwayo mayelana nokusebenza kwazo, izingozi ezihambisana nazo, kanye nalokho othisha nemindeni abangakwenza ukuze baziphathe kangcono.
Iyini ngempela imisebenzi yasekhaya futhi kufanele kusetshenziswe isikhathi esingakanani kuyo?
Uma sikhuluma ngomsebenzi wesikole, sibhekisela emisebenzini othisha abayinikezayo ukuba iqedwe ngaphandle kwamahora esikole.Lokhu kuvame ukwenziwa ekhaya, kulandela incazelo yakudala eyaphakanyiswa ngumcwaningi waseMelika uHarris Cooper ngasekupheleni kwawo-80, esasetshenziswa kabanzi ezincwadini zezemfundo. Akukhona nje kuphela ngama-worksheet noma izivivinyo ezibhaliwe: kungafaka phakathi ukufundwa, amaphrojekthi amancane, imisebenzi yokuhlela, noma ukubuyekezwa.
Kusukela ngo-2015, uhlu lwemibuzo lwabafundi ku-PISA (ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe oludumile yi-OECD) Hlanganisa isikhathi somsebenzi wesikole, isifundo somuntu siqu, kanye namakilasi engeziwe abe umbuzo owodwaLokhu kwenza izibalo zibonakale ziphakeme kunasezinhlelweni zangaphambilini, lapho umsebenzi ngamunye ubuzwe khona ngokwehlukana, futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuqhathanisa idatha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Umkhawulo omkhulu wezifundo eziningi ukuthi Banikeza idatha encane kakhulu eqondile ngabafundi abanezidingo ezikhethekile zokusekelwa kwezemfundo (i-ACNEAE)ESpain, ngonyaka wezifundo ka-2023-2024, leli qembu lalimele cishe u-14% wabafundi bonke, izingane ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-1,1, okuhlanganisa, isibonelo, abafundi abane-ASD, ukukhubazeka kwengqondo, izinkinga zolimi noma zokuxhumana.
Uma sibheka ukuthi izingane zesikole samabanga aphansi eSpain zichitha isikhathi esingakanani zenza umsebenzi wesikole, Izilinganiso ziyahlukahluka kuye ngezifundo kanye nemiphakathi.Umbiko ovela ku-Principality of Asturias, usebenzisa idatha evela kubafundi bebanga lesi-4 (2010-2014), ubeke isilinganiso sesikhathi esichithwa ekufundiseni ekhaya cishe ihora elilodwa ngosuku. Lo mbhalo ngokwawo ukhombe ukuthi lokhu kwephula umthetho kaCooper owaziwa kakhulu othi "imizuzu eyi-10 ngebanga ngalinye" (imizuzu eyi-10 ebangeni lokuqala, engama-20 kwelesi-2, engama-30 kwelesi-3, njll.) futhi kuphambuka eziqondisweni zezinye iziphathimandla eziningana.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, inhlolovo eyenziwe yiNavarre School Council (2009) yabafundi besikole samabanga aphansi bebanga lesi-3 nelesi-5 ibonise umthwalo ophansi kancane: Cishe isigamu sathi bathathe imizuzu engaphansi kwengu-30 ukuqeda imisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke. Futhi elinye iqembu elibalulekile libonise phakathi kwesigamu sehora nehora ngosuku. Ngaphandle kwezibalo eziqondile, kubonakala kusobala ukuthi iningi labafundi besikole samabanga aphansi benza umsebenzi wesikole cishe nsuku zonke nokuthi isikhathi esichithwayo asibalulekile.
Imibiko yamaqembu ocwaningo afana ne-GIPED (University of A Coruña) kanye neqembu le-ADIR (University of Oviedo) ikhombisa, isibonelo, ukuthi Cishe abafundi besikole samabanga aphansi abangama-94% bathi benza "konke noma cishe konke" umsebenzi wabo wesikole ukuthi banikezwa, uma kuqhathaniswa cishe no-80% esikoleni samabanga aphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, okujwayelekile esikoleni samabanga aphansi ukuhambisana nalokho okwabelwe.
Emhlabeni jikelele, idatha ye-PISA yabafundi abaneminyaka eyi-15 ubudala ikhombisa ukuthi ISpain ivame ukuba ngaphezu kancane kwesilinganiso se-OECD ngokwesikhathi somsebenzi wesikole.Ngo-2003, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi abantu baseSpain basebenza cishe amahora angu-7,4 ngesonto, uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso se-OECD samahora angu-5,9; ngo-2012, lezi zibalo zase zehle zaya emahoreni angu-6,5 kanye nangu-4,9 ngokulandelana. Lokhu kungafani kakhulu namazwe afana ne-Italy ne-Russia, adlula kakhulu amahora angu-8 ngesonto, noma ne-Finland ne-South Korea, lapho isilinganiso singaphansi kwamahora amathathu.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi somsebenzi wesikole kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezemfundo
Umbuzo omkhulu uwukuthi ngabe ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi emsebenzini wesikole kusho ukufunda okwengeziwe noma ukuthola amamaki angcono.Futhi lapha singena endaweni engacacile kangako kunalokho okuvame ukukholelwa. Izifundo ezahlukene zifinyelele eziphethweni ezihlukile, futhi ngezinye izikhathi eziphikisanayo, kuye ngobudala, uhlobo lomsebenzi, kanye nomongo.
UHarris Cooper ngokwakhe, ekubuyekezweni okuphelele kwezifundo ezanyatheliswa ngo-2006, Wathola izinzuzo ezicacile zemfundo esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, kodwa ezincane kakhulu noma cishe ezingekho esikoleni samabanga aphansi.Umyalezo wakhe wawuyisihluthulelo: umsebenzi wesikole wamabanga aphezulu ungasiza ekuhlanganiseni okuqukethwe, kodwa eminyakeni yokuqala akukho ukuthuthuka okukhulu emabangeni noma ekufundeni okulinganiselwe ngaphandle kwemiphumela emincane ekuhleleni noma emikhubeni.
Abanye ababhali, njengoJohn Hattie, owasungula amakhulu e-meta-analyses ngo-2008, Bathi umsebenzi wesikole unomthelela ophakathi uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amasu okufundisa.Idatha yabo iphakamisa ukuthi basebenza kangcono uma besebenza ukuqinisa lokho osekubonwe ekilasini, hhayi ukwethula izifundo ezintsha, nalapho imisebenzi inekhwalithi ecacile nenhloso, begwema ukuphindaphinda okungenamsebenzi.
Abacwaningi baseSpain abanjengoRubén Fernández Alonso noJosé Muñiz baphikelele ekuhlukaniseni amazinga amabili ahlukene: isikhathi umfundi ngamunye asichitha emsebenzini wesikole kanye nenqubomgomo yomsebenzi wesikole iyonke noma ekilasiniEzingeni lomuntu ngamunye, isikhathi esichithwayo, ngokusho kokuhlaziywa okuhlukahlukene, asinakho ubudlelwano obuphelele namamaki alowo mfundi, uma sekucatshangelwa ezinye izici (isisusa, umongo womndeni, njll.).
Kodwa-ke, lapho kuhlaziywa izinto eziguquguqukayo zesikhungo—imvamisa lapho imisebenzi ithunyelwa khona noma isilinganiso somsebenzi— Yebo, ubudlelwano obuhle obuthile buyabonakala ngokusebenza okujwayelekile kwabafundi., ikakhulukazi ngokujwayelekile (ukuthi kunemisebenzi evame ukwenzeka futhi emifushane ngokufanele) kunokuba kube nobude besikhathi seseshini ngayinye.
Ukuhlaziywa kwedatha ye-PISA 2003 evela emazweni angu-40, okwenziwe yithimba laseJalimane, kwathola ubudlelwano obuhle phakathi isikhathi somsebenzi wesikole esimaphakathi kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezibaloKodwa-ke, lobu budlelwano bunciphe kakhulu lapho kulawulwa isimo sezomnotho kanye nohlobo lwesikole. Ngamanye amazwi, ingxenye yomphumela ibonakala ibangelwa iqiniso lokuthi abafundi abanezinsizakusebenza eziningi kanye nezikole ezihlonyiswe kangcono nabo bavame ukwenza umsebenzi wesikole owengeziwe.
ESpain, uphenyo olusikisela kakhulu luhlaziye amawele amabili e-Andalusia (azalwa ngo-1998) futhi lwahlola ukuthi imiphumela yawo olimini kanye nezibalo yahlukahluka kangakanani kuye ngomehluko wesikhathi esichithwa emisebenzini. Isiphetho kwaba ukuthi lo mehluko ngesikhathi phakathi kwamawele awuzange uhumushele ekushintsheni okukhulu ekusebenzeni.Umyalezo oyisisekelo: ukuthi omunye walaba ababili uchitha isikhathi esiningi kakhulu akusho ukuthi bafunda okuningi ngokulingana.
Ezinye izifundo, ezifana noSusana Rodríguez Martínez kanye nozakwabo nabafundi beminyaka yokugcina yesikole samabanga aphansi, zikhomba ohlangothini olufanayo: Okubikezela kahle ukusebenza akukhona ukuthi mangaki imizuzu echithwa nencwadi yokubhalela phambi kwabo, kodwa ukuthi ingakanani imisebenzi eyabelwe othisha eqediwe ngempela nokuthi leso sikhathi sihlelwe kanjani.Ukuthuthukisa isikhathi somsebenzi, ukugwema iziphazamiso, nokugxila ezintweni ezibalulekile kubonakala kunesisindo esikhulu kunokwandisa isikhathi sokufunda ntambama.
Ngamafuphi, imiphumela emihle kakhulu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa inani elilinganiselwe lemisebenzi yansuku zonke, eklanywe kahle, ejwayelekile futhi enenhloso ecacile yokufundisaNakuba kungaphezu komkhawulo othile, inzuzo iyama noma ibe yimbi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesikhathi esitshaliwe kanye nenzuzo bugobile: kukhona iphuzu lokusebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ngale kwalelo phuzu, ijika liqala ukwehla.
Umsebenzi wasekhaya esikoleni samabanga aphansi, samabanga aphansi kanye nesamabanga aphezulu: lokho okushiwo ubufakazi
Ukubaluleka komsebenzi wesikole kuyahlukahluka kakhulu kuye ngesigaba semfundo.Akunawo umthelela ofanayo enganeni eneminyaka emihlanu ubudala njengasebusheni obuneminyaka engu-15, kokubili ngenxa yokukhula kwengqondo kanye nezidingo ezingokomzwelo nezenhlalo.
Emjikelezweni wobuntwana bokuqala (iminyaka engu-0-6), Izibuyekezo eziningi ziyavuma ukuthi ukwabela umsebenzi wesikole osemthethweni akusizi ngalutho.Okubaluleke kakhulu ukuvusa uthando lokufunda, ukuhlola, ukudlala, nokuxhumana nesikole njengendawo ephephile nekhuthazayo. Ukuthwala izingane ezincane ngamaphepha okusebenzela kanye nokuzivocavoca okuphindaphindiwe kungafeza okuphambene nalokho: ukwenqatshwa kusenesikhathi kwakho konke okuhlobene nesikole.
Esikoleni samabanga aphansi, izinto ziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu: ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi Izinzuzo eziqondile zemfundo zilinganiselwe kakhulu, ikakhulukazi eminyakeni yokuqala.Kodwa-ke, imiphumela emihle emincane iyabonakala ekuphathweni kwesikhathi, emsebenzini ozimele, kanye nokubandakanyeka komndeni esikoleni. Lokho kusho ukuthi, lapho umthwalo womsebenzi uba ngokweqile, ukukhathala nokugcwala kuyavela ngokusobala, futhi ingozi iyanda yokuthi izingane ezineminyaka engu-6, 7, noma 9 ubudala ziyobe sezikhathele kakhulu ukuba zisebenze ngengqondo ntambama.
Ezinye izifundo zaseBrithani zibona intuthuko esikoleni samabanga aphansi ngomsebenzi wesikole wesikole. Bakhuluma ngezikhathi ezithobekile kakhulu kunalokho okuvame ukwenzeka eSpainCishe imizuzu engama-30-60… ngesonto, hhayi ngosuku. Lokhu kuhambisana kahle nomthetho odumile wemizuzu eyi-10 ngonyaka: imizuzu eyi-10 nsuku zonke ngonyaka woku-1, engama-20 ngonyaka wesibili, njalonjalo kuze kufike emahoreni ama-2 ngonyaka wesibili we-Baccalaureate, njengohlobo lwesilinganiso esiphezulu esinconywayo.
Nokho, esikoleni samabanga aphezulu, ubufakazi bucacile obusekela umsebenzi wesikole: Ukuthuthuka kubonakala ekukhumbuleni okuqukethwe, imiphumela yezemfundo, kanye nemikhuba yokufunda.Kodwa-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta kuxwayisa ngokuthi, ngaphezu kwamahora amabili ngosuku, izinzuzo ziyama noma ziyancipha, kuyilapho ukucindezeleka, ukuntuleka kokulala, kanye nokulahlekelwa isikhathi seminye imisebenzi ebaluleke ngokulinganayo kuyanda.
Ochwepheshe abaningana be-neuropsychology kanye nemfundo, njengo-Álvaro Bilbao, bagcizelela lokho Kuyayenga ukwamukela izikhundla eziqine kakhulu (“umsebenzi wesikole njalo” noma “umsebenzi wesikole awusoze”), Kodwa idatha ikhomba kakhulu endaweni ephakathi nendawo: imisebenzi embalwa, ecatshangelwe kahle, eqhubekayo ngokweminyaka futhi engaphazamisi isikhathi sokudlala, ezemidlalo, ukuphumula noma ukuxhumana nabantu.
Yini umsebenzi wesikole ongasetshenziswa ngale kwamamaki?
Uma kuba sobala ukuthi umthelela wayo oqondile emabangeni esikoleni samabanga aphansi ulinganiselwe, ukuvikela umsebenzi wesikole kushintshela ezinzuzweni ezingezona ezezemfundo.Babizwa ngokuthi banekhono lokudala imikhuba yokufunda, bakhuthaze umthwalo wemfanelo, ukuzithiba, ukuzimela, noma bathuthukise ukuxhumana komndeni nesikole.
U-Alfie Kohn, omunye wabagxeki abaziwayo bomsebenzi wesikole wendabuko, uhlaziye ngokuningiliziwe lezi zinzuzo ezicatshangelwayo. Ukubhala kwakhe kushukumisa ingqondo: Uma sidinga umsebenzi wesikole ukuze sithuthukise imikhuba eyisisekelo yokuhlela noma yokungaguquguquki ngemva kwamahora ayisithupha noma ayisikhombisa esikoleni ngosuku, mhlawumbe inkinga isekutheni isikhathi sesikole sisetshenziswa kanjani.Futhi uma umsebenzi wesikole uyithuluzi eliyinhloko lokukhuthaza izindinganiso noma ukuxhumana nemindeni, kungenzeka ukuthi sibeka imithwalo yemfanelo ezinganeni ezingayifezi uhlelo.
Ngokuphathelene nokuzimela, uKohn uveza ukuthi Akukho mandla okwenza izinqumo angempela uma imisebenzi iphoqelelwa phezulu, okunemiphumela emibi uma ingenziwa.Lokho kufundisa ukulalela okwengeziwe kunomthwalo wemfanelo wangempela, okuqondakala njengokuthatha izintambo kokuthile okubalulekile nokuthatha izinqumo zakho kanye nemiphumela yazo ngamabomu.
Akucaci futhi ukuthi umsebenzi wesikole, njengoba uvame ukunikezwa, uyafundisa yini ukuphatha isikhathi. Ngokuvamile, ngabantu abadala abanqumayo ukuthi uqedwa nini, isikhathi esingakanani, futhi ngaphansi kwaziphi izimo. Uma ingane isivele inezinkinga zokuhlela, umsebenzi wesikole omningi uvame ukudala ukukhathazeka okukhulu kanye nemizwa yokungafaneleki kunokufunda.kufana nokuphonsa umuntu ongakwazi ukubhukuda phansi kwechibi "ukuze afunde."
Ephepheni, bangakha umzila wokuxhumana phakathi kwesikole nomndeni, kodwa, futhi, uKohn uphakamisa umbuzo ongakhululekile: Ingabe kunengqondo ukuthi isiteshi esikhulu sokuxhumana sihilele imisebenzi edla isikhathi sobuntwana futhi okungekho bufakazi obucacile bokuthi inzuzo yezemfundo iyatholakala? Unezela ngokuthi kunezindlela eziningi zokubambisana komndeni nesikole ezingadingi ukuguqula intambama ibe yisandiso sekilasi.
Enye indawo evamile yokungaboni yingxenye engokomzwelo neshukumisayo. Ngisho noma besingakwamukela ukuthi ukuvivinya umzimba okuningi kuthuthukisa amamaki, Akuvamile ukucatshangelwa ukuthi abafundi bazizwa kanjani lapho bekwenzaAbaningi bachaza lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho njengokuyisicefe, okuyisicefe, futhi okungahlobene nokuphila kwabo. Lokhu kuntuleka kwencazelo kanye nesisusa kuvimbela ukufunda okujulile futhi kunganciphisa ukuzibophezela ekufundeni isikhathi eside.
Ikhwalithi yemisebenzi: indlela ye-MITCA kanye nezinye iziphakamiso
Ucwaningo oluningi lwamuva lugcizelela ukuthi ingqikithi yalolu daba ayikhona ukuthi zingaki izabelo ezinikezwayo, kodwa ukuthi zinjani.ESpain, iqembu le-GIPED lithuthukise i-Homework Implementation Method (MITCA), ukuze liqondise izikole kulokhu.
Lesi siphakamiso sibeka uchungechunge lwezindlela zokuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi iwusizo futhi iyasimeme. Isibonelo, sigcizelela ukuthi imisebenzi iyahlukahluka ngohlobo kanye nenhloso: ukubukeza izivivinyo, isingeniso esihlokweni esisha (ngaphambi komsebenzi), ukuhlela (ukuhlela, izinhlaka), noma ukucacisa (amaphrojekthi, imikhiqizo yakho), hhayi nje uhlu olungapheli lwezinkinga noma imishwana okufanele uyikopishe.
Kugcizelelwa futhi ukuthi isikhungo kumele sibe inqubo ecacile neyabiwe mayelana nobuningi kanye nokuvama komsebenzi wesikoleUcwaningo olwenziwe yi-University of Zaragoza lubonise ukuthi othisha abangaphezu kwengxenye ababuzwa imibuzo bavumile ukuthi abachithi isikhathi esiningi beklama imisebenzi ababeyithumela ekhaya. Lokhu kuntuleka kokuzindla kuvame ukuholela emsebenzini ophindaphindwayo, ongakhuthazi, futhi ovame ukungaxhumani nezifundo.
Esinye isici esibalulekile se-MITCA ukufundisa abafundi ngokucacile ukuthi phatha isikhathi sakho futhi uzilawule ngenkathi wenza imisebenziEsivivinyweni sabafundi ababalelwa ku-500 emabangeni 5 no-6, kwabonakala intuthuko ekuphatheni isikhathi kanye nasekuzibophezeleni ngokomzwelo nangokokuziphatha emsebenzini wesikole lapho kusetshenziswa le ndlela ehlelekile.
Uma kwenzeka abafundi abanezidingo ezithile zokusekelwa kwezemfundo, izifundo ezahlukahlukene ezenziwa yiqembu elifanayo zincoma imisebenzi yokuklama efanela ijubane layo futhi ihlose ukugcina ugqozi kanye nomuzwa wokufanelekaIzingxoxo nabafundi bebanga lesi-5 abanezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo zembula ukuthi bavame ukungaqondi injongo yomsebenzi wesikole abawunikiwe, yize beqaphela umzamo othile wothisha wokulungisa inani.
Indima yemindeni: indlela yokusiza ngaphandle kokuvikela ngokweqile noma ukuphazamisa
Indima yemindeni ingenye iphuzu elibucayi esilinganisweni somsebenzi wasekhaya.Isilingo sokuhlala eduze kwengane, "siyisindise" kuzo zonke izinkinga noma, ngokuqondile, senze ingxenye yomsebenzi wayo sivamile kakhulu... futhi asizuzisi nhlobo.
Izifundo ezinkulu zamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nokubandakanyeka komndeni emisebenzini yasekhaya, enabahlanganyeli abacishe babe ngu-380.000, ziphetha ngokuthi Ukusekelwa kwabazali kuba kuhle kuphela uma kukhuthaza ukuzimela kwabafundi.Okusho ukuthi, uma kugxilwe ekusekeleni inhlangano, ugqozi, kanye nokuphathwa ngokomzwelo, hhayi ekulawuleni noma ekuxazululeni okuqukethwe kuye.
Isikole samabanga aphansi yilapho lokhu kubandakanyeka kubaluleke kakhulu khona, kodwa idatha ikhombisa ukuthi Lapho abantu abadala behileleka kakhulu “ekwenzeni umsebenzi wesikole,” imiphumela iba mibi kakhulu.Ingxenye yalo mphumela ichazwa iqiniso lokuthi imindeni ivame ukungenelela kakhulu uma kunezinkinga zangaphambilini, kodwa uhlobo lokusekelwa nalo ludlala indima: ukuchaza ngezindlela ezihlukile kwezothisha, ukulungisa yonke impendulo noma ukuhlala eceleni komntwana njalo kunciphisa ukuzethemba kwengane emandleni ayo futhi kungadala ukuthembela.
Izinhlelo zokusekela ezizuzisa kakhulu zivame ukuba nendima "yokuqeqesha": Siza ukuhlela isikhala nesikhathi sokufunda, unciphise umsindo neziphazamiso, ukhumbuze abafundi ukuthi yini okudingeka yenziwe, futhi ubakhuthaze ukuthi bazame esikhundleni sokunikeza ikhambi.Imisho efana nokuthi "ucabanga ukuthi ungenzani lapha?" noma "bhala phansi lo mbuzo ozowubuza uthisha kusasa" ikhuthaza ukuzithiba kanye nokusetshenziswa kwekilasi njengendawo yokuxazulula izinkinga.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuhlakulela isimo sengqondo esihle esizungezile imisebenzi. Izifundo zesikhathi eside zibonisa ukuthi Izingxabano zomndeni eziningi ezihlobene nomsebenzi wesikole zihlotshaniswa nokukhathala okukhulu, ukuzibona kabi ngokwezemfundo, kanye nemiphumela emibi.Emindenini enezingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo, lokhu kuyandiswa: bachaza imisebenzi njengeminingi kakhulu futhi inzima, babona izinzuzo ezimbalwa, futhi bazizwa njengesithiyo ebudlelwaneni bomzali nengane.
Ezinye izinhlolovo eSpain zibonisa ukuthi Iphesenti eliphezulu kakhulu labafundi besikole samabanga aphansi bathola usizo oluqondile ngomsebenzi wabo wesikole.Futhi imindeni inikela amahora amaningana ngosuku ekuyiqondiseni noma ekuhambisaneni nayo. Lokhu, kanye nokulinganisela okungcono phakathi komsebenzi nokuphila, kuholele ekutheni isikhathi esiningi esichithwa ndawonye sibe "njengesikole": ingxoxo igxile kakhulu emabangeni, umsebenzi wesikole, kanye nezivivinyo, okushiya isikhala esincane sokudlala, ingxoxo, kanye nemfundo eyigugu.
Ukungalingani kwezenhlalo, ingcindezi, kanye nemiphumela yemizwa
Enye yezimpikiswano ezinamandla kakhulu ngokumelene nomsebenzi wesikole onzima esikoleni samabanga aphansi umthelela wawo ekwakhiweni kokulingana.Imibiko eminingana ye-OECD ikhombisile ukuthi umsebenzi wesikole ungaqinisa umehluko wokusebenza phakathi kwabafundi ngokusekelwe ezizindeni zabo zenhlalo.
Imindeni enezinsizakusebenza ezinkulu kwezomnotho namasiko ivame ukuba sesimweni esingcono sokuhlinzeka indawo yokufunda efanele, izinto zokwakha, ukwesekwa kanye, uma kudingeka, izifundo zangaseseNgokuphambene nalokho, labo abanemfundo encane, amashejuli omsebenzi ayinkimbinkimbi, noma amakhaya anendawo encane nokuthula okuncane bakuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuhambisana nomsebenzi wesikole wansuku zonke.
Ucwaningo lwezenhlalo kanye nezemfundo lukhombisile ukuthi, ezimweni eziningi, Umsebenzi wasekhaya udlulisela ingxenye yomthwalo wemfanelo wokufundisa ekhaya.Uma lokhu "ukunikeza abanye abantu imisebenzi yangaphandle" kufinyelela emindenini enamazinga ahlukene kakhulu emali yamasiko, igebe liyakhula. Yingakho abanye ochwepheshe bencoma ukubeka phambili isikhathi sokufunda nokuqinisa ngaphakathi kwesikole uqobo, ngokusekelwa kochwepheshe, njengendlela yokulinganisa kakhudlwana.
Ezingeni lemizwa, idatha ayiqinisekisi kakhulu. Umbiko we-WHO ugcizelela lokho Iphesenti eliphezulu lezingane zaseSpain kanye nentsha libika ukuthi lizizwa licindezelwe umsebenzi wesikole.Futhi lowo muzwa ukhula njengoba iminyaka ikhula, okubeka iSpain phakathi kwamazwe lapho lokho kucindezelwa khona kakhulu.
La mazinga okucindezeleka awayona ingozi: izifundo eziningana ziwaxhumanisa ne- ukungakhululeki emndenini, izingxabano, ukukhathala, ukwenqatshwa kwesikole, kanye nokunciphisa injabulo yokufundaUcwaningo oluthile ngesikhathi sokuvalelwa kwe-COVID-19 luphinde luveze ukuthi emakhaya anezingane ezinezidingo ezikhethekile zemfundo, ukungalingani phakathi komsebenzi wesikole namakhono azo kwadala ukwanda kokucindezeleka, imizwa yokungafaneleki, kanye nokuwohloka kobudlelwano bezemfundo nesikole.
Ezinye izifundo zakamuva ziye zadlulela phambili, zibuza ukubaluleka kokunikela amahora amaningi angaphandle kwesikole hhayi nje kuphela emsebenzini wesikole, kodwa futhi nasekufundiseni kanye nemisebenzi "yokucebisa". Imiphumela iphakamisa ukuthi, ngale kwephuzu elithile, lokhu kushuba akuthuthukisi amakhono okuqonda futhi kunciphisa amahora okulala, ukudlala, kanye nokuxhumana nabantu.izinto ezibalulekile zokuthuthukiswa okunempilo.
Imithethonqubo, izinqubomgomo zesikole kanye nendima yemisebenzi yangaphandle kwesikole
ESpain akukho mithetho eqinile kahulumeni mayelana nemisebenziUmthwalo wemfanelo usemahlombe ezikole, ezingakha izindlela zazo zokukhetha noma izinhlelo zemisebenzi. Abanye ohulumeni bezifunda bakhiphe imithetho noma iziqondiso, kodwa akukho uhlaka olufanayo.
Isibonelo esiphawulekayo uMthetho 26/2018 woHulumeni Wesifunda saseValencia, ogcizelela ilungelo lezingane lokuzilibazisa, ezemidlalo, kanye nempilo yomndeni. Umbhalo uthi Imisebenzi eminingi yokufunda kufanele yenzeke ngesikhathi sesikole.nokuthi umsebenzi wesikole akufanele uphule lawo malungelo. Ku-Asturias, isekhula itusa ukuklama imisebenzi abafundi abangayiqeda ngokuzimela futhi efinyelelekayo kungakhathaliseki izimo zabo zomuntu siqu nezenhlalo, ixwayisa ngokucacile ukuthi umthwalo womsebenzi owedlulele wandisa ukungalingani.
Amanye amazwe azame izindlela ezinamandla kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, iFrance ibilokhu inazo ezinye amashumi eminyaka. ukuvinjelwa okusemthethweni komsebenzi wesikole obhaliwe esikoleni samabanga aphansiKodwa-ke, empeleni lokhu akwenzeki njalo, futhi ukufunda noma eminye imisebenzi yomlomo ngezinye izikhathi kuyavunyelwa. Okwamanje, ezinhlelweni eziphumelelayo njengeFinland, umsebenzi wesikole mncane, futhi umsebenzi omningi wenziwa ngaphakathi kwesikole.
Abanye ochwepheshe baveza ukuthi, ngisho nangaphambi kokuxoxa ngemisebenzi, Kungaba ukuhlakanipha ukubukeza ikhalenda yemisebenzi yangaphandle.Ezimweni eziningi, izingane zifika ntambama zixubile izilimi, ezemidlalo, umculo, nokunye, ngakho-ke noma yimuphi umsebenzi, noma ngabe unengqondo kangakanani, ubathola bekhathele. Kusukela kulo mbono, inkinga akuyona nje "umsebenzi wesikole we-yebo noma cha," kodwa yonke isethi yezidingo ezigcwalisa usuku lwengane.
Kunoma ikuphi, izikhungo zemfundo zinendawo yokuqhuba. ukuthuthukisa izinqubomgomo ezihambisanayo, okuvunyelwene ngazo nabafundisi kanye nemindeniLezi ziqondiso kufanele zicacise injongo yomsebenzi wesikole, inani lawo elilinganiselwayo ngesifundo ngasinye, ukuvama kwawo, kanye nezici zawo. Ukuxhumana phakathi kothisha bezifundo ezahlukene kuyisihluthulelo sokuvimbela imisebenzi eminingi emide ukuthi ingenzeki ngengozi ngosuku olufanayo.
Ukucabanga kabusha ngomsebenzi wesikole: ezinye izindlela kanye nemikhuba emihle kakhulu
Ukubuza imibuzo ngomsebenzi wesikole wendabuko akusho ukuthi kufanele uyeke ukuqinisa ukufunda ngaphandle kwekilasikodwa kunalokho ukuthola izindlela ezihlakaniphile nezinobuntu zokukwenza. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, izindlela eziningana zokufundisa ezihlukile ziye zathola ukuthandwa, okuthi uma zisetshenziswa kahle, zinganciphisa isidingo semithwalo yemisebenzi yasekhaya esindayo.
Enye yazo yi- ukufunda okusekelwe kuphrojekthiEsikhundleni sokuzivocavoca okuzimele, abafundi basebenza amasonto amaningi emisebenzini ehlanganisa okuqukethwe okuvela ezindaweni ezahlukene: ukuphenya inkinga emvelweni, ukulungiselela umbukiso, ukuklama isivivinyo esilula... Umsebenzi omningi wenziwa ekilasini, kodwa imisebenzi emincane ekhaya ehlobene nephrojekthi nayo ingaphakanyiswa: ukuxoxisana nelungu lomndeni, ukufuna ulwazi, ukubuka okuthile endaweni.
Enye indlela yilokho esingakubiza ngokuthi imisebenzi egxile ezithakazelweniKuqukethe ukunikeza izinga elithile lokukhetha: imidlalo zokufundisa izingane Ukuze kuqiniswe umgomo ofanayo, kusetshenziswa izihloko zokufunda noma zocwaningo ezahlukahlukene ezihlobene nekharikhulamu kodwa ezixhumene nezinto ezithakazelisa ingane ngayinye. Lokhu kuthuthukiswa komuntu siqu kukhuthaza isisusa sangaphakathi kanye nokufunda okuziqondisayo.
Ungakhetha futhi ukwabela isikhathi somsebenzi ozimele ngaphakathi kwamahora esikole"njengegumbi lokufunda" eligadiwe. Ngale ndlela, abafundi bayazijwayeza, babukeze noma bathuthukise imisebenzi ngokusekelwa okusheshayo nguthisha, banciphise umthwalo womsebenzi wesikole wasekhaya, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, bafunde ukuzihlela esimweni esihlelekile.
El Ukufunda ngokubambisana Leli elinye isu elithakazelisayo: esikhundleni sokunikeza izivivinyo eziningi ngazinye, kugxilwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga emaqenjini amancane ekilasini, lapho kuxoxwa khona ngezindlela, imiqondo ichazelwa ontanga, futhi kwakhiwa khona izincazelo ezifanayo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuqonda futhi kunciphisa isidingo sokuphindaphinda okulandelayo ekhaya.
Ekugcineni, amafomula amaningi ayahlolwa ukuthuthukiswa kokufundaLokhu kusho ukufaka izakhi zomdlalo (izinselele, amazinga, imivuzo engokomfanekiso) esikhathini sekilasi noma emisebenzini emincane, yokuzikhethela. Ngale ndlela, okuqukethwe kungenziwa ngendlela ehehayo nesebenzayo ngaphandle kokunikeza uhlu olude lwezivivinyo zokukhumbula ngekhanda.
Ngenxa yabo bonke ubufakazi, umsebenzi wesikole samabanga aphansi awulona ikhambi noma isitha esikhulu okufanele sinqotshwe.Umsebenzi wasekhaya unethonya eliqondile eliqondile kwezemfundo kulezi zigaba, kodwa ungasiza ekuthuthukiseni imikhuba yomthwalo wemfanelo nokuzilawula uma umbalwa, uklanywe kahle, uchazwa, futhi ulungiselelwe amaqiniso abafundi. Kodwa-ke, uma usetshenziswa ngokweqile, uba umthombo wokucindezeleka, ukungalingani, kanye nokuzonda isikole. Inselele ilele ezikoleni nakothisha ukuchaza ukuthi kungani babela umsebenzi wesikole nokuthi yini abanethemba lokuyifeza ngawo, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi iyasebenza ngaleyo njongo, nasemindenini enikeza ukwesekwa ngokwethembana nokuzimela, ukuvimbela izimpilo zezingane ukuthi zingancishiswa zibe ukushesha zisuka ekilasini ziye ezincwadini zazo zamabhuku ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokudlala, sokulala, sokukhathala, sokuxhumana nabantu, noma sokuqhubeka nokufunda kude namaphepha okusebenzela.
