Umtholi waseMelika unegama okufanele silazi sonke: uChristopher Columbus. Nokho, IMelika yayisivele itholakele, Kwakukhona abantu namasiko ahlala kulawo mazwe, amaViking nawo azinza endaweni. Ngakho-ke uma sikhuluma ngokutholakala kweMelika sikwenza ngokombono waseYurophu.
Uma ufuna funda imininingwane eyengeziwe ngomtholi nokutholakala kweMelika, Namuhla sikutshela into ebaluleke kakhulu mayelana nengxenye yomlando engaba nemibono ehlukahlukene, eyayinezinto ezinhle nezimbi ekuqhubekeni kwayo.
Umsunguli waseMelika
UChristopher Columbus waziwa ngokuba ngumtholi waseMelika njengoba ayengowokuqala waseYurophu ukwenza i- uhambo lwe-transatlantic phakathi kweYurophu neMelika. Nakuba ayengafuni ngempela izindawo ezintsha, wayefuna indlela entsha yokuya eNdiya.
Nokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ngaleso sikhathi IMelika yayinamasiko nempucuko ehlukahlukene eyayihlala kulawo mazwe. Ngakho-ke uma sikhuluma "ngokutholwa kweMelika" sibhekisela ekutholakaleni kwendawo ngokombono waseYurophu. Sibhekisela, isibonelo, kumaMayans, ama-Aztec noma ama-Inca phakathi kwabanye.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kunemithombo ebonisa ukuthi kanjani Cishe ngonyaka we-1000, iqembu lamaViking lazinza endaweni manje eyayizoba yiCanada. Eholwa uLeif Erikson, amaViking ayezokwakha indawo yokuhlala ayibiza ngokuthi iVinland, eseNewfoundland yanamuhla.
Nokho, lowo owayezongena ezincwadini zomlando ngomthelela wohambo lwakhe kwakuyoba uColumbus.
Umongo ngaphambi kokutholwa kweMelika
Ikhulu le-15, eYurophu, kwaba ikhulu leminyaka lokuhlola, lokunwetshwa kwendawo. Konke lokhu kuqhutshwa yizizathu ezahlukene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, iReconquista yaphela ngo-1492 ngokuwa kweGranada, okwavumela aMakhosi AmaKatolika ukuba agxilise imizamo yawo ekwandiseni izindawo eziwela ulwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakuyizithakazelo zezohwebo, yiyona inkathi kasilika, izinongo kanye nemikhiqizo engavamile evela e-Asia. Imikhiqizo eyafika eYurophu ngokusebenzisa imizila elawulwa amaSulumane. Ukuba nemizila yakho yokuhweba kwakusho ukulawula uhwebo.
Ukusesha imizila emisha
Ngakho-ke, imizila yezohwebo yayinamandla amakhulu kwezomnotho eYurophu futhi kwakudingeka izindlela ezihlukile zemizila ekhona eyayilawulwa amaSulumane. Ukuzulazula kwase kuya ngokuya kunemba, Kwakune-cartography ethuthukisiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe basolwandle (amakhampasi, ama-astrolabes, njll.) obuvumela amatilosi ukuba aziqondise kahle. Amanye amatilosi angamaqhawe avela ePortugal ayeseqale ukuqhubekela phambili olwandle ukuhlola indawo ehambela ulwandle ingxenye yogu lwase-Afrika, ukuthola iziqhingi nezindlela zokuhweba ngasogwini lwase-Afrika.
UChristopher Columbus, itilosi laseGenoa, wayenethemba lokuthola umzila omusha oya e-Indies. Uhambo lwaluzoba ngasentshonalanga, lapho ibanga phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia (ngokusho kwamabalazwe angaleso sikhathi) kumelwe ukuba lalifushane kakhulu. Kufanele sikhumbule ukuthi e-Europe iMelika yayingekho, ngakho-ke, uma sibheke kuleyo ndlela ngomugqa oqondile noma oqondile, sizofika e-Indies. Uhambo phakathi kweYurophu ne-Asia ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic. Ukuze uthole ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nomzila nomongo wawo, ungabheka lokhu ikhasi mayelana ne-cartography yangaleso sikhathi.
Nokho, umbono kaColumbus awuzange ugcwaliseke izikhathi eziningana. Ekugcineni Wakwazi ukukholisa aMakhosi AmaKatolika ukuba axhase lolu hambo lwakhe. ekusesheni umzila omusha oya e-Indies.
Uhambo lwaseColumbus
Ngo-August 3, 1492, uColumbus waqala uhambo lwakhe olwalulindelwe isikhathi eside esuka echwebeni lasePalos de la Frontera elibangise e-Indies. Kulokhu, kwadingeka imikhumbi emithathu: iSanta María, iPinta neNiña Babizwa. Izinyanga zokuhamba zaqhubeka futhi ngemva kwezinyanga ezintathu, i Ngo-Okthoba 12, 1492, wabeka unyawo emhlabathini eqiniseka ukuthi uyifezile injongo yakhe. Ekholelwa ukuthi wayethole isiqhingi e-Indies, wanquma ukusiqamba ngokuthi iSan Salvador. Okwenzekayo ukuthi ubengakafiki e-Indies kodwa leyo ndawo bekuzoba iqoqo leziqhingi zaseBahamas.
Kulolo hambo lukaColumbus Wahlola indawo, wavakashela iziqhingi eziningana zaseCaribbean njengeCuba ne-Hispaniola.. Lapho, wakha ubuhlobo nabantu ababehlala kubo, amaTaino. Emaphephabhukwini akhe, uColumbus wayelandisa ngokuphana nokungenisa izihambi kwabantu bomdabu, kodwa futhi waqala ukuthola ukuthi bangaholela kanjani ekubunjweni kwamakoloni kulawo mazwe amasha. Ukuze ube nokuqonda okujulile komthelela wayo, ungafunda mayelana uhambo lukaChristopher Columbus.
Columbus Bengizothatha uhambo olune emazweni aseMelika esewonke, kodwa eyokuqala yaba nomthelela omkhulu. Abanye abahloli bamazwe babefuna ukwazi futhi banqobe lelozwe Elisha egameni lamakhosi alo, hhayi nje iSpanishi, amaNgisi awazange athathe isikhathi eside ukujoyina ukunqoba, isibonelo.
Ngemuva kukaColumbus
Ngokombono wezomnotho, lokho kutholakala kwasungula a umbuso omkhulu wamakoloni waseSpain eMelika owakhulisa umnotho namandla eSpain eYurophu. Futhi, njengoba sesishilo, eminye imibuso nemibuso yayifuna ukujoyina ukunqoba ucezu lukaphaya.
Ukuxhumana nabaseYurophu imiphumela elimazayo kubantu bomdabu, Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintshana kwezifo ezifana nemvukuzane noma imvukuzane, izifo labo bantu ababengazilungiseleli. Abaningi bafa, banciphisa inani labo. Isimiso esisha sezomnotho nesezombangazwe abantu baseYurophu abasiletha ezindaweni ezinqotshiwe naso saba yinkinga. Abantu bomdabu namasiko alahlekelwa ukuzimela kwawo, amanye asetshenziswa njengezisebenzi ukuze avikeleke futhi ashumayele ivangeli. Ngakolunye uhlangothi kwakukhona abantu ababefuna ukuvikela izindawo zabo bagcina bebulewe.
Konke lokhu kungashintsha umhlaba wonke. Waqala a ukushintshaniswa komhlaba wonke kwezinhlobo zezitshalo nezilwane kodwa namasiko phakathi Kwezwe Elidala Nelisha "i-Columbian exchange." Ummbila, amazambane, utamatisi kanye nokhokho kwafika eYurophu, kanti ukolweni, ushukela namahhashi kwafika eMelika.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kanye nokuhamba komlando, ukutholakala kweMelika kuzoguqukela ekwakhiweni kwezizwe-zwe ezwenikazi, ukuzimela kwamakoloni kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezwe. amasiko e-mestizo lapho ithonya labantu bomdabu, abantu base-Afrika kanye nabaseYurophu bezohlangana ukuze bakhe imiphakathi yamanje yaseLatin America.
